Book Read Free

Ancient Greece

Page 39

by Thomas R. Martin


  Thorley, John. Athenian Democracy. 2nd ed. (London: Routledge, 2004).

  Todd, S. C. The Shape of Athenian Law (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993).

  Treister, M. Ju. “Trade in Metals in the Greek World. From the Archaic into the Hellenistic Epoch.” Bulletin of the Metals Museum 18 (1992): 29–43.

  Tsetskhladze, Gocha R., ed. Greek Colonisation: An Account of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas. 2 vols. (Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 2006–2008).

  Valavanes, Panos. Games and Sanctuaries in Ancient Greece: Olympia, Delphi, Isthmia, Nemea, Athens (Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2004).

  Vasunia, Phiroze. The Gift of the Nile: Hellenizing Egypt from Aeschylus to Alexander (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2001).

  Wees, Hans van. Greek Warfare: Myths and Realities (London: Duckworth, 2004).

  Weiberg, Erika. Thinking the Bronze Age: Life and Death in Early Helladic Greece (Uppsala, Sweden: Uppsala Universitet, 2007).

  Wickkiser, Bronwen L. Asklepios, Medicine, and the Politics of Healing in Fifth-Century Greece: Between Craft and Cult (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008).

  Worman, Nancy. Abusive Mouths in Classical Athens (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008).

  Worthington, Ian. Philip II of Macedonia (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008).

  Wrenhaven, Kelly L. Reconstructing the Slave: The Image of the Slave in Ancient Greece (Bristol, UK: Bristol Classical Press, 2012).

  Wycherly, W. E. How the Greeks Built Cities. 2nd ed. (New York: Norton, 1976).

  INDEX

  Page numbers in bold refer to illustrations.

  abandonment, of infants, 264

  Academos, 228

  Academy, 222, 228, 229, 233

  Achaean League, 254, 259

  Acharnae, 194

  Acharnians, The (Aristophanes), 187, 210

  Achilles, 56, 58, 168, 245

  Acropolis, 151–52, 154, 166, 203

  Acton, John Emerich Edward Dalberg Acton, Baron, 4

  adultery, 89, 175

  Aegean Sea, 10

  Aegina, 147

  Aegospotami, 205

  Aeschines, 251

  Aeschylus, 8, 159, 168, 170

  Afghanistan, 33, 270; Alexander the Great in, 222, 247, 248; Greek kingdom in, 254, 256; Greek language in, 265–66; in Persian Empire, 124, 255

  Africa, 14–15, 252

  afterlife, 165, 277

  Agamemnon, 35, 63, 83, 170

  Agamemnon (Aeschylus), 159, 170

  Agesilaus, 224

  Agis, 203

  agogē, 100

  agora, 150, 178

  agriculture, 2, 12, 29, 162; in Archaic Age, 92–93; beginnings of, 14–15, 16; in Crete, 32; in Dark Age, 49, 52; diffusion of, 20–21; diversification of, 31; in Egypt, 260; gender inequality and, 19–20; in Hellenistic Age, 262; land shortages and, 69–70; metallurgy and, 30; Minoan, 24; poor laborers in, 81; rainfall and, 13–14, 18; settlements and, 17; slave labor in, 85–86; subsistence, 45, 49, 109; tax on, 112; technological advances in, 51; wartime disruptions to, 202, 207

  Ahura Mazda, 126

  Ajax, 168–69

  Ajax (Sophocles), 159, 168

  Alcaeus, 7, 81, 106, 116

  Alcibiades, 199, 203, 204; Anytus mocked by, 218; background of, 98; defection to Sparta of, 187, 201, 202; exile of, 205; opponents of, 200

  Alcidamas, 234

  Alcmaeonids, 92, 112–13

  Alcman, 7, 101–2, 115

  Alexander the Great, 9, 102, 222, 253, 273; in Asia, 247–51; chivalry of, 246; conquests of, 244; death of, 2, 223; divine status claimed by, 221, 223, 249–50, in Egypt, 246–47; iconography of, 268; reputation of, 251–52; ruthlessness of, 243, 245

