Former People: The Final Days of the Russian Aristocracy

by Douglas Smith

  Dolgorukov, Pavel, ref1

  Dolgoruky, Alexander, ref1

  Dolgoruky, Barbara, ref1

  Dolgoruky, Sergei, ref1

  Dolgoruky, Sophy, ref1

  Dolgoruky, Vasily, ref1, ref2

  Dolgoruky family, ref1

  Duranty, Walter, ref1, ref2, ref3

  Durnovo, Andrei, ref1

  Durnovo, Nikolai, ref1

  Durnovo, Pyotr, ref1

  Dzerzhinsky, Felix, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

  Dzhunkovsky, Vladimir, ref1

  Ehrenburg, Ilya, ref1

  Elizabeth Fyodorovna, Grand Duchess, ref1

  Elliott, John Speed, ref1, ref2

  Embroidered Cushion, The, ref1, ref2

  employment, ref1

  Enlightenment, ref1

  Eurasianism, ref1

  Fabergé, Carl, ref1

  Fabergé, Tatiana Sheremetev, ref1

  Fabergé, Theodore Carl, ref1

  factories, ref1, ref2

  “Feast During the Plague, A” (Pushkin), ref1n

  February Revolution, ref1, ref2

  Fedotoff-White, Dmitry, ref1

  Fen, Yelizaveta, ref1, ref2

  Figner, Vera, ref1

  films, ref1, ref2

  Finland, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7n

  Firin, Semyon, ref1, ref2

  Florensky, Pavel, ref1

  food, ref1, ref2, ref3; rationing of, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6; shortages of, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9; U.S. famine relief program and, ref1

  former people, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7; consolidation and, ref1; driven off land, ref1; held hostage, ref1; Lyons and, ref1; museums and, ref1, ref2; Operation Former People against, ref1, ref2; registration of, ref1; social harmful elements and, ref1; World War II and, ref1

  Fountain House, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9

  fox-trot, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  Fox-trot Affair, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  France, ref1, ref2; Revolution in ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5; Terror in, ref1, ref2

  Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, ref1

  Friends of Old Moscow, ref1

  Frolenko, Mikhail, ref1

  Frolov, Kirill, ref1

  Frunze, Mikhail, ref1, ref2

  Fundamental Laws of 1832, ref1

  Fyodor Alexandrovich, Grand Duke, ref1

  Fyodorovich, Dmitry, ref1

  Gadon, Vladimir, ref1, ref2

  Gagarin, Marie, ref1

  Gagarin family, ref1

  gangs, ref1, ref2

  Gay, Alexander, ref1, ref2, ref3

  Gay, Xenia, ref1, ref2

  Gedymin, Grand Prince, ref1, ref2, ref3

  General Kornilov, ref1

  George Mikhailovich, Grand Duke, ref1

  Germany, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11

  Gershtein, Emma, ref1

  Gilliard, Pierre, ref1, ref2

  Gladkov, Fyodor, ref1

  Glavlit, ref1

  Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, ref1

  Golder, Frank, ref1

  Golitsyn, Alexander (brother of Vladimir Mikhailovich), ref1

  Golitsyn, Alexander (son of Alexander and Lyubov), ref1; Hollywood career of, ref1

  Golitsyn, Alexander (son of Vladimir and Sofia), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11; arrest of, ref1; Bolshevik coup and, ref1; boxcar living and, ref1; medical practice of, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; Moscow left by, ref1; move to U.S., ref1; World War I and, ref1

  Golitsyn, Alexander (son of Vladimir and Tatiana), ref1, ref2, ref3; as actor, ref1; arrest of, ref1; February Revolution and, ref1; Great Terror and, ref1; marriage of, ref1; murder of, ref1, ref2

  Golitsyn, Alexander Mikhailovich, ref1

  Golitsyn, Alexandra, see Osorgin, Alexandra “Lina”

  Golitsyn, Alexei Lvovich, ref1

  Golitsyn, Anna (née Lopukhin), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16; arrest of, ref1; business of, ref1, ref2; death of, ref1; February Revolution and, ref1, ref2; grandchildren and, ref1, ref2; Mikhail’s death and, ref1

  Golitsyn, Boris, ref1

  Golitsyn, Darya (née Krotov), ref1, ref2

  Golitsyn, Dmitry, ref1

  Golitsyn, Fyodor, ref1

  Golitsyn, George (son of Alexander and Lyubov), ref1; film career of, ref1

  Golitsyn, George (son of Vladimir and Katia), ref1

  Golitsyn, Illarion “Lariusha” (son of Vladimir and Yelena), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8

  Golitsyn, Katia (wife of Vladimir Emanuelovich), ref1

  Golitsyn, Kirill (son of Nikolai and Maria), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5; arrests and imprisonments of, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7

