2. Winthrop, Journal, 232–33; Foster, “Challenge of Heresy,” 647.
3. Hall, AC, 202, 219–43; Winthrop, Journal, 233.
4. Sargent Bush, Jr., ed., The Correspondence of John Cotton (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2001), 50, 51, 161, 53, 52, 54; Winship, Heretics, 160, 162.
5. Hall, AC, 257–63, 254, 253; Shurtleff, ed., MR, I, 205–9.
6. Winship, Heretics, 226; Hall, AC, 314, 315, 275, 276; Jean Cameron, Anne Hutchinson, Guilty or Not?: A Closer Look at Her Trials (New York, 1994), 145, 147, 148. On Anne Hutchinson’s private meetings, see Mary Beth Norton, Founding Mothers and Fathers: Gendered Power and the Forming of American Society (New York, 1996), 362–65.
7. Hall, AC, 317, 318, 319, 326, 333–38, 273, 342, 343; Cameron, Hutchinson, 149, 151–53, 161.
8. Hall, AC, 74, 341, 276, 348.
9. Gura, Sion’s Glory, 138–43; Shurtleff, ed., MR, I, 211–13.
10. Hall, AC, 350–88; Emery Battis, Saints and Sectaries: Anne Hutchinson and the Antinomian Controversy in the Massachusetts Bay Colony (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1962), chap. 16; Jesper Rosenmeier, “New England’s Perfection: The Image of Adam and the Image of Christ in the Antinomian Crisis, 1634 to 1638,” WMQ, 27 (1970), 435–59.
11. Battis, Saints and Sectaries, 245; Hall, AC, 372, 364, 388; Foster, “Challenge of Heresy,” 644–45.
12. Battis, Saints and Sectaries, 248; Helle M. Alpert, “Robert Keayne: Notes on Sermons by John Cotton and the Proceedings of the First Church of Boston from 23 November 1639 to 1 June 1640” (Ph.D. diss., Tufts University, 1974), 41–43, 7; Winship, Heretics, 235, 237, 241.
13. R. H. Tawney, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism: A Historical Study ([1926] New York, 1937), 202.
14. Battis, Saints and Sectaries, 258ff.
15. Lyle Koehler, “The Case of the American Jezebels: Anne Hutchinson and Female Agitation During the Years of the Antinomian Turmoil, 1636–1640,” WMQ, 31 (1974), 63, 64, 68; Hall, AC, 312, 314, 370, 365.
16. Ibid., 370.
17. Ibid., 281; Koehler, “American Jezebels,” 62, 69, 70; [Edward Johnson], A History of New-England. From the English Planting in the Yeere 1628 until the Yeere 1652 [Wonder-working Providence of Sions Saviour] [1654], ed. J. Franklin Jameson (New York, 1910), 132; Shurtleff, ed., MR, I, 224, 329; Winthrop, Journal, 275, 276, 271, 272; Robert C. Anderson, The Great Migration … 1634–1635 (Boston, 1999–), II, 850, 856. On Talby’s murder, see Peter C. Hoffer and N. E. H. Hull, Murdering Mothers: Infanticide in England and New England, 1558–1803 (New York, 1981), 40–41.
18. Carla G. Pestana, Quakers and Baptists in Colonial Massachusetts (Cambridge, England, 1991), 10, 12; Nuttall, Holy Spirit, esp. chap. 10, p. 151; Maclear, “ ‘The Heart of New England Rent,’ ” 624, 625; Carla G. Pestana, “The City upon a Hill Under Siege: The Puritan Perception of the Quaker Threat to Massachusetts Bay, 1656–1661,” NEQ, 56 (1983), 336–37, 345, 347; John Norton, The Heart of N-England Rent at the Blasphemies of the Present Generation (Cambridge, Mass., 1659), 52; Richard P. Hallowell, The Quaker Invasion of Massachusetts (2nd ed., Boston, 1883), 45.
19. Gura, Sion’s Glory, 146, 148; Winthrop, Journal, 462–63, 363; Richard P. Gildrie, Salem, Massachusetts, 1626–1683: A Covenant Community (Charlottesville, Va., 1975), 130ff.; Shurtleff, ed., MR, II, 283; Maclear, “ ‘The Heart of New England Rent,’ ” 627, 645–51, 637.
