At Day's Close
Page 58
incidence of, 42
magic rituals of, 41
marital, in communal sleep, 283–84
motives for, 44
personal vendettas and, 44
by robbers, 34, 35–36
weapons used in, 43
“Mus Rusticus,” 168
My Father’s Life (Restif de la Bretonne), 115, 180
Naish, Thomas, 294
Napier, Richard, 290
Naples, 72, 160
narcolepsy, 267
Nashe, Thomas, 7, 15–16, 56, 287, 312
National Institute of Mental Health, 303–4, 322–23
nation states, 45
Natural History of Superstition, The (Trenchard), 100
Navaho people, 4
Naylor, Mary, 198
needlework, 208
neighbors, mutual support of, 111–17, 179
acts of kindness in, 112
crime and, 68, 88, 115–17
firefighting in, 68, 114–15, 117
illness in, 112–14
limits of, 116–17
social oversight in, 147–51, 153, 191–92
strangers excluded from, 117
Nelson, John, 40
Netherlands, 21, 103, 194
arson in, 55
bundling in, 198, 200
clean streets in, 27
fires in, 52
queesting in, 198
walled towns of, 62
Neville, Sylas, 81, 141, 271
New Art of Thriving, The, 322
Newton, Samuel, 317
Niccols, Richard, 12
Nichols, Lydia, 240
Nicholson, Thomas, 306
Nickel List gang, 41
Nigeria, 4, 303
Night (Churchill), 217–18
nightcaps, 270, 275
night-cellars, 236, 250, 251, 252
nightcourting, 197–202
see also bundling
night courts, 85–86
nightdress, 270–71
nightfall, xxxi–xxxii, 56, 59–60, 90–92, 109
noxious vapors as descending at, xxxi–xxxii, 12–15, 270
terms for, xxxii, 12, 91–92
night-gates, 63
night kings, 166
nightmares, 291, 292, 321
magical prevention of, 272–73
nightmen, 165–67, 166
dangers faced by, 166–67
as “goldfingers,” 166
night-mobs, 136
night phantoms, 317
night season, xxv, 60, 324
night shift workers, 174, 333, 336
night sky, 10–13, 11, 13
apparitions in, 10
beauty of, 326, 339
comets in, 10, 11, 326
light pollution of, 10, 339
in weather forecasting, 170–71
see also moon; stars
night sneaks, 37
night-soil, 165
night-spells, 98–99
night vision, 124
nightwalkers, 32, 60, 64, 65, 80, 244–45, 331
nightwatch, 32, 65, 74, 75–84, 83, 88–89, 115, 165, 219, 223, 228
abuse suffered by, 83–84, 224, 249, 250, 253
clothing of, 82
corruption among, 82
derisory nicknames of, 83
doorlocks checked by, 79–80
essential duties of, 76–77, 80–81
extortion practiced by, 82
fire prevention by, 79, 85
heavy responsibility of, 81
“hue and cry” of, 75
laws unenforced by, 82, 142
as lookouts, 77
mastiffs as, 76
members of, 81
as most ancient profession, 75
negligence of, 82–83
night-cellars avoided by, 250, 251
onions eaten by, 82
pedestrians escorted home by, 80–81
people’s vigilance heightened by, 79
popular contempt for, 81–82
powers of arrest possessed by, 75, 80, 85
sleep disturbed by, 75, 78–79, 293
time cried by, 77–78, 79, 138, 293
trained police force vs., 6, 80, 85, 331–32
verses sung by, 68, 78–79
wages of, 81
weaponry of, 77
young people as, 81
youth gangs and, 249–50, 252, 253
Nightwatch, The (Rembrandt), 82
noctivagator, 32
“Nocturnal Remembrancer,” 310–11
Nocturnal Revels: or, a Universal Dream-Book, 313
Noël du Fail, 180–81, 278
North, Lord Frederick, 330
North, Roger, 54
Northumberland, Duke of, 26
Norway, 77, 199
noxious vapors, xxxi–xxxii, 12–15, 270
Nuremberg, 64, 77
Nyx, 4
Oakey, Richard, 38
O’Donoghue, John “of the moon,” 146
Odyssey (Homer), 303
Oedipus (Dryden), 322
“Of Darknesse” (Mill), 38, 155
oil lamps, 51, 108, 110–11, 162, 336
Argand, 331
construction of, 107
Paleolithic, 5
sources of oil for, 107–8, 330–31
as street lighting, 72, 73, 330–31
Old Bailey Session Papers, xxviii
Old English literature, 20
Old Farmer’s Almanack, 52
“Old Robin of Portingale,” 305
Old Wive’s Tale, The (Peele), 182
Oliver, Peter, 288
omens, 9, 10
“On a Dark Night” (St. John of the Cross), 59
“One Sleeps Better than Two,” 296
“On Nightfall, What It Is, and Whether It Falls on Us” (Joubert), 12–13
Orations (Cavendish), 220
Orkney Islands, 197–98