  Golitsyn, Klavdia (née Bavykin), ref1, ref2, ref3

  Golitsyn, Lev, ref1, ref2

  Golitsyn, Lina, see Osorgin, Alexandra Golitsyn “Lina”

  Golitsyn, Lyubov (née Glebov), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6; Alexander’s arrest and, ref1; Bolshevik coup and, ref1; boxcar living and, ref1; Moscow left by, ref1; move to U.S., ref1

  Golitsyn, Maria (daughter of Mikhail and Anna), see Veselovsky, Maria “Masha”

  Golitsyn, Maria (née Sverbeev), ref1, ref2

  Golitsyn, Maria Vasilevna, ref1

  Golitsyn, Marina (daughter of Alexander and Lyubov), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  Golitsyn, Mikhail (son of Vladimir and Sofia), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15; arrest of, ref1; in asylum, ref1; Bolshevik coup and, ref1; in concentration camp, ref1, ref2; death of, ref1; employment of, ref1, ref2, ref3; father’s death and, ref1; February Revolution and, ref1, ref2; grandchildren and, ref1; Pavel Sheremetev and, ref1; translation work of, ref1; World War I and, ref1

  Golitsyn, Mikhail “Mishka” (son of Vladimir and Yelena), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9

  Golitsyn, Nadezhda, ref1

  Golitsyn, Natalya (daughter of Alexander and Lyubov), ref1; film career of, ref1

  Golitsyn, Natalya Volkov, ref1

  Golitsyn, Nikolai (son of Vladimir and Sofia), ref1, ref2, ref3; arrest and imprisonment of, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; death of, ref1; employment of, ref1, ref2

  Golitsyn, Nikolai Borisovich, ref1

  Golitsyn, Nikolai Dmitrievich, ref1

  Golitsyn, Nikolai Emanuelovich, ref1

  Golitsyn, Olga (daughter of Alexander and Lyubov), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  Golitsyn, Olga (daughter of Vladimir and Tatiana), see Urusov, Olga

  Golitsyn, Sergei (son of Mikhail and Anna), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19; arrest of, ref1; February Revolution and, ref1; Lenin’s death and, ref1; marriage of, ref1; at school, ref1; in World War II, ref1

  Golitsyn, Sergei Pavlovich, ref1

  Golitsyn, Sofia (daughter of Mikhail and Anna), see Meyen, Sofia “Sonya”

  Golitsyn, Sofia (daughter of Vladimir and Sofia), see Lvov, Sofia “Sonya”

  Golitsyn, Sofia Nikolaevna (née Delianov), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8; Bolshevik coup and, ref1; death of, ref1; February Revolution and, ref1; marriage of, ref1

  Golitsyn, Tatiana (daughter of Vladimir and Sofia), see Lopukhin, Tatiana Golitsyn

  Golitsyn, Tatiana (daughter of Vladimir and Yelizaveta), ref1

  Golitsyn, Tatiana (née Govorov), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; marriage of, ref1

  Golitsyn, Vasily Dmitrievich, ref1, ref2

  Golitsyn, Vera, see Bobrinsky, Vera Golitsyn

  Golitsyn, Vladimir (grandson of Fyodor), ref1

  Golitsyn, Vladimir (son of Alexander and Katya), ref1, ref2

  Golitsyn, Vladimir (son of Mikhail and Anna), ref1, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20; Ar
ctic trips of, ref1, ref2; arrests and imprisonments of, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5; as artist, ref1; Bolshevik coup and, ref1; death of, ref1, ref2; diary entry of, ref1; at Dmitlag, ref1; family portraits and, ref1; Kirov murder and, ref1; knee operation of, ref1; marriage to Yelena Sheremetev, ref1; pellagra suffered by, ref1, ref2

  Golitsyn, Vladimir Emanuelovich, ref1, ref2

  Golitsyn, Vladimir Lvovich, ref1

  Golitsyn, Vladimir Mikhailovich, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13; Bolshevik coup and, ref1, ref2; death of, ref1; elected mayor of Moscow, ref1; February Revolution and, ref1, ref2; marriage to Sofia, ref1; memoirs written by, ref1; ordered to leave Moscow, ref1; “Prediction” by, ref1; Sofia’s death and, ref1; resistance to leaving Moscow, ref1; translation and lecture work of, ref1

  Golitsyn, Vladimir Vladimirovich (son of Vladimir and Sofia), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6; death of, ref1; employment of, ref1, ref2; February Revolution and, ref1; marriage to Tatiana, ref1

