Legions of Rome

by Stephen Dando-Collins

  Boardman, J., Griffin, J., Murray, O., The Oxford History of the Classical World. Oxford; OUP, 1986.

  Bonet, E., Bulls & Bullfighting: History, techniques, spectacle. New York; Crown, 1970.

  Bouchier, E. S., Spain under the Roman Empire. Oxford; Blackwell, 1914.

  Bowman, J. D., and Thomas, A. K., The Vindolanda Writing Tablets. Newcastle; Graham, 1973.

  Boyne, W., and Jones, S., A Manual of Roman Coins. Chicago; Ammon, 1968.

  Brogen, J., Roman Gaul. London; Bell, 1953.

  Broughton, T. R. S., The Romanization of Africa Proconsularis. New York; Greenwood, 1968.

  Bryant, A., The Age of Elegance. London; Collins, 1954.

  Buchan, J., Augustus. London; Hodder & Stoughton, 1937.

  Caesar, J., Commentaries on the Gallic & Civil Wars (W. A. M’Devitte and W. S. Bohn transl.). London; Bell, 1890.

  Carcopino, J., Daily Life in Ancient Rome. London; Pelican, 1956.

  Cave, W., Lives, Acts, and Martyrdoms of the Holy Apostles. London; Hatchard, 1836.

  Chevalier, R., Roman Roads, (N. H. Field transl.). London; Batsford, 1976.

  Church, A. J., Roman Life in the Days of Cicero. London; Seeley, 1923.

  Cicero, M.T., Letters to Atticus (O. E. Winstedt transl.). Cambridge, MA; HUP, 1912.

  Claudian, On Stilicho’s Consulship; Panegyric on the Sixth Consulship of Honorius; The Gothic War. Cambridge, MA; HUP, 1922.

  Colledge, M. A. R., The Parthians. Leiden; Brill, 1986.

  Collingwood, R. C., Roman Britain. Oxford; OUP, 1932.

  Cottrell, L., Enemy of Rome. London; Pan, 1962.

  Cottrell, L., The Great Invasion. London; Evans, 1958.

  Cowan, R., Roman Legionary 58 BC–AD 69. Botley, UK; Osprey, 2003.

  Cowan, R., Roman Legionary AD 161–284. Botley, UK; Osprey, 2003.

  Cowell, F. R., Cicero and the Roman Republic. London; Penguin, 1956.

  Croft, P., Roman Mythology. London; Octopus, 1974.

  Cunliffe, B., Rome and Her Empire. Maidenhead, UK; McGraw-Hill, 1978.

  Cunliffe, B., The Celtic World. London; Bodley Head, 1979.

  Cunliffe, B., The Roman Baths at Bath. Bath; BAT, 1993.

  Dando-Collins, S., Blood of the Caesars: How the Murder of Germanicus Led to the Fall of Rome. Hoboken, NJ; Wiley, 2008.

  Dando-Collins, S., Caesar’s Legion: The Epic Saga of Julius Caesar’s Elite Tenth Legion & the Armies of Rome. New York; Wiley, 2002.

  Dando-Collins, S., Cleopatra’s Kidnappers: How Caesar’s Sixth Legion Gave Egypt to Rome and Rome to Caesar. Hoboken, NJ; Wiley, 2006.

  Dando-Collins, S., Mark Antony’s Heroes: How the Third Gallica Legion Saved an Apostle & Created an Emperor. Hoboken, NJ; Wiley, 2007.

  Dando-Collins, S., Nero’s Killing Machine: The True Story of Rome’s Remarkable Fourteenth Legion. Hoboken, NJ; Wiley, 2005.

  Delbruck, H., History of the Art of War (J. Walter Renfroe Jr. transl.). Lincoln, NE; University of Nebraska Press, 1990.

  Depuy, R. E. and T. N., The Encyclopaedia of Military History, From 3500 BC to the Present. London; MBS, 1970.

  Dio, C., Roman History (E. Cary transl.) Cambridge, MA; HUP, 1914.

  Duff, J. D., Lucan. Cambridge, MA; HUP, 1977.

  Emile, T., Roman Life under the Caesars. New York; Putnam, 1908.

  Eusebius Pamphilius, Church History; Life of Constantine; Oration in Praise of Constantine. Cambridge, UK; Hayes, 1683.

  Forestier, A., The Roman Soldier. London; Black, 1928.

  Frank, T. (ed.), An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome. New Jersey; Pageant, 1959.

  Frere, S. S., Britannia, a History of Roman Britain. London; Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1987.

  Frontinus, S. J., Stratagems and The Aqueducts of Rome (C. E. Bennet transl.) Cambridge, MA; HUP, 1969.

  Fuller, J., Julius Caesar: Man, Soldier and Tyrant. London; Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1965.

  Furneaux, R., The Roman Siege of Jerusalem. London; Hart-Davis, 1973.

  Gardner, J. F., Family & Familia in Roman Law & Life. Oxford; OUP, 1998.

  Gibbon, E., The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Chicago; Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1932.

  Goldsworthy, A., Roman Warfare. London; Cassell, 2000.