20. Rufus Jones, The Quakers in the American Colonies (New York, 1911), 36; George Bishop, New England Judged by the Spirit of the Lord… ([1661] London, 1703), 42ff., 55; on Plymouth laws, Meredith B. Weddle, Walking the Way of Peace… (New York, 2001), 84–85; Norton, Heart of N-England Rent, 8; Shurtleff, ed., MR, IV, pt. 1, 277, 309, 383. Cf. J. Hammond Trumbull et al., eds., The Public Records of the Colony of Connecticut (Hartford, Conn., 1850–90), I, 283–84, 303, 308, 324; Charles J. Hoadly, ed., Records of the Colony or Jurisdiction of New Haven… (Hartford, Conn., 1858), 238–41.
21. Jones, Quakers, 66, 72, 75, 91–92; Shurtleff, ed., MR, IV, pt. 1, 383, 384; Sydney James, Colonial Rhode Island: A History (New York, 1975), 65.
22. Pestana, “City upon a Hill Under Siege,” 347n; James, Rhode Island, 39, 41, 42; Jones, Quakers, 53–56.
23. Shurtleff, ed., MR, IV, pt. 1, 348, 385–90, 308, 345–46; Norton, Heart of N-England Rent, 2, 7, 53ff.; Carla G. Pestana, “The Quaker Executions as Myth and History,” Journal of American History, 80 (1993), 463.
24. Shurtleff, ed., MR, IV, pt. 1, 451. For text of the king’s order: Jones, Quakers, 98.
25. Listed in Hallowell, Quaker Invasion, 183–86; Jones, Quakers, 102, 104–5, 108; Shurtleff, ed., MR, IV, pt. 2, 2; M. Halsey Thomas, ed., Diary of Samuel Sewall, 1674–1729 (New York, 1973), I, 44; Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana… ([1702]; facsimile ed., New York, 1972), Book VII, 23.
26. The following paragraphs on Keayne are drawn from Bernard Bailyn, “The Apologia of Robert Keayne,” WMQ, 7 (1950), 569–87. See also Alpert’s interpretation in “Keayne: Notes on Sermons,” 1–92. For the detail and importance of Keayne’s note taking, see Sargent Bush, Jr., ed., The Correspondence of John Cotton (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2001), 71, 320, 331, 382. The text of Keayne’s will appears in Bernard Bailyn, ed., The Apologia of Robert Keayne… (New York, 1965).
27. Bernard Bailyn, The New England Merchants in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge, Mass., 1955), 32, 33, 48, 49, 207–8 nn68 and 70; Stephen Innes, Creating the Commonwealth: The Economic Culture of Puritan New England (New York, 1995), chaps. 3, 4.
28. Shurtleff, ed., MR, IV, pt. 1, 60–61, emphasis added.
29. The most thorough study of the remigration is Susan H. Moore, Pilgrims: New World Settlers and the Call of Home (New Haven, Conn., 2007), especially chap. 5 and the four detailed Appendixes. See also David Cressy, Coming Over: Migration and Communication Between England and New England in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge, England, 1987), chap. 8.
30. Moore, Pilgrims, chap. 4.
31. Ibid., 80, 95, 54, 55, 12, chap. 5. Ward was paraphrasing the “celebrated divine” William Perkins: ibid., 72.
32. Ibid., 88–90. On Cotton’s will: Robert C. Anderson, The Great Migration Begins: Immigrants to New England, 1620–1633 (Boston, 1995), I, 485.
33. Moore, Pilgrims, 92; Winthrop, Journal, 416.
34. Moore, Pilgrims, 55–56; William L. Sachse, “Harvard Men in New England, 1642–1714,” Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts: Transactions 1942–1946 (Boston, 1951), 119–44; Harry S. Stout, “University Men in New England 1620–1660: A Demographic Analysis,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 4 (1974), 394.
35. Moore, Pilgrims, 77, 119, 120, 111; Gura, Sion’s Glory, 138–43.
36. William L. Sachse, “The Migration of New Englanders to England, 1640–1660,” American Historical Review, 53 (1948), 257.
37. Moore, Pilgrims, 113, 65, 66; Walter W. Woodward, “George Fenwick”; Richard P. Gildrie, “Robert Sedgwick”; and Richard P. Gildrie, “Edward Winslow,” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography [www.oxforddnb.com, hereafter ODNB]; Jeremy D. Bangs, Pilgrim Edward Winslow (Boston, 2004), chaps. 9–11; Bailyn, Merchants, 94.