Orleans, Duchess of, 27, 218–19, 280
Orleans, Duke of, 226
Orleans, Philippe d’, 279–80
O’Sullivan, Humphrey, xxvii, 130
Othello (Shakespeare), 48
Ott, Barbara, 179
Oughtred, William, 110
Overbury, Sir Thomas, 45, 279, 290
owling, 242
owls, 9, 30
Padovano, Cyrillo, 267
Paleolithic period, 5
Palladius, Peder, 46
Palmer, Barbara, Countess of Castlemaine, 221
Palmer, Richard, 133
pannchídes, 5
Paolo da Certaldo, 93, 112, 142
Paradise Lost (Milton), 69
Paré, Ambroise, 313
Parfit, Ann, 150
pariahs, social, 151
Paris, 129, 139, 252
abandoned infants in, 237
arson in, 54
assemblies in, 212–13
bakers of, 175
cabarets of, 82, 236
carrying lights mandated in, 67
carrying weapons banned in, 66
domestic servants in, 233
filthy streets of, 27
fires in, 49
fixed street barriers on, 64
homosexuals in, 230
lantern lighting mandated in, 67
market days of, 173
mishaps in, 25, 26
murders in, 43
nightwatch of, 75, 77, 82, 83, 88
nocturnal labor in, 160, 175
pedestrian crime victims in, 39
pilfering in, 240
roads leading to, 141
robberies in, 34
rôdeurs de nuit in, 32
street lighting of, 67, 73, 74, 246
trained police force of, 331
vagrants in, 65
wall of, 328
werewolves in, 19
parish lantern, 128
Parival, Jean-Nicholas de, 7
Park, Agnes, 240
Parker, Catherine, 165
Parkman, Ebenezer, 90, 289, 320
Parnell, Sir John, 24
Pascal, Blaise, 59
passion plays, 70
Patten, Matthew, 91
Paul, Jean, 92, 97, 121, 145, 164
Paul III, Pope, 71
Pausanias, 303
pawned goods, 84
Payne, Henry Nevil, 291
Peacham, Henry, 218
Pearse, George, 191
Peasants’ War, 55
peat, 103, 161, 169
peddlers, 160, 319
pedestrians, 5, 29, 32, 39, 64, 74, 126, 140, 143, 324–25, 333
assaults on, 45, 47, 139, 224, 225
canes and staffs of, 134
chamberpots emptied on, 28
curfews and, 63, 65
“giving the wall” by, 45
jostling of, 45
lanterns carried by, 26, 129, 192
nightwatch as escort for, 80–81
nightwatch’s arrest of, 80
personal weapons carried by, 142
robberies of, 34, 137, 139
self-defense of, 137
touch used by, 133–34
Peel, Sir Robert, 332
Peele, George, 182
Penn, Sir William, 187
Pennsylvania Gazette, 56
Pepys, Samuel, 10, 69, 136, 169, 209, 221, 304
adultery of, 193–94
aristocratic gangs encountered by, 223, 225
bedtime of, 266
bedtime rituals of, 270, 271
books read by, 205
bunter encountered by, 160
burglaries feared by, 34, 37, 101
cesspool of, 165
communal sleep of, 282, 296
door locks of, 79–80
erotic dreams of, 314
family prayers of, 272
fireplace as chamberpot of, 297
ghosts of, 19
as jostled pedestrian, 45
linkboys employed by, 125
London plague and, 167–68, 314
nocturnal excursions of, 129, 130, 142
robbery feared by, 34
servants of, 28, 240, 271, 272, 277, 287
sleep disturbances and, 296, 297
social world of, 187
sore eyes of, 207
valuables of, 93
workman in home of, 161
youth gangs feared by, 247
perfume-burners, 297
Peterson, Johanna Elenore, 41
Philippe de Strozzi, 120
Phillpot, Joseph, 83
Philosophical Enquiry into the Origins of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful, A (Burke), 3
physiology, human, 24, 25, 46
adrenal hormones in, 290
artificial illumination’s effect on, 303–4
circadian rhythms in, 14, 174–75, 334
of dreaming, 261
immune system in, 14
moon’s effect on, 12
nocturnal labor’s effect on, 174–75
prolactin in, 304, 322
skin sensitivity and itching in, 294
Pichler, Andre, 144
pickpockets, 33, 34, 36, 38
piece-work, 158
Piers Plowman (Langland), 52, 60, 306
Pietism, 203
pilfering, 74, 175, 240–41, 244, 255, 256, 306
Pilkington, Bishop Francis, 19, 298
Pilkington, Bishop James, 59
Pinchbeck, Christopher, Jr., 310–11
pitch-darkness, 130–34
pit-mirk, 127, 130
Pius II, Pope, 178
pixies, 18
“pixy led,” 23
Place, Francis, 249
plague, 22, 48, 69, 167–68, 230, 314, 317
planetary influence, 12
Plato, 5, 75
Platter, Felix, 141, 145, 253–54
Platter, Thomas, 65, 75–76, 142, 144, 145, 176, 188, 203