  Goldsworthy, A., The Complete Roman Army. London; Thames & Hudson, 2003.

  Grant, M., History of Rome. Harmondsworth; Penguin, 1978.

  Grant, M., Julius Caesar. Harmondsworth; Penguin, 1969.

  Grant, M., Roman History from Coins. New York; Barnes & Noble, 1995.

  Grant, M., The Army of the Caesars. Harmondsworth; Penguin, 1974.

  Grant, M., The Jews of the Roman World. Harmondsworth; Penguin, 1973.

  Grant, M., The Roman Emperors. Harmondsworth; Penguin, 1985.

  Haywood, R. M., Ancient Greece and the Near East. London; Vision, 1964.

  Haywood, R. M., Ancient Rome. London; Vision, 1967.

  Herodian, History of the Empire. Harvard; HUP, 1995.

  Highet, G., Juvenal the Satirist. Oxford; Clarendon, 1954.

  Hill, W. T., Buried London. London; Phoenix, 1955.

  Holy Bible: Acts of the Apostles, King James version.

  Home, G. C., Roman London. London; Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1948.

  Jimenez, R., Caesar Against the Celts. Conshohocken, PA; Sarpedon, 1996.

  Jones, A. H. M., Augustus. New York; W. W. Norton, 1972.

  Josephus, F., The New Complete Works (W. Whiston transl., 1737). Republished Grand Rapids, MI; Kregel, 1999.

  Keppie, L., Colonisation & Veteran Settlement in Italy, 47–14 BC. London; BSR, 1983.

  Keppie, L., Roman Inscribed & Sculpted Stones in the Huntorian Museum University of Glasgow. London; SPRS, 1999.

  Keppie, L., The Making of the Roman Army: From Republic to Empire. New York; Barnes & Noble, 1984.

  Ker, W. C. A., Martial. London; Loeb, 1919–20.

  Laking, G. F., A Record of European Armour & Arms Through Seven Centuries. New York; AMS, 1934.

  Leach, J., Pompey the Great. New York; Croom Helm, 1978.

  Livy, The War With Hannibal (E. de Selincourt transl.). Harmondsworth; Penguin, 1965.

  MacMullen, R., Soldier and Civilian in the Later Roman Empire. Cambridge, MA; HUP, 1967.

  Margary, I. D., Roman Roads in Britain. London; Phoenix, 1957.

  Marsden, E. W., Greek and Roman Artillery. Oxford; OUP, 1969.

  Mattingly, H., Roman Coins from the Earliest Times to the Fall of the Western Empire. London; Methuen, 1927.

  Merrifield, R., London: City of the Romans. London; Batsford, 1983.

  Mommsen, T., The History of Rome, D. A. Saunders and J. H. Collins (ed.). Clinton, MA; Meridian, 1958.

  Mommsen, T., The Provinces of the Roman Empire, T. R. S. Broughton (ed.). Chicago; UoC, 1968.

  Mothersole, J., In Roman Scotland. London; Lane, 1927.

  Napthali, L., Life in Egypt under Roman Rule. Oxford; Clarendon, 1983.

  Parker, H. D. M., The Roman Legions. New York; Barnes & Noble, 1958.

  Payne-Gallwey, R., The Crossbow. Mediaeval and Modern. With a Treatise on the Ballista and Catapults of the Ancients (1903). Reprinted London; Holland, 1995.

  Pelletier, A., Histoire de Lyon: de la capital des Gaules à la métropole Européenne. Lyon; Editions Lyonaises, 2004.

  Petronius Arbiter, G., The Satyricon (M. Heseltine transl.). London; Loeb, 1913.

  Philo Judaeus, The Works of Philo (C. D. Yonge transl.). Peabody, MA; Hendrickson, 1993.

  Plato, The Dialogues (B. Jowlett transl.). Chicago; Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1952.

  Pliny the Elder, Natural History (H. Rackman transl.). London; Loeb, 1938–63.

  Pliny the Younger, Letters (W. Melmoth transl.). London; Loeb, 1915.

  Plutarch, The Lives of the Noble Grecians & Romans (J. Dryden transl., 1683–1686). Republished, Chicago; Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1952.

  Polybius, The Histories of Polybius (P. Holland transl., 1606). Republished New York; LEC, 1963.

  Raven, S., Rome in Africa. London; Lon
gman, 1969.

  Robertson, D. S., Greek and Roman Architecture. Cambridge; CUP, 1943.

  Robinson, H. R., The Armour of Imperial Rome. Oxford; OUP, 1975.

  Rossi, L., Trajan’s Column and the Dacian Wars. London; Thames & Hudson, 1974.

  Rostovtzeff, M. I., The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire. New York; Biblio & Tannen, 1957.

  Salway, P., Roman Britain. Oxford; OUP, 1981.

  Seager, R., Tiberius. London; Eyre Methuen, 1972.

  Seneca, Letters from a Stoic (R. Campbell transl.). Harmondsworth; Penguin, 1969.

  Sherwin-White, A. N., The Roman Citizenship. Oxford; OUP, 1939.

