At Day's Close

by A. Roger Ekirch

  39.Mr. Ozell, trans., M. Misson’s Memoirs and Observations in His Travels over England (London, 1719), 358–359; Beattie, Policing, 169–197; Williams, Police of Paris, 67; e-mail of Nov. 16, 2003, from Paul Griffiths; Frank McLynn, Crime and Punishment in Eighteenth-Century England (London, 1989).

  40.NHCR I, 33; Beattie, Policing, 181; Matthiessen, Natten, 52; Thomas Forester, ed., Norway and Its Scenery ... the Journal of a Tour by Edward Price . . . (London, 1853), 181–182; Pinkerton, Travels, I, 265; John Carr, A Northern Summer or Travels Round the Baltic . . . (Hartford, Ct., 1806), 129; An Accurate Description of the United Netherlands ... (London, 1691), 65; Bridenbaugh, Cities in the Wilderness, 64–67.

  41.Robert Poole, A Journey from London to France . . . (London, 1741), 10; Moryson, Itinerary, I, 18, 413; Moryson, Unpublished Itinerary, 365–366, 385; Sir Richard Carnac Temple and Lavina Mary Anstey, eds., The Travels of Peter Mundy in Europe and Asia, 1608–1667 (London, 1914), IV, 169; Mr. Nugent, The Grand Tour, or, a Journey through the Netherlands, Germany, Italy and France ... (London, 1756), I, 87; A Tour through Holland, etc. (London, 1788), 80–81; John Barnes, A Tour throughout the Whole of France ... (London, 1815), 6; NHCR I, 485; Matthiessen, Natten, 13, 31–32; Theodor Hampe, Crime and Punishment in Germany ... , trans. Malcolm Letts (London, 1929), 7–8.

  42.Thomas Dekker, Villanies Discovered by Lanthorne and Candle-Light ... (London, 1616); Walter George Bell, Unknown London (London, 1966), 213; Félix-L. Tavernier, La Vie Quotidienne a Marseille de Louis XIV à Louis-Philippe (Paris, 1973), 96; Hana Urbancová, “Nightwatchmen’s Songs as a Component of the Traditional Musical Culture,” Studies, 48 (2000), 14; John F. Curwen, Kirkbie-Kendall ... (Kendall, Eng., 1900), 116. See also Einar Utzon Frank, ed., De Danske Vaegtervers (Copenhagen, 1932).

  43.Matthiessen, Natten, 48; Moryson, Unpublished Itinerary, 350.

  44.Samuel Rowlands, Heavens Glory, Seeke It (London, 1628); Henry Alexander, trans., Four Plays by Holberg ... (Princeton, N.J., 1946), 170; “Insomnis,” PA, Oct. 8, 1767; Colm Lennon, Richard Stanyhurst the Dubliner, 1547–1618 (Blackrock, Ire., 1981), 147.

  45.Second Report of the Record Commissioners of the City of Boston, Containing the Boston Records 1634–1660 ... (Boston, 1877), 151; Louis-Sébastien Mercier, The Picture of Paris Before & After the Revolution (New York, 1930), 132; Pounds, Culture, 132–134; Bridenbaugh, Cities in the Wilderness, 374; Schindler, Rebellion, 218; Jacques Rossiaud, “Prostitution, Youth, and Society in the Towns of Southeastern France in the Fifteenth Century,” in Robert Forster and Orest Ranum, eds., Deviants and the Abandoned in French Society: Selections from the Annales Economies, Sociétés, Civilisations, trans. Elborg Forster and Patricia Ranum (Baltimore, 1978), 45 n.85; Matthiessen, Natten, 115, 117.

  46.Awnsham Churchill, comp., A Collection of Voyages and Travels ... (London, 1745), I, 147; Sept. 11, 1663, Pepys, Diary, IV, 304.

  47.Thomas Pennington, Continental Excursions ... (London, 1809), I, 242; Fabian Philipps, Regale Necessarium: or the Legality, Reason and Necessity of the Rights and Priviledges Justly Claimed by the Kings Servants ... (London, 1671), 580; William Edward Hartpole Lecky, A History of England in the Eighteenth Century (New York, 1892), II, 106–107; Edward Ward, Nuptial Dialogues and Debates ... (London, 1723), 258; Shoemaker, Prosecution and Punishment, 264–265.

  48.N. M. Karamzin, Letters of a Russian Traveler: 1789–1790 ... , trans. Florence Jonas (New York, 1957), 305.