  Alexandria, 222, 247, 260, 267, 275, 278

  Al Mina, 66, 70

  alphabet, 43, 47, 55, 74

  Ammon, 247

  amnesty, 205–6

  Amphipolis, 187, 188, 198

  amphoras, 262

  Anabasis (Xenophon), 224

  Anatolia, 24; agriculture in, 10; Alexander the Great in, 245, 246; archeological finds in, 19, 30; Attalid kingdom in, 256; as cultural crossroads, 117–18; fortifications in, 34; Hittites in, 40, 43; Ionians in, 45; Jews in, 260; languages in, 264; Lydians in, 74, 127; Medians in, 124; metalworkers from, 51; migration through, 15, 32; Persians in, 122, 137, 138, 202, 222, 225, 238; Sea Peoples from, 41; Spartans in, 222, 224; trade with, 73–74; in Trojan War, 36

  anatomy, 233, 275

  Anaxagoras, 183

  Anaximander, 118

  andrōn, 174

  animals: depiction of, 15, 35, 50, 74, 118; domestication of, 10, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21; draft, 20; game, 14, 16; sacrifice of, 54, 60, 67, 126, 163, 213

  Antigone (Sophocles), 159, 169, 170

  Antigonus, 254, 255, 276

  Antigonus Gonatas, 255

  Antiochus I, 255

  Antiochus IV, 254, 278

  Anyte, 267

  Anytus, 218, 219

  Aphrodite, 137, 157, 161, 270

  Apollo, 66, 75, 96, 161, 162, 219, 242, 270

  Apollonis, 263

  Apollonius, 267

  apprenticeship, 178

  Arabian Peninsula, 249, 250, 251

  Archaic Age, 2, 7, 56, 92–93, 102, 108, 115, 137; sculpture in, 155–56, 157

  archers, 39, 41, 123, 125, 134

  Archilochus, 7, 79, 116

  Archimedes, 274

  architecture, 1, 4; Athenian, 158; Corinthian, 104; domestic, 149–50; Minoan, 29, 32; Near Eastern, 22; public, 151, 270; temple, 153–54

  archives, 151

  archons, 108, 111, 112, 142, 143

  Areopagus, 111, 142, 143

  Ares, 161

  aretē, 56

  Arginusae Islands, 205

  Argolid region, 17

  Argos, 198–99, 224

  Aristarchus, 212, 274

  Aristides, 123, 138–39, 144–45

  aristocracy, 54

  Aristodemus, 81, 98

  Aristophanes, 8, 144, 186–87, 208, 273; Socrates satirized by, 217–18; women portrayed by, 207, 210

  Aristotle, 8, 14, 68, 84, 173, 222, 232–36, 247

  Arkesilas, 93 armor, 38, 51, 79, 81, 107

  Arrian, 9

  Arsinoë II, 263

  art, 1, 4, 10, 13, 150; body represented in, 155; in Classical Age, 65; Corinthian, 104; in Dark Age, 50, 52; Minoan, 29; Mycenaean, 29, 36, 37; Near Eastern, 74; Spartan, 97

  Artaxerxes II, 223

  Artemis, 161, 162

  Artemisia, 134

  ascetics, 273

  Asclepius, 167, 185, 276, 277

  Aśoka, 254, 265–66

  Aspasia, 217

  assembly: archons chosen by, 108; generals chosen by, 146; judicial role of, 111, 141, 143; Near Eastern, 92; oratory in, 178, 180; ostracism by, 144–45; qualifications for, 77, 81, 108, 110, 113, 141; site of, 151; Spartan, 96; spending decisions by, 133–34, 140, 147, 153; taxes levied by, 151; wartime role of, 122, 127, 128, 133–34, 135, 138, 139, 140–41, 142, 147, 149; women excluded from, 78