  Simkins, M., Warriors of Rome. London; Blandford, 1988.

  Smith, F. E., Waterloo. London; Pan, 1970.

  Speidel, M. P., Riding for Caesar: The Roman Emperors’ Horse Guards. Cambridge, MA; HUP, 1994.

  Starr, C. G., Roman Imperial Navy, 31 BC–AD 324. NJ; Westport, 1975.

  Statius, Collected Works (J. H. Mozley transl.). Cambridge, MA; Loeb, 1928.

  Strabo, The Geography of Strabo (H. L. Jones transl.). Cambridge, MA; Loeb, 1924.

  Sulimirski, T., The Sarmatians. New York; Praeger, 1970.

  Syme, R., Ammianus and the Historia Augusta. Oxford; OUP, 1968.

  Syme, R., History in Ovid. Oxford; OUP, 1979.

  Tacitus, P. C., The Agricola and The Germania (H. Mattingly transl.). London; Penguin, 1948.

  Tacitus, P. C., The Annals and The Histories. Chicago; Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1952.

  Todd, M., The Early Germans. Oxford; Blackwell, 1992.

  Todd, M., The Northern Barbarians, 1000 BC–AD 300. New York; Blackwell, 1987.

  Trench, C. C., A History of Horsemanship. New York; Doubleday, 1970.

  Valerius Maximus, Memorable Deeds and Sayings: One Thousand Tales from Ancient Rome (H. J. Walker transl.). Indianapolis, IN; 2004.

  Vegetius, The Military Institutions of the Romans (J. Clark, transl.). Harrisburg, Penn.; 1944.

  Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History (F. W. Shipley transl.). Cambridge, MA; HUP, 1924.

  Vernam, G. R., Man on Horseback. New York; Doubleday, 1964.

  Vitruvius, On Architecture (F. Granger transl.). Cambridge, MA; HUP, 1934.

  Waldeck, C., Secrets and Stories of the War. London; Reader’s Digest Assoc., 1963.

  Wallace, L., Ben Hur. London; Ward, Lock, 1890.

  Warmington, E. H., Nero. Harmondsworth; Penguin, 1969.

  Warry, J., Warfare in the Classical World. London; Salamander, 1989.

  Watson, G. R., The Roman Soldier. Ithaca, NY; Cornell UP, 1969.

  Webster, G., The Imperial Roman Army of the First & Second Centuries. London; Black, 1979.

  Webster, G., and Dudley, D. R., The Rebellion of Boudicca. New York; Barnes & Noble, 1962.

  Webster, G., and Dudley, D. R., The Roman Conquest of Britain. London; Pan, 1973.

  Weigall, A., Nero, Emperor of Rome. London; Butterworth, 1930.

  Wells, P. S., The Battle That Stopped Rome: Emperor Augustus, Arminius, & the Slaughter of the Legions in the Teutoburg Forest. New York; Norton, 2003.

  Wheeler, R. M., Rome Beyond the Imperial Frontiers. London; Bell, 1954.

  White, K. D., Greek & Roman Technology. Ithaca, NY; Cornell UP, 1983.

  Wightman, E. M., Roman Trier and the Treveri. New York; Praeger, 1970.

  Wilkes, J. J. (ed.), Documenting the Roman Army. London; ICS, 2003.

  Wiseman, F. J., Roman Spain. New York; Bell, 1956.

  Yadin, Y., Bar-Kokhba: The Rediscovery of the Legendary Hero of the Last Jewish Revolt Against Imperial Rome. London; Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1971.

  Yadin, Y., Masada: Herod’s Fortress & the Zealots’ Last Stand. New York; Grosset & Dunlap, 1966.

  Zosimus, Historica Nova. Oxford; Hindmarsh, 1684.

  NEWSPAPER & JOURNAL ARTICLES

  Guey, J., “Essai sur la Guerre Parthique de Trajan (114–117),” Bibliotheque d’ “Istos,” II (1987), p. 157.

  Gurling, R., “A Cemetery of Secrets,” Sunday Times, March 26, 2006.

  Salmon, E. T., “Trajan’s Conquest of Dacia,” Transactions & Proceedings of the American Philological Assoc., Vol. 67 (1936), pp. 83–105.

  Southern, P., “The Numeri of the Roman Imperial Army,” Britannia, Vol. 20 (1989), pp. 81–140.

  Speidel, M. P., “Raising New Units for the Late Roman Army: Auxilia Palatina,” Dumbarton Oaks Papers (Harvard University), Vol. 50 (1996), pp. 163–70.

  REPORTS

  York Archaeological Trust Annual Report 2005–6.

  OTHER

  Chester Archaeological Society, “Table 1, Recruitment to Legions II Adiutrix and XX Valeria Victrix in Britain,” http://chesterarchaeolsoc.or.uk

  *Numerous authorities including Tacitus’ translators Professors H. Mattingly and S. Handford [A&G, Intro. VI], and Oxford’s Professor R. Tomlin, an expert on the north of Roman Britain [DRA], have been of the view that Agricola’s campaigns extended until late AD 84, with the Battle of Mons Graupius taking place that same year.