Colonial America
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pre-eminence of Anglican Church
religion in eighteenth century
German immigrants
Lawson's book about
Shawnees migrate to
eighteenth-century immigration
see also North Carolina; South Carolina
Carr, Sir Robert
Carrier, Sarah
Cartagena
Cartagena, Battle of (1741)
Carter, Robert
Carteret, Sir George
Cartier, Jacques
Catawbas
Cato Letters
cattle
Cayugas
see also Iroquois
Céloron de Blainville, Captain Pierre-Joseph
ceramics: precontact
Native American
colonial industry
African American
Ceuta
Champlain, Samuel de
Charles I, king of Great Britain and Ireland: ascends throne
and American colonies
and religion
and English Civil War
execution
colonies' reaction to regicides
Charles II, king of Great Britain and Ireland: background and character
Restoration
religious stance
relationship with the colonies
Treaty of Dover
reforms of Parliament and colonial administration
grants Penn charter for Pennsylvania
death
Charles City
Charlesfort
Charleston: foundation
site moved
Spanish attack on (1675)
attacks on Spanish Florida
French and Spanish attack (1706)
becomes center of commerce and administration
wealth
education
libraries
newspapers
slavery
in eighteenth century
Chauncey, Charles
Cheraws
Cherokees: background
and Yamasee War
relations with English and French
location
overview of society
and French and Indian War
conflict with British in the West
Chesapeake: wheat cultivation
convict labor
average marriage age
families
housing
women's lives
institutional aspects of slavery
experience of being a slave in
runaway slaves
slave conspiracies
local government
see also Maryland; Virginia
Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope, earl of
Chickahominy Indians
Chickasaws
Child, Dr Robert
child birth see midwives
children: Native American upbringing
colonial treatment of
English treatment of
infant mortality
birth rates
economic value
age of majority
patriarchal control
of interracial relationships
treatment of illegitimate
numbers of illegitimate
of slave families
French adoption of Native American
of French interracial marriages
see also education and training; families
China: exploration of Americas
Chippendale, Thomas
Choate, John
Choctaws
Church, Colonel Benjamin
Churchill, Sarah (Salem)
Claiborne, William
clans, Native American
Clarendon, Edward Hyde, earl of
class see social structures
classical writers
climate: Little Ice Age
precontact
cloth see textiles
clothing: Paleo-Indian peoples
linen
cotton
protectionism in trade
children
in eighteenth century
slaves
Native American
clubs
Coddington, William
coffee houses
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste
Colden, Cadwallader
College of New Jersey see Princeton
College of William and Mary
Colleton, Sir John
colonial administration see political organization
colonization: morality
Spanish model
English model
French model
Dutch model
pros and cons of proprietary model
Columbia College, New York
Columbian Exchange
Columbus, Christopher
Comanches
commerce see trade
communications: speed of transatlantic
post office established
Compagnie des Cent-Associés
Conestogas
Congarees
Congregationalists
Connecticut: establishment
border disputes with Dutch
charter confirmed
reaction to and effect of Restoration
and Long Island
duke of York tries to take over western
conflict with James II
joins Dominion of New England
Glorious Revolution settlement restores charter
abortive invasion of New France
witchcraft trials
Bellomont made commander of militia
and War of the Spanish Succession
silver industry
paper money
land ownership
local elites
churches adopt Saybrook Platform
other religious changes in eighteenth century
free African Americans
population growth in eighteenth century
politics after 1690
suspending clauses
intercolonial conflicts
factional fighting
joins attack on Louisburg
attends Albany Congress
and French and Indian War
Connecticut River Valley
Conoys
consumerism
moral critique
contraception
Conventicle Act (1664)
convicts: use as labor
Coode, John
Cooke, Elisha, Jr.