  Assembly Women, The (Aristophanes), 207

  Assyria, 118, 124, 126, 259

  astrology, 276

  astronomy, 118, 227, 231, 232, 274, 276

  Atargatis, 278

  Athena, 67, 70, 152–53, 154, 155, 161, 162, 168, 193

  Athenaeus, 9

  Athenian Empire, 5, 121; allies mistreated by, 225; establishment of, 137–41

  Athens, 2, 45, 67, 69, 75, 76, 86, 92; culture and society in, 158–85; political development of, 106–9; Solon’s reforms in, 109–12

  athletics, 7, 14, 115, 155, 162, 177; Olympic, 47, 59–60, 83; in Sparta, 87

  Attalids, 256, 268

  Attalus I, 254

  Atthidographers, 9

  Attica, 112, 128, 132, 133, 135; administration of, 113–14; ostracism from, 144; population changes in, 107; ports of, 106; silver deposits in, 123, 134; Spartan invasions of, 187, 192, 194, 202

&nbs
p; Augustus (Octavian), 258

  aulos, 115, 177

  Avaris (Tel el-Dab’a), 34

  axes, 21

  Baal, 254

  Baal Shamen, 278

  Babylon, 250

  Babylonia, 118, 123, 259

  Bacchiads, 103

  Bacchylides, 7, 116

  Bactria, 222, 248, 254, 256

  Balkan Mountains, 21

  Balkan Peninsula, 10, 13, 15, 26, 30

  barbarians, 84–85, 247

  barley, 12, 16, 100, 213

  barter, 74

  Battus, 72–73

  Bay of Naples, 66, 70

  beads, 19, 52

  beauty, 228, 230

  Bible, 259, 278

  biography, 9

  biology, 233, 234

  Birds, The (Aristophanes), 187, 208

  birthrate, 17, 49, 53

  Bithynia, 270

  bitter vetch, 16

  “black-figure” vases, 117, 125

  Black Sea, 69, 203

  blasphemy, 160

  Boeotia, 128, 147, 242; city-states in, 68; Neolithic villages in, 17; Peace of Nicias spurned by, 198; Persian Wars in, 136; Spartans defeated in, 222, 225

  boneworking, 19

  botany, 234, 250

  boulē, 110

  bracelets, 15

  Brasidas, 187, 198

  bread, 174, 212, 213

  Britain, 33

  Bronze Age, 3, 7, 21, 26, 35, 51; civilizations of, 29–31; forgetting of, 48

  bronze sculpture, 157

  Buddhism, 254, 256, 266

  burial, 26, 36–37, 52, 107, 160; as obligation, 169; with pottery, 35; social status and, 15, 50; with weapons, 38, 51

  Byblos, 43

  Byzantine Greek language, 259

  Cadiz, 66, 70

  calendar, 162

  Callimachus, 266–67

  Canaanites, 43

  capital punishment, 86, 109, 195, 219

  captives, 84

  carbon-14 dating, 21

  Caria, 134

  Carthage, 131

  Çatal Hüyük, 19, 31

  catapults, 246, 258, 275

  cattle, 10, 16, 20, 21, 163

  cavalry, 123

  centaurs, 60, 61

  central Asia, 24, 124

  ceramics, 74

  cereal grains, 12, 19, 21, 31, 50, 260; containers for, 52; trade in, 203, 204, 213

  Chaeronea, 221, 242

  Chalcis, 148

  chance, 270, 276, 278, 280

  Chandragupta, 255

  Chaos, 62

  chariots, 33, 39, 41, 42, 59, 265

  charis, 238

  chattel slaves, 83–86

  cheese, 20, 100, 213

  chemistry, 233

  chickens, 12

  childbearing, 17, 18, 162

  China, 4, 248, 256

  Chios, 203

  choral poetry, 115

  chorus, 166–67, 208

  Chrysippus, 272

  Cimon: death of, 147; ostracism of, 145; projects financed by, 140, 150, 151, 192; Spartans admired by, 142; Theseus’s bones returned by, 123, 164

  circumcision, 278

  citizenship, 4, 91; city-state based on, 56, 63, 65–66, 67–68, 77–78, 91; contrasts produced by, 84; distinctiveness of, 67–68; Epicureanism vs., 271; patrilinear, 175; Pericles’ law on, 123, 146; poor people and, 79–83, 104, 107; rights attached to, 77–78, 81; for women, 78

  city-states (poleis), 3; characteristics of, 66–69; citizenship as basis for, 56, 63, 65–66, 67–68, 77–78, 91; communal interests in, 60; democracy in, 108; emergence of, 51, 65; foreign policy of, 242–43, 271; persuasion and justice in, 63, 64; relations between, 68–69, 124, 238; structure of, 75–84; trade by, 69–70