pleasure gardens, 212, 222, 328, 329
plebians, see lower classes
Pleiades, 138
“Ploughman’s Wife, The” (Bretonne), 174
Plutarch, 303
poachers, 33, 241–42, 243–44, 306, 336
Pocahontas, 321
“Poet’s Dream, The,” 319
Poland, 8, 144, 188
candle magic in, 101
starvation in, 22
police force, trained, 6, 80, 85, 331–34
political dissenters, 228, 231
Pona, Francesco, 244
Pool, Cardinal, 71
Portugal, 20, 43
Poundall, Tom, 160
poverty, 22, 33, 42, 103, 150–51, 180, 231–37
literacy and, 203
of urban poor, 80, 231, 278, 290
of working poor, 158–60, 164, 188
Powell, Mary, 175
prayers, 36, 59–60, 71, 74, 91, 118, 137, 206, 267, 273
Ave Maria, 61
early morning, 302–3
against evil spirits, 142, 144–45
family, 272
in interval of wakefulness, 307–8
nightwatch’s calls for, 78
at supernatural encounters, 142, 144–45
Pressy, John, 146
Preston, Henry, 115
Price, George, 334
Prince Hal, 226
Princess Cloria, The, 281
privacy, 149–54, 201, 280, 310, 339
social oversight vs., 149–51, 333–34
see also solitude
privies, 165–67, 190, 297
close-stools, 275, 297
Prognostication Everlasting, A (Digges and Digges), 171
Projectors, The (Wilson), 265
prolactin, 304, 322
promenades, public, 212, 324, 328
Propos Rustiques de Maistre Léon Ladulfi (Nöel du Fail), 180–81
Prosser, Gabriel, 257
prostitutes, prostitution, 32, 66, 75, 116, 219, 225, 226, 277, 332
as alehouse patrons, 190, 223, 244
autonomy of, 244–45
badges of shame worn by, 151
Boswell’s patronage of, 219–220, 222
fire alarms raised by, 79
nightwatch and, 65, 80, 82, 250
organized, 72
prevalence of, 244
violence of, 245
Protestantism, 69, 70, 71, 74, 97, 99, 152, 191, 203, 206, 228–29
Prudentius, 140
Prud’hon, Pierre-Paul, 86
Prussia, 169–70, 238
public decorum, 44–45
Puck, 18
Purchas, Samuel, 138
Puritans, 60, 87, 264, 302–3
Quarles, Francis, 288, 310
Quidor, John, 239
Quintili
an, 84
Qumran, 4
Ram Alley (Heywood), 312
Ranelagh garden, 212
Ranonet, Aimar de, 305
Rape of Lucrece, The (Shakespeare), 8, 138–39
rapes, 116, 192
gang, 247–48
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, 322–23
rationalism, scientific, 6, 325
rats and mice:
fires caused by, 52
sleep disturbed by, 293
rattle-watchmen, 77
Rawlidge, Richard, 188
reading, 203–7, 208
by artificial illumination, 207
at bedtime, 52, 281, 310
books and, 205–6
literacy and, 203
of religious texts, 206–7
silent, 203–5, 206
Reformation, 21, 69, 99, 152, 187, 191, 203, 206, 228
religious dissenters, 228–29, 231
Rembrandt van Rijn, 82
Remus, 62
Rémy, Nicolas, 302, 307
Renaissance, xxxii
astronomy of, 12
respiratory illnesses, 14–15
Res Rustica (Columella), 173
Restif de la Bretonne, 115, 122, 153, 174, 180
resurrection men, 237
Rhodon and Iris (Knevet), 138
Richards, John, 170, 283
Richards, Nathaniel, 213
Richelieu, Cardinal, 213
Richeome, Louis, 286
Richmond, Duke of, 218
Richter, Hans Heinrich, 238
Ricordi Overo Ammaestramenti (Sabba da Castiglione), 13
Ricreazione del Savio, La (Bartoli), 60, 180, 203
Ripa, Polydorus, 86, 87
river barriers, 64
roads, 26, 326
crossroads of, 19
dangerous, 24
infants abandoned on, 237
as Milky Way, 130
robberies, 33–36, 35, 43, 86
cries for help stifled in, 40
dark nights preferred for, 39–40
grave, 237
by highwaymen, 34–36, 39, 40, 41
murder in, 34, 35–36
nocturnal excursions and, 118–19, 137, 139, 141–42, 144
of pedestrians, 34, 137, 139
by prostitutes of their clients, 245
victim’s lights extinguished in, 40
weapons used in, 34, 36
Robin Good-fellow, 18
Rocco, Father, 72
Rochester, John Wilmont, Earl of, 223–24, 225, 226
role reversal, at festivals, 152
Rolfe, John, 321
Romans, ancient, 4, 62, 168, 228, 303
night life of, 5
nightwatch of, 75
time divisions of, 137, 138
Twelve Tables of, 84, 87
Rome:
aristocratic gangs in, 225
carrying weapons banned in, 66
Church festivals in, 71
dark lanterns banned in, 67