  49.The Midnight-Ramble; or, the Adventures of Two Noble Females . . . (London, 1754), 20; Sept. 19, 1771, Basil Cozens-Hardy, ed., The Diary of Sylas Neville, 1767–1788 (London, 1950), 117; Matthiessen, Natten, 23.

  50.New England Courant (Boston), Nov. 16, 1724. For an excellent discussion of law enforcement in London, see Beattie, Policing, 77–225.

  51.Walter Rye, ed., Extracts from the Court Books of the City of Norwich, 1666–1688 (Norwich, 1905), 140–141; OBP, May 1, 1717, 5; A Report of the Record Commissioners of the City of Boston, Containing the Boston Records from 1660 to 1701 (Boston, 1895), 8; The Way to be Wiser ... (London, 1705), 28; Urbancová, “Nightwatchmen’s Songs,” 6; Beattie, Policing, 172–174.

  52.The Humourist: Being Essays Upon Several Subjects ... (London, 1724), II, 88; Dekker, Writings, 107; Shakespeare, Much Ado About Nothing, III, 3, 56–57.

  53.Thomas Brennan, Public Drinking and Popular Culture in Eighteenth-Century Paris (Princeton, N.J., 1988), 304; Legg, Low-Life, 15; Edward Phillips, The Mysteries of Love & Eloquence ... (London, 1658), 101; ECR, VI, 439–440; Matthiessen, Natten, 41, 46; Walker, “Genève,” 76; Keith Wrightson, “Two Concepts of Order: Justices, Constables and Jurymen in Seventeenth-Century England,” in John Brewer and John Styles, eds., An Ungovernable People: The English and Their Law in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (London, 1980), 21–46, passim.

  54.Augusta Triumphans: or, the Way to Make London the Most Flourishing City in the Universe ... (London, 1728), 47; Richard Mowery Andrews, Law, Magistracy, and Crime in Old Regime Paris, 1735–1789 (Cambridge, 1994), 521; Margaret J. Hoad, Portsmouth Record Series: Borough Sessions Papers, 1653–1688 (London, 1971), 50; Janekovick-Römer, “Dubrovniks,” 107; Matthiessen, Natten, 137–139; Schindler, Rebellion, 218–219; De La Lande, Voyage en Italie, 122.

  55.Herbert, Jaculum Prudentium: or Outlandish Proverbs ... (London, 1651), 54.

  56.Jean Carbonnier, Flexible Droit: Textes Pour une Sociologie de Droit sans Rigueur (Paris, 1976), 46–51.

  57.S. P. Scott, ed. and trans., The Civil Law: Including the Twelve Tables ... (New York, 1973), I, 58; Crusius, Nocte, ch. 7.3, 7 passim, 13.6, 15.3; Ripae, Noctunro Tempore, passim; Nina Gockerell, “Telling Time without a Clock,” in Maurice and Mayr, eds., Clockwork Universe, 137.

  58.Matthew Hale, Historia Placitorum Coronae: The History of the Pleas of the Crown (1736; rpt. edn., London, 1971), I, 547; David H. Flaherty, Privacy in Colonial New England (Charlottesville, Va., 1972), 88; Matthew Bacon and Henry Gwillim, A New Abridgement of the Law (London, 1807), II, 346.

  59.Legg, Low-Life, 101.

  60.Ripae, Nocturno Tempore, ch. 91.11; DUR, Dec. 23, 1785; Tommaso Astarita, Village Justice: Community, Family, and Popular Culture in Early Modern Italy (Baltimore, 1999), 153–154; Patricia H. Labalme, “Sodomy and Venetian Justice in the Renaissance,” Legal History Review 52 (1984), 221–222; Samuel Cohn, “Criminality and the State in Renaissance Florence, 1344–1466,” JSH 14 (1980), 222; Guido Ruggiero, Violence in Early Renaissance Venice (New Brunswick, N.J., 1980), 6, 19; Matthiessen, Natten, 137; Aug. 17, 1497, Landucci, ed., Florentine Diary, trans. Jervis, 125–126.

  61.Bowsky, “Medieval Commune,” 4; Ripae, Nocturno Tempore, ch. 24:3, passim; JRAI, I and II, passim; High Court of Justiciary, Small Papers, Main Series, JC 26/42–43, passim, Scottish Record Office, Edinburgh; Julius R. Ruff, Crime, Justice and Public Order in Old Regime France: The Sénéchaussées of Libourne and Bazas, 1696–1789 (London, 1984), 115; Matthiessen, Natten, 129.