  Classical Age, 2, 9, 65, 113, 121, 122

  clay, 13, 17, 75

  Cleisthenes, 92, 113, 114, 121–22, 137, 145

  Cleombrotus, 225

  Cleomenes, 127

  Cleon, 187, 195, 197, 198, 209–10

  Cleopatra VII, 253, 254, 256, 258

  climate, 13, 16, 18, 239

  clothing, 87, 156, 157, 174, 212, 262

  cloth production, 19, 20, 33, 87, 88

  Clouds, The (Aristophanes), 217–18, 273

  Clytemnestra, 170

  Cnidos, 270

  coins, 33, 109; of Achaean League, 259; beginnings of, 74; as primary source, 5, 9; scrip, 208; silver, 192, 193, 208, 213, 240; slaves and, 86; Spartan ban on, 102

  colonization, 69–73

  columns, 118, 153

  comedy, 8, 9, 166, 208–10, 266

  concubines, 89

  Constitution of the Five Thousand, 204

  containers, 13, 19, 31, 52, 53, 107

  Copernicus, 274

  copper, 15, 19, 21, 30, 33, 43

  Corcyra, 10, 103, 149, 190, 191, 196

  Corinth, 105, 137, 147, 195, 224; Athenian destruction sought by, 205; Corcyra vs., 190; League of, 221, 242, 243, 261; prosperity of, 74–75, 103–4; Sparta allied with, 187, 192, 198; tyranny in, 92, 103–4, 112

  Corinthian style, 153, 270

  Corinthian War, 222, 224

  corruption, 4, 142, 143, 144

  Cos, 277

  Council of Five Hundred, 114, 135, 145, 151, 162

  courts, 77, 78, 142–44, 178

  courtyards, 150, 174

  crafts production, 19, 81, 178, 280; in Corinth, 104; in Crete, 33; laborers in, 81, 262; in Near East, 30–31, 40, 67; wartime disruption of, 207

  cremation, 51

  Creon, 169

  Crete, 10, 26, 106; Minoans in, 24, 29; palace society in, 31–34, 40

  Critias, 218

  Crito, 219

  Croesus, 124, 127, 161, 165

  Ctesibus, 274–75

  Cunaxa, 224

  cuneiform writing, 32

  Curtius, 9

  Cybele, 278

  Cyclopes, 43–44

  Cylon, 92, 108

  Cynics, 273

  Cyprus, 10, 34, 41, 43, 51, 147; city-kingdoms in, 67; copper in, 33

  Cypselus, 92, 103–4

  Cyrene, 5, 72–73, 75

  Cyrus, 124, 127, 223–24

  Cyzicus, 187, 204

  daggers, 30

  Damis, 249

  dance, 162, 166, 167, 269

  Darius I, 121, 123, 124, 127–29, 131, 246, 268

  Dark Age, 3, 7, 24, 46–64; poverty in, 108; warfare in, 82

  death penalty, 86, 109, 195, 219

  Decelea, 187, 202, 207, 213

  deforestation, 13

  Deipnosophistae (Athenaeus), 9

  Delian League, 123, 142, 147, 191; dues for, 139–40, 144, 171; frictions within, 139–40, 148, 202–3; revenues from, 141, 151, 192

  Delos, 10, 123, 139, 219, 262

  Delphi, 66, 75, 76, 127, 242, 270

  Demeter, 14, 28, 78, 87, 107, 161, 162, 164–65, 277

  Demetrius, 252, 255, 276

  Demiurge, 230

  democracy, 1; Aristotle’s criticisms of, 236; beginnings of, 3, 92, 107–8; Cleisthenes’ reforms of, 121–22; direct, 114, 123; in Ionia, 129; Periclean, 145–49; Plato’s criticisms of, 227, 232; public benefactions under, 238, 260; “radical,” 144; restoration of, 211, 223, 277; Spartan view of, 113

