The Little Ice Age: How Climate Made History 1300-1850
Page 25
4. Ladurie, Times of Feast, Times of Famine, 79.
5. Quoted from Henry Heller, Labour, Science and Technology in France, 1500-1620 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 67. I also drew on this book for the discussion of Olivier de Serres.
6. Ladurie, The Ancien Regime, was the source for this discussion.
7. Davies, Europe: A History, 615.
8. Ladurie, The Ancien Regime, 215.
9. Lamb, Climate Present, Past, and Future, 452.
10. Post, Food Shortage, Climatic Variability, and Epidemic Disease, 211.
11. General discussion in my Floods, Famines, and Emperors: El Nino and the Collapse of Civilizations (New York: Basic Books, 1999).
12. Ladurie, The Ancien Regime, 306ff.
13. Arthur Young, Travels in France during the Years 1787, 1788, and 1789, edited by C. Maxwell (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1950), 279.
14. Ibid., 28.
15. Georges Lefebvre, The Great Fear of 1789, translated by Joan White (New York: Pantheon Books, 1973), 8.
16. Ibid., 10.
17. Charles A. Wood, "The Effects of the 1783 Laki Eruption," in C. R. Harington, ed., The Year Without a Summer? World Climate in 1816 (Ottawa: Canadian Museum of Nature, 1992), 60.
18. In writing this section, I drew on J. Newmann, "Great Historical Events That Were Significantly Altered By the Weather: 2. The Year Leading to the Revolution of 1789 in France," Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 58(2) (1977): 163-168.
19. Lefebvre, The Great Fear of 1789, 18.
20. Oliver Browning, ed., Diplomatic Dispatches from Paris, 1784-1790, vol. 2 (London: Camden Society, 1910), 75-76.
21. Ibid., 82.
22. The origins of the French Revolution have been thwart with controversy since the event occurred. William Doyle, Origins of the French Revolution, 3rd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999) is an admirable starting point for the English-speaking reader and contains a discussion of the widely differing theoretical viewpoints. I drew on it here. See also Gary Kates, ed., The French Revolution: Recent Debates and New Controversies (London and New York: Routledge, 1998). Both these volumes have excellent bibliographies, which include comprehensive French sources.
23. Doyle, Origins of the French Revolution, 154.
24. Braudel, The Structures of Everyday Life, 133.
CHAPTER 10
The resident of Surakartais quoted in Michael R. Rampino's "Eyewitness Account of the Distant Effects of the Tambora Eruption of April 1815," in Harington, ed., The Year Without a Summer?, 13.
1. The Mount Tambora disaster is well described for a popular audience by Henry Stommel and Elizabeth Stommel, Volcano Weather: The Story of 1816, The Year Without A Summer (Newport, R.I.: Seven Seas Press, 1983). Quote is from pages 7-8. For more technical papers, see Harington, The Year Without a Summer? 2. Stommel and Stommel, Volcano Weather, 56.
3. The Times, London, July 20, 1816.
4. Post, The Last Great Subsistence Crisis, 41.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid., 44.
7. Ibid., 99.
8. Ibid., 97.
9. Ibid., 89.
10. Stommel and Stommel, Volcano Weather, 30. See also Patrick Hughes, American Weather Stories (Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, 1976).
11. Stommel and Stommel, Volcano Weather, 30.
12. Ibid., 42.
13. Ibid., 72.
14. Post, The Last Great Subsistence Crisis, 125.
15. Ibid., 128.
16. Ibid., 131.
CHAPTER 1 1
The excerpt is from Austin Bourke's "The Visitation of God':? The Potato and the Great Irish Famine, edited by Jacqueline Hill and Corma 6 Grada (Dublin: Lilliput Press, 1993), 18.
1. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (London, 1776), quoted by Peter Mathias, The First Industrial Nation: The Economic History of Britain 1700-1914 (London: Methuen, 1990), 174.
2. Salaman, The History and Social Influence of the Potato, is the source for this passage.
3. Bourke, The Visitation of God? Both quotes from page 15.
4. Christine Kinealy, A Death-Dealing Famine: The Great Hunger in Ireland (London: Pluto Press, 1997), 43.
5. Bourke, The Visitation of God? 18. The quote is from the Irish Agricultural Magazine, 1798: 186.
6. Bourke, The Visitation of God?, 20.
7. Quoted in ibid., 24.
8. William D. Davidson, "The History of the Potato and Its Progress in Ireland," Journal of the Department ofAgriculture, Dublin 34 (1937): 299.