  62.Beattie, Crime, 148; Ian W. Archer, The Pursuit of Stability: Social Relations in Elizabethan London (Cambridge, 1991), 247; Ian Cameron, Crime and Repression in the Auvergne and the Guyenne, 1720–1790 (Cambridge, 1981), 155–156; Edgar J. McManus, Law and Liberty in Early New England: Criminal Justice and Due Process, 1620–1692 (Amherst, Mass., 1993), 30–31.

  63.“Justus Sed Humanus,” London Magazine, April 1766, 204; Sir William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, ed. William Draper Lewis (Phildadelphia, 1902), IV, 1579; Scott, ed. and trans., Civil Law, 59; Katherine Fischer Drew, trans., The Lombard Laws (Philadelphia, 1973), 58; F.R.P. Akehurst, ed., The Coutumes de Beauvaisis of Philippe de Beaumanoir (Philadelphia, 1992), 429–430; Ripae, Nocturno Tempore, ch. 24; Crusius, Nocte, ch. 11.5–8; Samuel E. Thorne, ed., Bracton on the Laws and Customs of England (Cambridge, Mass., 1968), II, 408; Porret, Crime et ses Circonstances, 288–289.

  64.Lottin, Chavatte, 356; JRAI, II, 488; Blackstone, Commentaries, ed. Lewis, IV, 1618.

  65.An E
ffectual Scheme for the Immediate Preventing of Street Robberies, and Suppressing All Other Disorders of the Night ... (London, 1731), 62; Edmond-Jean-François Barbier, Journal d’un Bourgeois de Paris sous le Règne de Louis XV (Paris, 1963), 169; Matthiessen, Natten, 12; Jeffry Kaplow, The Names of Kings: The Parisian Laboring Poor in the Eighteenth Century (New York, 1972), 22–23.

  CHAPTER FOUR

  1.Apr. 6, 1745, Parkman, Diary, 114.

  2.Bräker, Life, 67; John Milton, Complete Prose Works (New Haven, 1953), I, 228; Nina Gockerell, “Telling Time without a Clock,” in Klaus Maurice and Otto Mayr, eds., The Clockwork Universe: German Clocks and Automata, 1550–1650 (New York, 1980), 131–143.

  3.Giambattista Basile, The Pentamerone ... , ed. and trans. Stith Thompson (1932; rpt. edn., Westport, Ct., 1979), I, 297; Randle Cotgrave, A Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues (London, 1611), Muchembled, Violence, 53; Thomas Hardy, The Woodlanders (1887; rpt. edn., London, 1991), 99–100; Gockerell, “Telling Time,” 134–136.

  4.Phineas Fletcher, The Purple Island, or the Isle of Man (n.p., 1633), 46; Wilson J. Litchfield, The Litchfield Family in America (Southbridge, Mass., 1906), V, 344; Sept. 30, 1774, Patten, Diary, 330, 385.

  5.Henry Swinburne, Travels in the Two Siciliies ... (London, 1783), II, 269; William Sewell, A Large Dictionary English and Dutch (Amsterdam, 1708), 79; Shakespeare, Macbeth, I, 5, 51.

  6.“Fantasticks,” Breton, Works, II, 15.

  7.Oct. 23, 1676, Sewall, Diary, I, 28; May 10, 1776, Andrew Oliver, ed., The Journal of Samuel Curwen, Loyalist (Cambridge, Mass., 1972), 156; Philippe Contamine, “Peasant Hearth to Papal Palace: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries,” in HPL II, 499; W. Carew Hazlitt, ed., English Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases ... (London, 1882), 291.

  8.Barbara A. Hanawalt, The Ties That Bound: Peasant Families in Medieval England (New York, 1986), 44; Sir Edward Coke, The Reports ... (London, 1658), 453; Burt, Letters, II, 206.

  9.OBP, Apr. 29–May 1, 1747, 152, May 14, 1741, 12, July 15–17, 1767, 244; David Ogborne, The Merry Midnight Mistake, or Comfortable Conclusion (Chelmsford, Eng., 1765), 34; Timothy J. Casey, ed., Jean Paul: A Reader, trans. Erika Casey (Baltimore, 1992), 338; FLEMT, xi–xii.

  10.Pounds, Home, 184–186; Hanawalt, Ties That Bound, 38; A Warning for House-Keepers ... (n.p., 1676), 4.

  11.Pinkerton, Travels, I, 517; John E. Crowley, The Invention of Comfort: Sensibilities & Design in Early Modern Britain & Early America (Baltimore, 2001), 36–44, 62–69; Pounds, Culture, 118–120.