Cooper, Anthony Ashley see Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley, earl of
Copley, John Singleton
portraits by
Corey, Giles
Corey, Martha
corn
Cornbury, Lord
Coronado, Francisco Vázquez de
Corporation Act (1661)
Cortés, Hernando
Cosby, William
cotton
Cotton, John
Council for New England (formerly Plymouth Company)
councils, provincial
county courts
Covenant Chain of Friendship
broken
crafts see applied arts and crafts
Craven, earl of
Creeks: in Carolinas
involvement in imperial wars
attitude to European alliances
attack Spanish missions
in Louisiana
in Georgia
after
and liquor
see also Apalachicolas (Lower Creeks); Upper Creeks
Creoles
Crèvecoeur, J. Hector St. John
crime and punishment: Native American attitude to killing
Native American execution method
Jamestown
New England
Maryland
slaves in West Indies
New York
Crown makes changes to system in Dominion of New England
slaves
protection for slave owners
treason
contrast between French and Algonquian systems
urban crime
see also judiciary and justice system; laws
Croghan, George
Cromwell, Oliver
Cromwell, Richard
Crown Point
Crozat, Antoine
Cuba
Culpepper, John
Culpepper, Lord
Culpepper's Rising (1677)
culture
Anglicization
popular
African American
Cumberland, duke of
Cusabos
customs duties see taxes and customs duties
Cutler, Timothy
dairy products
Dale, Sir Thomas
dancing
Darien
Dartmouth
Davenport, James
Davenport, Reverend John
Davies, Samuel
Davis, William
De La Warr, Lord
Dedham, Massachusetts
Deerfield
deerskin trade
deference
Defoe, Daniel
DeLancey, James
Delaware: separates from Pennsylvania
religion in
Delaware Valley
Delawares (Lenapes): early encounters with Europeans
trade with Swedes
alliance with Pennsylvanians
land sales to Pennsylvania
Lutheran missions to
after 1700
and French and Indian War
in Ohio Valley
and Pontiac's Rebellion
democracy, development of: existence and meaning of concept in colonial America
see also political organization; rights
Denonville, Governor
Detroit
Devonshire, duke of
Díaz, Bartholomew
Dickinson, John
Dickinson, Jonathan
Dieskau, Baron
diet see food and diet
Dinwiddie, Robert
diseases: precontact
brought by contact
among early European settlers
rarity in New England
urban epidemics
inoculation
among slaves
Texas
smallpox epidemic among Cherokees
sanitation
divine right of kings
divorce
Dobbs, Arthur
Doegs
Dolores de los Ais
Dongan, Thomas
Dover, New Hampshire
Dover, Treaty of (1670)
dowries
Drake, Francis
Drummond, William
Du Gua de Monts, Pierre
Dudley, Joseph
Dudley, Thomas
Dudley family
Dunkers
Durant, George
Durham, New Hampshire
Dutch East India Company
Dutch Reformed Church
Dutch Wars (1652–74)
Dutch West India Company
Dyer, Mary
Dyer, William
East India Company
East Texas
Eastchurch, Thomas
Eastern Woodlands peoples: map of
precontact
virgin soil epidemics
see also individual peoples
Eastland Company
Easton, Treaty of (1758)
Ebenezer
economy: comparison of northern with southern
did the market economy exist
see also trade
Eden, Charles
education and training: Native American
early colonial
women
developments after Glorious Revolution
Franciscan education of Native Americans
Edwards, Jonathan
Effingham, Lord
El Dorado
El Paso
Eliot, Andrew
Eliot, Reverend John
Elizabeth, New Jersey
Elizabeth I, queen of England
employment, paid
women waged workers
see also indentured servants; labor
England: exploration and first colonization
Reformation in
sixteenth-century economy
struggles with Spain
drivers of colonization
Spain signs peace with (1604)
reasons for failure of early colonies
under Charles I
Catholic persecution
in 1640s
Restoration
under Charles II
Exclusion crisis
under James II
Glorious Revolution
seventeenth-century emigration statistics
seventeenth-century unemployment
family life
marriage rates
social hierarchy
see also Great Britain
English Civil War (1642–51)
Enlightenment
entertainment
equality