9. Bourke, The Visitation of God?, 24.
10. Ibid., 17.
11. The literature on the great Irish potato famine is enormous and polemical; the nonspecialist navigates it at his or her peril. Cormac 0. Grada, Ireland Before and After the Famine. Explorations in Economic History, 1800 to 1925 (Manchester, England: Manchester University Press, 1988) is a comprehensive analysis in a broad context. Christine Kinealy's A Death-Dealing Famine is an excellent and dispassionate summary. Austin Bourke's Visitation of God is definitive. Cecil Woodham-Smith's eloquent and thoroughly researched The Great Hunger, Ireland 1845-1849 (New York: Harper and Row, 1962) was vilified by many academic reviewers, but is now regarded in a somewhat more sympathetic light and still remains an excellent account for the general reader. Arthur Gribben, ed., The Great Famine and the Irish Diaspora in America (Amherst, Mass.: University of Massachusetts Press, 1999) explores many aspects of the famine. For mass emigration, the following are useful, among many others: William F. Adams, Ireland and Irish Emigration to the New World from 1815 to the Famine (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1932) and Timothy Gwinnane, The Vanishing Irish (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997).
12. Kinealy, A Death-Dealing Famine, 46.
13. Bourke, The Visitation of God?, 18. The quote is from the Irish Agricultural Magazine, 1798: 186. For the history of the potato, see both this work and Salaman, The History and Social Influence of the Potato, which remains the definitive source, with the author charmingly remarking that "nothing short of mental instability, could excuse a lifelong attachment to the study of so banal a subject" (p. xxxi). Larry Zuckerman, The Potato: How the Humble Spud Rescued the Western World (London: Faber and Faber, 1998) is a popular, uncritical account.
14. Quoted by Bourke, The Visitation of God.? 24.
15. Quoted in ibid., 67.
16. Ibid., 69.
17. Ibid., 26.
18. Kinealy, A Death-Dealing Famine, 52.
19. Woodham-Smith, ibid., 91.
20. Ibid., 155.
21. Ibid., 162.
22. The closing section of this chapter is based on Lamb, Climate, History and the Modern World. Quote is from page 247.
PART IV THE MODERN WARM PERIOD
The quote by Hubert Lamb is from his Climate, History and the Modern World, 375.
CHAPTER 12
The quote by John Houghton is from his Global Warming: The Complete Briefing, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 1.
1. Lamb, Climate, History and the Modern World, 239-241 is the source for this passage.
2. Hans Neuberger, "Climate in Art," Weather 25 (2) (1970): 46-56.
3. This passage draws on Brian Fagan, Clash of Cultures (Walnut Creek, Calif.: Altamira Press, 1998), Chapter 16.
4. Based on Alexander T. Wilson, "Isotope Evidence for Past Climatic and Environmental Change," in Rotberg and Rabb, Climate and History, 215-232. See also: Richard H. Grove, Ecology, Climate, and Empire: Colonialism and Global Environmental History 1400-1940 (Cambridge, Eng.: White House Press, 1997).
5. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, "The Adventure of the Bruce-Partington Plans." Quotes from Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, The Illustrated Sherlock Holmes Treasury (New York: Avenal Books, 1984), 793.
6. Guy de la Bedoyere, ed., The Diary of John Evelyn (Woodbridge, England: Boydell Press, 1995), 267. An excellent biography of King Charles II: Antonia Fraser, Royal Charles: Charles II and the Restoration (New York, A
lfred A. Knopf, 1979).
7. Neuberger, "Climate in Art," 52.
8. This passage draws on Lamb, op. cit. (1982), Chapters 13 and 14. Quote: Brian Walter Fagan, Letters ofan Ordinary Gentleman, 1914-16 (Manuscript in possession of the author dated 1921), entry for November 14, 1915.
9. Lamb, op. cit. (1982), Chapter 13.
10. William K. Stevens, The Change in the Weather (New York: Delacorte Press, 2000), Chapter 8, provides an account of this memorable hearing. Stevens's book offers an admirable summary of the history of global warming research.
11. The best summary of global warming effects is in Houghton, Global Warming.
12. Excellent information on annual temperature records for the 1990s and later can be found on the Web: www.ncdc.noaa.gov is the home page for the National Climate Data Center in Asheville, North Carolina, with links to other global data centers.
13. Timothy J. Osborn, et al., "The Winter North Atlantic Oscillation," Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, 1999.
14. R. Howe, et al., "Dynamic Variations at the Base of the Solar Convection Zone," Science (287): 2456-2460.
15. Eric Posmentier, et al., available at www.elsevier.com/journals/newast.
16. www.csfcoloradu.edu/bioregional/99/msgOO355.html.
17. Extended discussion in Houghton, Global Warming, Chapters 7ff.
18. James Hansen, Makiko Sato, Reto Ruedy, Andrew Lacis, and Valdar Oinas, "Global Warming in the Twenty-First Century: An Alternative scenario," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 10 (2000):1073-1083.
19. From a BBC Broadcast. Quoted by Houghton, ibid., 151.