  Golitsyn, Yekaterina “Katya” (daughter of Mikhail and Anna), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  Golitsyn, Yelena (daughter of Pyotr and Yelena Sheremetev), ref1, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18; death of, ref1; at Dmitlag, ref1; February Revolution and, ref1; marriage to Vladimir Golitsyn, ref1; medal given to, ref1; and Vladimir’s arrests and imprisonments, ref1, ref2, ref3; World War I and, ref1

  Golitsyn, Yelena (daughter of Vladimir and Tatiana), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  Golitsyn, Yelena (daughter of Vladimir and Yelena), see Trubetskoy, Yelena Golitsyn

  Golitsyn, Yelizaveta (daughter of Vladimir and Sofia), see Trubetskoy, Yelizaveta Golitsyn “Eli”

  Golitsyn, Yelizaveta Grigorevna, ref1

  Golitsyn family, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9; Bolshevik coup and, ref1; boxcar living and, ref1; Buchalki estate of, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6; declared outcasts, ref1; in Dmitrov, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; education and, ref1; evening meal routine of, ref1; February Revolution and, ref1; in Kotovo, ref1, ref2; ordered to leave Moscow, ref1; Petrovskoe estate of, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6; pogroms at estates of, ref1; portraits of, ref1; treasures sold by, ref1; violence and, ref1; World War I and, ref1

  Goloshchekin, Fillip, ref1

  Goncharova, Natalya, ref1, ref2

  Gorbachev, Mikhail, ref1

  Gorky, Maxim, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8; Peshkov and, ref1

  Gorlushkin, Olga, ref1

  Gotye, Yuri, ref1

  Grabar, Igor, ref1

  Grabbe, Alexander, ref1

  Grabbe, Paul, ref1, ref2

  Graves, William, ref1

  graveyards, ref1

  Great Break, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

  Great Depression, ref1

  “Great Narcotic, The” (Bunin), ref1

  Great Terror, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8

  Greens, ref1, ref2

  Grigoriev, General, ref1

  Guchkov, Alexander, ref1, ref2

  Gudovich, Alexander “Alik,” ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8; imprisonment and murder of, ref1, ref2, ref3

  Gudovich, Andrei (son of Alexander and Maria), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7; arrests of, ref1, ref2, ref3

  Gudovich, Dmitry (son of Alexander and Maria), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9; arrests and imprisonments of, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; execution of, ref1, ref2

  Gudovich, Maria (daughter of Alexander and Maria), see Lvov, Maria “Merinka”

  Gudovich, Maria (daughter of Sergei and Yekaterina Sheremetev), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18; death of, ref1; February Revolution and, ref1, ref2, ref3; marriage of, ref1

  Gudovich, Varvara, see Obolensky, Varvara “Varenka”

  gulag, ref1, ref2

  Gulag Archipelago, The (Solzhenitsyn), ref1

  Gulag Ball, ref1

  Gurdieff, George, ref1

  Hamburg, ref1

  Harbin, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  Harriman, Averell, ref1, ref2

  hatred, ref1

  Hermogen, Bishop, ref1

  Herzen, Alexander, ref1

  Higher State Literary Courses (VGLK), ref1

  Hindenburg, Paul von, ref1

  Hirohito, ref1

  Hitler, Adolf, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

  Holy Company, ref1

  Hoover, Herbert, ref1

  hostage-taking, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  Houdini, Harry, ref1

  House of Diverting Science, ref1

  housing, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; shortage of, ref1

  Hullinger, Edwin, ref1, ref2

  Ignatiev, Alexei, ref1

  Ignatiev, Alexei Pavlovich, ref1

  Ignatiev, Countess, ref1

  Ignatiev, Nicholas, ref1

  Ilf, Ilya, ref1, ref2

  Ilin, Nikolai, ref1, ref2, ref3

  Ilyn, Olga, ref1

  industry, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10

  Institute of Marx and Engels, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  Ippolitov-Ivanov, Mikhail, ref1

  Irkutsk, ref1, ref2

  Issakov, Yelizaveta, ref1

  Istomin, Alexander, ref1

  Istomin, Maria Gudovich, see Lvov, Maria “Merinka”

  Istomin, Pyotr, ref1, ref2

  Istomin, Sergei, ref1

  Ivanovsky Monastery, ref1

  Izvestiia, ref1, ref2

  Jakobson, Roman, ref1

  Janin, Maurice, ref1

  Japan, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  jazz, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  jewels, ref1, ref2, ref3