38. Raymond P. Stearns, The Strenuous Puritan: Hugh Peter, 1598–1660 (Urbana, Ill., 1954), pt. 3; Carla G. Pestana, “Hugh Peter,” in ODNB (quoting C. V. Wedgwood); Winthrop Papers (Boston, 1929–), V, 158; Winthrop, Journal, 608; Ruth E. Mayers, “Sir Henry Vane the Younger,” ODNB.
39. Jonathan Scott, “Sir George Downing,” ODNB; Thomas Hutchinson, The History of the Colony and Province of Massachusetts-Bay [London, 1765], Lawrence S. Mayo, ed. (Cambridge, Mass., 1936), I, 97n.
40. Gura, Sion’s Glory, 143.
41. Sachse, “Migration,” 254; Winthrop Papers, V, 13.
42. Bailyn, Merchants, 47–48.
43. Ibid., 49–60; on the New Haven merchants, 29.
44. Ibid., 72, 73.
45. Ibid., 62ff.; Walter W. Woodward, Prospero’s America: John Winthrop, Jr., Alchemy, and the Creation of New England Culture, 1606–1676 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2010) 6
2–63.
46. Margaret E. Newell, “Robert Child and the Entrepreneurial Vision: Economy and Ideology in Early New England,” NEQ, 68 (1995), 227–30, 233–37; George E. Kittredge, “Doctor Robert Child, the Remonstrant,” Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, 21 (Transactions, 1919), 5–7; E. N. Hartley, Ironworks on the Saugus… (Norman, Okla., 1957), chaps. 3, 4.
47. Hartley, Ironworks, 64; Bailyn, Merchants, 62; Newell, “Child,” 237–38. For a full account of the workers, including Scottish prisoners of war, their recruitment, and their lives in Massachusetts, see Hartley, Ironworks, chap. 10.
48. Ibid., 135; Newell, “Child,” 240, 243, 244, 246; [G. H. Turnbull], “Robert Child,” Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, 38 (Transactions, 1947–51), 51. For an exhaustive account of the Remonstrance and the reaction to it, see Robert E. Wall, Jr., Massachusetts Bay: The Crucial Decade, 1640–1650 (New Haven, Conn., 1972), chaps. 5 and 6.
49. Kittredge, “Child,” 20–28.
50. “A Remonstrance and Petition of Robert Child, and others,” in [Thomas Hutchinson, comp.] A Collection of Original Papers…[1769], reprinted as Hutchinson Papers (Publications of the Prince Society, Albany, N.Y., 1865), I, 215–19.
51. Ibid., 224, 225, 237, 239–47.
52. Kittredge, “Child,” 32–33, 37–38, 41.
53. Ibid., 41, 43, 56. John Winthrop, Jr., saw to it that Child never had to pay the £50 fine. Richard S. Dunn, Puritans and Yankees: The Winthrop Dynasty of New England, 1630–1717 (Princeton, N.J., 1962), 92.
54. [Gorton], Simplicities Defence, 19, 20, 26; Winslow, Hypocrisie Unmasked, 102; and John Childe, New-Englands Jonas Cast up at London… (London, 1647), 21, 24, as reprinted in Peter Force, ed., Tracts and Other Papers Relating Principally to … the Colonies in North America… (Washington, D.C., 1836–46), IV; Kittredge, “Child,” 49. For Vassall’s role in the Remonstrance, see Wall, Crucial Decade, chap. 5. On Winthrop’s view of Vassall: Winthrop, Journal, 624.
55. Newell, “Child,” 227, 254.
56. For Child’s later career, see [Turnbull], “Child,” 20–53.
57. Woodward, Winthrop, Jr., 134–35, 51, 53, 135; Robert C. Black III, The Younger John Winthrop (New York, 1966), 106; Dunn, Winthrop Dynasty, 64, 92.
58. Bailyn, Merchants, 86, 33–38, 84; Newell, “Child,” 231; Lawrence S. Mayo, The Winthrop Family In America (Boston, 1948), 59–61; Winthrop Papers, V, 43–44. For a general view of New England’s emerging commercial economy, see John J. McCusker and Russell R. Menard, The Economy of British America, 1607–1789 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1985), chap 5.