  Democritus, 183, 272

  demography, 18

  dēmoi, 113, 114

  demons, 119

  Demosthenes (general), 201

  Demosthenes (orator), 9, 239–40

  dendrochronology, 21

  Dhimini, 17

  Didymus, 267

  diffusion, 20–22

  Diodorus, 9

  Diodotus, 195

  Diodotus I, 256

  Diogenes, 273

  Diomedes, 56–57

  Dionysius II, 227

  Dionysus, 40, 161, 166, 171, 208, 277

  Diotima, 217

  Diotimus, 265

  direct democracy, 114, 123

  divination, 160

  division of labor, 19, 30

  divorce, 89, 173

&nb
sp; dogs, 17

  domestication, 10, 16; in Anatolia, 19; of cattle, 21, 163; of sheep, 17

  Dorians, 45, 49, 93

  Doric style, 153, 154, 270

  dowry, 89, 172–73, 263

  Draco, 92, 109

  draft animals, 20

  drama, 1, 4, 8, 158, 166–71, 208

  dreams, 160, 164

  drought, 13

  dualism, 230

  earrings, 52

  Earth, 62

  earthquakes, 10, 44–45, 260; in Crete, 26, 32; as divine retribution, 160; in Laconia, 123; in Rhodes, 265; in Sparta, 102, 141

  ecclesia, 108

  education, 177–78, 265

  Egesta (Segesta), 200

  Egypt, 10, 12, 264; Alexander the Great in, 246; Corinthian trade with, 104; European borrowings from, 13, 20, 23–24, 28, 47, 117; grain exported from, 203; Greek influence on, 253; hieroglyphs in, 32; Jews in, 260; Macedonians in, 222, 246; medical knowledge in, 275; Minoan trade with, 33–34; New Kingdom in, 40, 43; Persian rule in, 124, 147; Ptolemaic, 255–56, 259, 260, 262, 278; religion in, 276, 278; Roman conquest of, 258; statuary in, 65, 118; temples of, 74

  eisphora, 151

  elephants, 258

  Eleusinian Mysteries, 164, 165, 201, 277

  Eleusis, 28, 78, 164, 277

  elites, 53–58, 76–77, 91; in Hellenistic Age, 262, 266–67; oligarchic coup by, 203; political alliances among, 108–9; splintering of, 82; taxes paid by, 260

  Elpinike, 176

  empiricism, 184, 272

  English language, 24, 26, 55–56

  Epaminondas, 222, 225, 226

  Ephialtes, 123, 142, 144

  ephors, 96, 98

  Epic of Creation, 62

  epic poetry, 115

  Epicureans, 271, 273

  Epicurus, 254, 271–72

  Epidaurus, 167

  epidemics, 160, 187, 195, 197, 211

  equality, 4, 68, 83, 228, 230

  erastēs, 179

  Eratosthenes, 274

  Erechtheus, 154

  Erectheum, 207

  Eretria, 127, 128

  erōmenos, 179

  ethics, 8, 214, 233, 236, 271

  ethnography, 7

  ethnos, 68

  Etruscans, 70, 75

  Euboea, 50, 66, 70, 127, 148

  Euclid, 274

  eugenics, 232

  Eumenides, The (Aeschylus), 159

  Euripides, 8, 86, 159, 168, 170, 172, 174

  Evans, Arthur, 37

  famines, 160

  farming tools, 51

  fertility, 17, 18, 162

  figs, 100

  fish, 12, 14, 17

  floods, 14, 15

  food supply, 18–19, 31, 52, 53, 69, 160, 265

  foot soldiers, 39, 41

  Forms, Platonic, 230–31, 233

  fortifications, 34, 35, 43–44, 192

  foundries, 212

  France, 69

  Francthi Cave, 15, 16

  freedom of speech, 77, 210, 239, 282

 

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