  12.Edward Clarke, Letters Concerning the Spanish Nation ... (London, 1763), 344; June 20, 1766, Diary of Mr. Tracy and Mr. Dentand, Bodl.; John Fielding, Thieving Detected ... (London, 1777), 9; Monsieur du Sorbiere, A Voyage to England ... (London, 1709), 11.

  13.Paolo Da Certaldo, Libro di Buoni Costumi, ed. Alfredo Schiaffini (Florence, 1945), 30; Nov. 12, Oct. 21, 1666, Pepys, Diary, VII, 367, 336; Ann Feddon, Apr. 20, 1751, Assi 45/24/3/42; John Cooper, Dec. 13, 1765, Assi 45/28/2/137; Contamine, “Peasant Hearth to Papal Palace,” 502; Eugen Weber, “Fairies and Hard Facts: The Reality of Folktales,” Journal of the History of Ideas 42 (1981), 101–102.

  14.Dec. 13, 1672, Isham, Diary, 175; John Worlidge, Systema Agriculturae; The Mystery of Husbandry Discovered ... (1675; rpt. edn., Los Angeles, 1970), 221; London Gazette, Oct. 1, 1694; John Houghton, A Collection for Improvement of Husbandry and Trade, July 20, 1694; William Hamlet, The Plan and Description of a Machine ... against Fire and House-breaking (Birmingham, 1786).

  15.C. G. Crump, ed., The History of the Life of Thomas Ellwood (New York, 1900), 7; An Account of a Most Barbarous Murther and Robbery ... 25th of October, 1704 (London, 1704/1705); OED, s.v. “bedstaff”; Francis Bamford, ed., A Royalist’s Notebook: The Commonplace Book of Sir John Oglander (New York, 1971), 55; Ruff, Violence, 49.

  16.Mar. 21, 1763, Frederick A. Pottle, ed., Boswell’s London Journal, 1762–1763 (New York, 1950), 224; Leonard R. N. Ashley, ed., A Narrative of the Life of Mrs. Charlotte Charke ... (1755; rpt. edn., Gainesville, Fla., 1969), 45; J. S. Cockburn, “Patterns of Violence in English Society: Homicide in Kent, 1560–1985,” PP 130 (1991), 86–87.

  17.Thoresby, Diary, I, 345; George Murray, Jan. 10, 1778, Assi 45/33/2/150; Oct. 25, 1704, A. H. Quint, “Journal of the Reverend John Pike,” Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings, 1st Ser., 14 (1875–1876), 139; The Province and Court Records of Maine (Portland, Maine, 1958), IV, 341.

  18.OED, s.v. “bandog”; Harrison, Description, 339–348; Thomas Kirk and Ralph Thoresby, Tours in Scotland, 1677 & 1681, ed. P. Hume Brown (Edinburgh, 1892), 27; OBP, Apr. 9–11, 1746, 118; Keith Thomas, Man and the Natural World (New York, 1983), 101–104; Mrs. Reginald Heber, The Life of Reginald Heber ... (New York, 1830), I, 217; George Sand, Story of My Life ... , ed. Thelma Jurgrau (Albany, 1991), 631.

  19.Augustin Gallo, Secrets de la Vraye Agriculture ... (Paris, 1572), 204; Harrison, Description, 343; Daniel Defoe, Street-Robberies Consider’d ... , (1728; rpt. edn. Stockton, N.J., 1973), 68; M. Conradus Heresbachius, comp., Foure Bookes of Husbandry, trans. Barnabe Googe, (London, 1577), fo. 154–156; Charles Stevens and John Liebrault, Maison Rustique, or, the Countrey Farme, trans. Richard Surflet (London, 1616), 120–122; Worlidge, Systema Agriculturae, 162, 222; Times, Jan. 16, 1790.

  20.Campion, The Discription of a Maske (London, 1607).

  21.Aug. 2, 1708, Cowper, Diary; Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, passim, esp. 493–497.

  22.George Peele, The Old Wives Tale, ed. Patricia Binnie (Manchester, 1980), 42 n. 104; Edward Young, Night Thoughts, ed. Stephen Cornford (Cambridge, 1989), 121; Casey, ed., Jean Paul, trans. Casey, 338; R. Sherlock, The Practical Christian ... (London, 1699), 322; Taillepied, Ghosts, 169.

  23.W. M., Hesperi-neso-graphia: or, a Description of the Western Isle ... (London, 1716), 8; Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, 496–497; Robert Muchembled, “Popular Culture,” in Robert Muchembled et al., Popular Culture (Danbury, Ct., 1994), 11.