Equiano, Olaudah
Erickson, Leif
Eries
Esaws
Esopus
etiquette
Euchees
evangelism see Great Awakening
Exclusion crisis
Exeter, New Hampshire
expenditure control
exploration: western European
drivers
factories
families: Native American
family farming model
Maryland
overview of colonial
average family size
household government
African Americans
New France
farming see agriculture; livestock farming
Farquhar, George
Fawkes, Guy
fees simple: definition
Fendall, Josiah
Fenwick, John
Ferdinand, king of Aragon
Filmer, Sir Robert
fine arts
fires
fishing: precontact
European fishers off America
early European settlers
in New England
British trade in
exports from New England
growth in French trade
Five Mile Act (1665)
Five Nations see Iroquois: League of Five Nations
Fletcher, Benjamin
Florida: Spain establishes colony
Spanish destroy French settlement
conflict during imperial wars
Spanish immigration policies
free African Americans in
Native Americans in
Spanish leave
flour
Flushing
Fontaine, Reverend Peter
food and diet: precontact
western Europe
slaves
see also agriculture; fishing; hunting
Forbes, Brigadier John
fornication see sexual mores
Fort Caroline
Fort Casimir
Fort Christina
Fort Crevecoeur
Fort Duquesne see Pittsburgh
Fort Edward
Fort Frontenac
Fort Hope
Fort Le Boeuf
Fort Miami
Fort Nassau
Fort Necessity
Fort Orange
Fort Prudhomme
Fort Rosalie
Fort St. Louis
Fort Toulouse
Fort William Henry
massacre of (1757)
Fox, George
Fox Indians
Fox River
France: early exploration and colonization
reasons for scarcity of
colonists
under Louis XIV
alliances with Iroquois
provocation of strife on borders of New York
Nine Years War
treaty of neutrality with Iroquois
War of the Spanish Succession
success of New France
English invade New France
alliances with Indians
in southern colonies
assists Illinois and Miami Indians against Iroquois
defeats Natchez Indians
borderlands
interactions with Native Americans in French colonies
and Gulf of Mexico
exploration of West
map of North American claims
attacks Spain in Gulf of Mexico
as bar to British expansion in West
Iroquois later relations with
Micmac relations with
westward expansion
Cherokee alliance
eighteenth-century activity in America
War of Austrian Succession
North American territories claimed by
for Ohio Country
French and Indian War considerably diminishes influence
aftermath of war
see also French and Indian War; Louisiana; New France
Francis I, king of France
Franciscans
Franklin, Benjamin
on convict labor
on British standard of living
on the Protestant ethic
on population growth in America
as runaway
on importance of ability
establishes Academy of Philadelphia
hears Whitefield preach
“university of life” saying
and Library Company of Philadelphia
Poor Richard's Almanac
as journalist
interest in science
on German immigrants in Pennsylvania
and Pennsylvanian defense during War of Jenkins' Ear
draws up plan for colonial union for defense
and French and Indian War
Franks, David
Franks, Moses
Free Society of Traders
Freemasons
Frelinghuysen, Theodore
French and Indian War (1754–63)
consequences
Frobisher, Martin
Frontenac, Comte de
funerary practices: precontact
African American
fur trade: beginnings
Jamestown
Massachusetts
French
Dutch
depletion caused by gun supply to Mohawks
Beaver Wars
Swedish
Indian wars over control of
New York
effect of decline on Native American–settler relations
rivalry between New York and Albany
New France
growing competition from English
Iroquois' strong position in
disruption caused by War of the Spanish Succession
English
in eighteenth century
New France in eighteenth century
as driver of French westward expansion
Iroquois' continued manipulation
British and French rivalries in the West
furniture
Gama, Vasco da
games
Gates, Sir Thomas
gender relations see men; women
George II, king of Great Britain and Ireland
George III, king of Great Britain and Ireland
Georgia: foundation