59. Bailyn, Merchants, 76ff.; McCusker and Menard, Economy of British America, 98–101.
60. William B. Weeden, Economic and Social History of New England, 1620–1789 (Boston, 1890), I, 142; Bailyn, Merchants, 84.
61. Ibid., 35, 87–90. On Vassall: see John C. Appleby in ODNB; on Thompson and Cradock, London’s two most powerful entrepreneurs in New England’s commerce, see Robert Brenner, Merchants and Revolution: Commercial Change, Political Conflict, and London’s Overseas Traders, 1550–1653 (Princeton, N.J., 1993), passim.
62. Bailyn, Merchants, 88–90.
63. Ibid., 83; Winthrop, Journal, 573; Winthrop Papers, V, 38.
64. Bailyn, “Communications and Trade: The Atlantic in the Seventeenth Century,” Journal of Economic History, 13 (1953), 384; Bailyn, Merchants, 96–97; Rutman, Winthrop’s Boston, chap. 7, esp. 186, 190.
65. Christine L. Heyrman, Commerce and Culture: The Maritime Communities of Colonial Massachusetts, 1690–1750 (New York, 1984), chaps. 5, 11, quotation at 411; Bailyn, Merchants, 105–6; Winthrop, Journal, 611–12.
66. Bailyn, Merchants, 109–11, 140; Viola Barnes, “Richard Wharton…,” Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, 26 (Transactions, 1924–26), 250.
CHAPTER 15
The British Americans
In referring to material that appears in previous chapters, the annotation is not repeated. But quotations and extensions of previous material are documented.
1. Ronald D. Karr, “ ‘Why Should You Be So Furious?’: The Violence of the Pequot War,” Journal of American History, 85 (1998), 884–87; John L. Motley, Rise of the Dutch Republic [1856] (New York, 1906), II, 331.
2. J. Frederick Fausz, “Merging and Emerging Worlds: Anglo-Indian Interest Groups,” in Lois G. Carr, Philip D. Morgan, and Jean B. Russo, eds., Colonial Chesapeake Society (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1988), 74–79; Helen C. Rountree, Pocahontas, Powhatan, Opechancanough (Charlottesville, Va., 2005), 231–35.
3. Donna Merwick, The Shame and the Sorrow: Dutch-American Encounters in New Netherland (Philadelphia, 2006), 232–34, 252–56, 266–67; Docs. Rel., XIII, 51–57, 135–42.
4. Christian F. Feest, “Seventeenth Century Virginia: Algonquian Population Estimates,” Quarterly Bulletin of the Archaelogical Society of Virginia, 28 (Dec. 1973), 74; E. Randolph Turner, “Socio-Political Organization Within the Powhatan Chiefdom and the Effects of European Contact, A.D. 1607–1646,” in William Fitzhugh, ed., Cultures in Contact … 1000–1800 (Washington, D.C., 1985), 216; Neal Salisbury, Manitou and Providence … 1500–1643 (New York, 1982), 22–30; Dean Snow and Kim M. Lamphear, “European Contact and Indian Depopulation in the Northeast: The Timing of the First Epidemics,” Ethnohistory, 35 (1988), 15–33.
5. James Axtell, The European and the Indian (New York, 1981), chap. 3.
6. Andrew Newman, ed., “ ‘Relation of the Pequot Warres,’ by Lion Gardiner,” in Early American Studies, 9 (2011), 483. On Mather’s fear of a “rushing” degeneracy, “a visible shrink in all orders of men among us,” and his hope to stem the decline by recalling to contemporaries “that greatness and that goodness which was in the first grain”: Magnalia Christi Americana: or the Ecclesiastical History of New-England…[London, 1702] (facsimile ed., New York, 1972), Book III, 11.
7. Charles J. Hoadley, ed., Records of the Colony and Plantations of New Haven from 1638–1649 (Hartford, Conn., 1857), 40, 119, 122–23.
8. James R. Perry, The Formation of a Society on Virginia’s Eastern Shore, 1615–1655 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1990), esp. chaps. 7–9; Jon Kukla, Political Institutions in Virginia, 1619–1660 (New York, 1989), esp. xviii–xx; Kukla, “Order and Chaos in Early America…,” American Historical Review, 90 (1985), 275–98.