  24.SAS, V, 335; C. Scott Dixon, The Reformation and Rural Society: The Parishes of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach, 1528–1603 (Cambridge, 1996), 183, 180–181, 194–195; George Saintsbury, ed., The Works of John Dryden (Edinburgh, 1884), IX, 443; Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, 222–231; Burke, Popular Culture, passim.

  25.OED, s.v. “night-spell”; Minor White Latham, The Elizabethan Fairies: The Fairies of Folklore and the Fairies of Shakespeare (1930; rpt. edn., New York, 1972), 38; Ralph Merrifield, The Archaeology of Ritual and Magic (London, 1987), 137–158.

  26.Scott, Witchcraft, 27; Catherine Maloney, “A Witch-Bottle from Dukes Place, Aldgate,” Transactions of the London & Middlesex Archaeological Society 31 (1980), 157–159; John Demos, Remarkable Providences: Readings on Early American History (Boston, 1991), 437–438; Merrifield, Archaeology, 159–178.

  27.Roderick A. McDonald, The Economy and Material Culture of Slaves: Goods and Chattels on the Sugar Plantations of Jamaica and Louisiana (Baton Rouge, 1993), 40; Carla Mulford et al., eds., Early American Writings (New York, 2002), 508.

  28.Anna Brzozowska-Krajka, Polish Traditional Folklore: The Magic of Time (Boulder, Colo, 1998), 122; Matthiessen, Natten, 100; Anonymous, Travel Diary, 1795, Chetham’s Library, Manchester, Eng.; OED, s.v. “mezuzah.”

  29.Sewall, Diary, I, 400; David D. Hall, “The Mental World of Samuel Sewall,” in David Hall et al., eds., Saints & Revolutionaries: Essays on Early American History (New York, 1984), 80; Brand 1848, II, 73, III, 20–21; Kingsley Palmer, The Folklore of Somerset (Totowa, N.J., 1976), 45; Mrs. Gutch, County Folk-Lore: Examples of Printed Folk-Lore Concerning the East Riding of Yorkshire (London, 1912), 64; Karl Wegert, Popular Culture, Crime, and Social Control in 18th Century Württemberg (Stuttgart, 1994), 71.

  30.Trenchard, The Natural History of Superstition (London, 1709), 24; Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, 636–637, 647–648.

  31.UM, May, 1751, 220.

  32.Henry Bull, comp., Christ
ian Prayers and Holy Meditations ... (Cambridge, 1842), 75.

  33.BC, July 1, 1761; Brand 1848, III, 180–182, 228; Brzozowska-Krajka, Polish Folklore, 67, 204; R.W. Scribner, Popular Culture and Popular Movements in Reformation Germany (London, 1987), 32; Mrs. M. MacLeod Banks, British Calendar Customs: Scotland (London, 1941), III, 112, 116–117; e-mail of Jan. 29, 2002 from David Bromwich, Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society, Taunton, Eng.; Muchembled, “Popular Culture,” 24.

  34.Dec. 7, 1758, Dyer, Diary; June 3, 1662, Pepys, Diary, III, 101; Ian Cameron, Crime and Repression in the Auvergne and the Guyenne, 1720–1790 (Cambridge, 1981), 127.

  35.Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914 (Stanford, Calif., 1976), 161; Pounds, Culture, 109–117; Roche, Consumption, 125–130; Raffaella Sarti, Europe at Home: Family and Material Culture, 1500–1800, trans. Allan Cameron (New Haven, 2002), 92–93.

  36.William Carr, ed., The Dialect of Craven, in the West-Riding of the County of York (London, 1828), I, 30; Joseph Lawson, Letters to the Young on Progress in Pudsey during the Last Sixty Years (Stanningley, Eng., 1887), 23; Annik Pardailhe Galabrun, The Birth of Intimacy: Privacy and Domestic Life in Early Modern Paris, trans. Jocelyn Phelps (Philadelphia, 1991), 120.

  37.Pounds, Culture, 110–112; Roche, Consumption, 130–131; Tobias George Smollett, Travels through France and Italy, ed. Frank Felsentein (Oxford, 1979), 209.

  38.John Earl Perceval, The English Travels of Sir John Percival and William Byrd II, ed. Mark R. Wenger (Columbia, Mo., 1989), 137; Defoe, Tour, II, 676; Mr. Ozell, trans., M. Misson’s Memoirs and Observations in His Travels over England (London, 1719), 37–39; Celia Fiennes, The Illustrated Journeys of Celia Fiennes, 1685–c.1712 (London, 1982), 147, 161; Joan Thirsk, The Agrarian History of England and Wales (London, 1967), IV, 453.