  Jews, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6; pogroms and, ref1

  Johnson, Nicholas, ref1

  Journal de Moscou, ref1

  Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow, A (Radishchev), ref1

  Kabardin’, ref1

  Kadet Party, ref1

  Kaledin, Alexei, ref1

  Kalinin, Mikhail, ref1, ref2, ref3

  Kalmykov, Ivan, ref1

  Kaluga, ref1, ref2

  Kamenev, Lev, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7

  Kansk, ref1

  Kaplan, Fanya, ref1, ref2

  Kapnist, Alexei, ref1

  Karamzin, Nikolai, ref1

  Kastchenko, Marie, ref1, ref2

  Kastchenko family, ref1

  Kazakov, Anton, ref1

  Kazan, ref1

  Kerensky, Alexander, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9; in Kornilov Affair, ref1

  Khabalov, Sergei, ref1

  Kharitonov, Ivan, ref1

  Kharkhov, ref1, ref2

  Khmelnitsky, Bogdan, ref1

  Khodynka, Field, ref1

  Kholodnaya, Vera, ref1

  Khrushchev, Nikita, ref1, ref2

  Kiev, ref1

  Kinkead, Robin, ref1

  Kireevsky, Ivan, ref1

  Kirill Vladimirovich, Grand Duke, ref1

  Kirov, Sergei, ref1, ref2, ref3

  Kiselev, Andrei, ref1

  Kislovodsk, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  Klyuev, Nikolai, ref1

  Knoring-Formen, V. V., ref1

  Kogan, Lazar, ref1

  Kleinmichel, Countess, ref1, ref2

  Knipper, Olga, ref1

  Kokoshkin, Fyodor, ref1

  Kokovtsov, Vladimir, ref1, ref2

  Kolchak, Alexander, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

  Komsomol (Communist Youth League), ref1

  Komsomolskaia Pravda, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  Korin, Pavel, ref1, ref2

  Kornilov, Lavr, ref1, ref2, ref3

  Kornilov Affair, ref1

  Korostowetz, Vladimir, ref1

  Kotovo, ref1, ref2

  Kovalyova, Praskovya, ref1, ref2, ref3

  Kozlovsky, Katya, ref1
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  Krasnov, Pyotr, ref1

  Krasnoyarsk, ref1, ref2, ref3

  Kremlin, ref1, ref2, ref3

  Kronstadt rebellion, ref1

  Kropotkin, Pyotr, ref1, ref2

  Krupskaya, Nadezhda, ref1

  Kschessinska, Mathilde, ref1, ref2

  kulaks, ref1, ref2

  Kurakin, Tatiana, ref1

  Kursky, Dmitry, ref1

  Kuskovo, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  Kuznetsov, Ivan, ref1

  Labor, ref1

  labor camps, ref1, ref2, ref3; Dmitlag, ref1, ref2; in gulag, ref1, ref2

  Lakier, Yelena, ref1

  Lamoyska, Countess, ref1

  landowners, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7; land confiscated from, ref1

  Lanskoy, A. S., ref1

  Latsis, Martin, ref1

  Lenin, Alexander, ref1

  Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18; Alexandra Tolstoy and, ref1; American Relief Administration and, ref1; April Theses of, ref1; assassination attempt on, ref1, ref2; automobiles of, ref1; Bolsheviks and, ref1, ref2, ref3; on bourgeoisie, ref1; concentration camps and, ref1; counterrevolution and, ref1; death of, ref1; exile in Siberia, ref1, ref2, ref3; Germany and, ref1; landownership and, ref1; manifesto of, ref1; New Economic Policy (NEP) of, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6; noble origins of, ref1; Pavel Sheremetev and, ref1; return to Russia, ref1, ref2; rumors about, ref1; successor sought for, ref1; Testament of, ref1; World War I as viewed by, ref1

  Leningrad, Operation Former People in, ref1, ref2

  Leningradskaia Pravda, ref1, ref2, ref3

  Lenin Library, ref1

  Lenino-Dachnoe, ref1

  Lermontov, Mikhail, ref1, ref2

  Lermontov, Nikolai, ref1

  Levitan, Isaac, ref1, ref2

  libraries and archives, ref1

  Lieven family, ref1

  Likhachev, Dmitry, ref1, ref2, ref3; Operation Former People and, ref1

  Lincoln, W. Bruce, ref1

  Literary Museum, ref1, ref2

  Litvinov, Madame, ref1

  Litvinov, Maxim, ref1, ref2

  Livny, ref1

  Lobanov-Rostovsky, Andrei, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  Lopukhin, Mikhail, ref1

  Lopukhin, Nikolai, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  Lopukhin, Pyotr, ref1, ref2

  Lopukhin, Sofia (née Osorgin), ref1

  Lopukhin, Tatiana (daughter of Vladimir and Sofia Golitsyn), ref1, ref2; marriage of, ref1; Moscow left by, ref1

  Lopukhin family, ref1, ref2, ref3

  Loris-Melikov Constitution, ref1, ref2

  Lotarevo, ref1, ref2, ref3

  Louis XVI, King, ref1