9. Andrew Lipman, “ ‘A meanes to knit them togeather’: The Exchange of Body Parts in the Pequot War,” WMQ, 65 (2008), 3–28 (on the “asymmetry” of the exchange, 22); Mark Nicholls, ed., “George Percy’s ‘Trewe Relacyon,’ ” VMHB, 113 (2005), 245, 253, 254; Helen C. Rountree, The Powhatan Indians of Virginia (Norman, Okla., 1989), 133–35; Philip Vincent, A True Relation of the Late Battell Fought in New-England… (London, 1638), in Charles Orr, ed., History of the Pequot War (Cleveland, 1897), 101; Henry C. Shelley, John Underhill (New York, 1932), 193–94; Joyce E. Chaplin, Subject Matter: Technology, the Body, and Science … 1500–1676 (Cambridge, Mass., 2001), 269; Katherine A. Grandjean, “The Long Wake of the Pequot War,” Early American Studies, 9 (2011), 393, 391, 410, 400.
10. Russell R. Menard, “Maryland’s ‘Time of Troubles’: Sources of Political Disorder in Early St. Mary’s,” MHM, 76 (1981), esp. 136; David W. Jordan, “Maryland’s Privy Council, 1637–1715,” in Aubrey C. Land et al., eds., Law, Society, and Politics in Early Maryland (Baltimore, Md., 1977), 73.
11. Richard W. Cogley, John Eliot’s Mission to the Indians before King Philip’s War (Cambridge, Mass., 1999), chaps 4–5 (quotation at 93); J. F. Maclear, “New England and the Fifth Monarchy: The Quest for the Millennium in Early American Puritanism,” WMQ, 32 (1975), 225, 229, 231–34, 244–47, 255; James Holstun, “John Eliot’s Empirical Millenarianism,” Representations, 4 (1983), 131, 143–47; James Holstun, A Rational Millennium: Puritan Utopias of Seventeenth-Century England and America (N.Y., 1987), 104–9, 111–15, 131–32, 158–59.
12. Bernard Bailyn, New England Merchants in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge, Mass., 1955), 114–15, 119–
26.
13. John J. McCusker and Russell R. Menard, The Economy of British America, 1607–1789 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1985), 136; Abbot E. Smith, Colonists in Bondage (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1947), chaps. 5, 7, 8, p. 104; William W. Hening, ed., The Statutes … of Virginia (Richmond, Va., 1809–23), II, 509–10. For a detailed analysis of Virginia’s population growth, see Edmund S. Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom (New York, 1975), 395–432.
14. Russell R. Menard, “Population, Economy, and Society in Seventeenth-Century Maryland,” MHM, 79 (1984), 82–83; Warren M. Billings, “The Law of Servants and Slaves in Seventeenth-Century Virginia,” VMHB, 99 (1991), 50–52; Karen O. Kupperman, Settling with the Indians … 1580–1640 (Totowa, N.J., 1980), 137; examples in H. R. McIlwaine, ed., Minutes of the Council and General Court of Colonial Virginia (2nd ed., Richmond, Va., 1979), 22, 23, 105, 148; Act of 1662: Hening, Statutes, II, 117.
15. David S. Cohen, “How Dutch Were the Dutch of New Netherland?” New York History, 62 (1981), 43–59; Oliver A. Rink, Holland on the Hudson (Ithaca, N.Y., 1986), chap. 6.
16. David D. Hall, A Reforming People: Puritanism and the Transformation of Public Life in New England (New York, 2011), chaps. 1, 4, esp. pp. 47–52.
17. David T. Konig, Law and Society in Puritan Massachusetts: Essex County, 1629–1692 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1979), xi, chaps. 2, 6, esp. pp. 193–94.
18. Paul R. Lucas, Valley of Discord: Church and Society Along the Connecticut River, 1636–1725 (Hanover, N.H., 1976), 204, 206; Stephen Innes, Labor in a New Land: Economy and Society in Seventeenth-Century Springfield (Princeton, N.J., 1983), chap. 5, quotations at 128, 133, 143; Helena M. Wall, Fierce Communion: Family and Community in Early America (Cambridge, Mass., 1990); John Frederick Martin, Profits in the Wilderness (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1991), 304.
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