56. Bremer, Winthrop, chaps. 7, 8; Winthrop Papers, II, 106–49.
57. Bremer, Winthrop, 175ff.; Winthrop Papers, II, 282–95 (text of Winthrop’s “Model of Christian Charity”), quotations at 283, 293.
58. Bremer, Winthrop, 103–4, 169, 200.
59. Walter W. Woodward, Prospero’s America: John Winthrop Jr., Alchemy, and the Creation of New England Culture, 1606–1676 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2010), 36, 43, 52–53, chap. 6; Richard S. Dunn, Puritans and Yankees: The Winthrop Dynasty of New England, 1630–1717 (Princeton, N.J., 1962), 62.
60. Young, Chronicles, 304n; Rutman, Winthrop’s Boston, 25; Morgan, Puritan Dilemma, 87, 103. Details on officeholding in this and subsequent paragraphs: Robert E. Wall, The Membership of the Massachusetts Bay General Court, 1630–1686 (New York, 1990); Michael P. Winship, Making Heretics: Militant Protestantism and Free Grace in Massachusetts, 1636–1641 (Princeton, N.J., 2002), 137.
61. Savage, Dictionary, I, 161; Wall, Membership, 161–63; sketch of Bellingham by William Pencak in ANB; Winthrop, Journal, 131, 367; R. Anderson, Great Migration, I, 243–50.
62. Joseph H. Smith, ed., Colonial Justice … The Pynchon Court Record… (Cambridge, Mass., 1961), 6–7; Stephen Innes, Labor in a New Land … Seventeenth-Century Springfield (Princeton, N.J., 1983), [3]; John F. Martin, Profits in the Wilderness… (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1991), 47–52; R. Anderson, Great Migration Begins, III, 1536–38; Gura, Sion’s Glory, chap. 11; Samuel E. Morison, William Pynchon… (Boston, Mass., 1932), 39.
63. Wall, Membership, 210–12; R. Anderson, Great Migration Begins, I, 395–401; Winthrop Papers, III, 22.
64. Wall, Membership, 549–50; Charles M. Calder, “Alderman John Vassall and His Descendants,” New England Historical and Genealogical Register, 109 (1955), 94–95; Games, Migration, 86, 205; Winthrop, Journal, 624, 709.
65. Banks, Planters, 113; Wall, Membership, 362–64; Battis, Saints and Sectaries, chaps. 1, 2, 4, and genealogical chart [16]; Bernard Bailyn, The New England Merchants in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge, Mass., 1955), 35, 40, 88–90; R. Anderson, Great Migration, III, 477–84.
66. Bailyn, “The Apologia of Robert Keayne,” WMQ, 7 (1950), 568–72; Helle M. Alpert, “Robert Keayne: Notes of Sermons …” (Ph.D. diss., Tufts University, 1974), 381; Bailyn, Merchants, 35–37, 29, and illustration of Cheapside-Cornhill district, following 130; Stephen Innes, Creating the Commonwealth: The Economic Culture of Puritan New England (New York, 1995), chap. 4.
67. Thistlethwaite, Dorset Pilgrims, 34ff.
68. R. Anderson, Great Migration Begins, I, 645, 456; Morgan, Puritan Dilemma, 86–87, 102–3; Andrews, Colonial Period, I, 414–15; Clifford K. Shipton, Roger Conant… (Cambridge, Mass., 1944), 8; William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation (1620–1647) (Samuel E. Morison, ed., New York, 1952), 146.
69. Thistlethwaite, Dorset Pilgrims, 78ff., 100–2; Winthrop, Journal, 66–67, 174; John M. Taylor, Roger Ludlow, the Colonial Lawmaker (New York, 1900), chaps. 6–16.
70. Thistlethwaite, Dorset Pilgrims, 211–16, 99.
71. For discussion of the Winthrop group’s circular letter to prominent divines seeking their help “to judge of the persons and corses of such of their brethren of the Ministery whom we shall desire to single out for this employ” (Winthrop Papers, II, 163–64), see Darren Staloff, The Making of an American Thinking Class (New York, 1998), 18.
72. Battis, Saints and Sectaries, chaps. 3–5.
73. Knight, Orthodoxies, 44–45; R. Anderson, Great Migration Begins, II, 1005–10; Anderson, Great Migration, III, 221–25; Thompson, Mobility, 165, 200, 186–89; Winthrop, Journal, 194n. On the interesting case of the Harlakendens, see Macfarlane, Historical Communities, 143–48; Macfarlane, The Family Life of Ralph Josselin, a Seventeenth-Century Clergyman… (Cambridge, England, 1970), passim; Games, Migration, 45–46.
74. Thompson, Mobility, 188–89, 199–200, 261; Allen, English Ways, 169–80; John J. Waters, “Hingham, Massachusetts, 1631–1661…,” Journal of Social History, 1 (1967–68), 351ff.
75. Games, Migration, 56–57.
76. Thompson, Mobility, table 27 (190–96), 200–201; Games, Migration, 53–54.
77. V. Anderson, New England’s Generation, 24–25, tables 2–4 (222–23), 23; Peter Laslett and Richard Wall, eds., Household and Family in Past Time… (Cambridge, England, 1972), 152; Ann Kussmaul, Servants in Husbandry in Early Modern England (Cambridge, England, 1981), chaps. 1, 2. Cf. Michael L. Fickes, “… The Captivity of Pequout Women and Children…,” NEQ, 73 (2000), 64.
78. Games, Migration, tables 1.1, 2.1, 2.4, 2.3, p. 53.
79. Archer, “New England’s Mosaic,” 481.
80. Kenneth A. Lockridge, Literacy in Colonial New England (New York, 1974), 13; David Cressy, Literacy and the Social Order: Reading and Writing in Tudor and Stuart England (Cambridge, England, 1980), 72, 183; Cressy, Coming Over, 217, 98n; Samuel E. Morison, The Intellectual Life of Colonial New England (New York, 1956), 85.
81. Morison, Founding, App. B; Harry S. Stout, “University Men in New England, 1620–1660: A Demographic Analysis,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 4 (1974), 377.
Lawrence Stone (“Literacy and Education in England 1640–1900,” Past and Present, 28 [July 1964], 54) estimates that between 1600 and 1630 approximately 30,100 Englishmen entered Oxford, Cambridge, the Inns of Court, or foreign universities. If all survived to 1630, or if the deaths were balanced by survivors of earlier years, in a population of 5 million (or 1,052,632 families of mean size 4.75 (Laslett and Wall, eds., Household and Family, table 1.6), there would have been one man of higher education for every thirty-five families. These figures are of course crude, perhaps only informed guesses. But they do provide at least a very rough measure of the high incidence of well-educated men among the migrants of the 1630s—a phenomenon unique among the settlement colonies in the western hemisphere.
82. Waterhouse, “Reluctant Emigrants,” 481; Morison, Founding, 89–91, 113–15 (for the text of Wilson’s Latin elegy to John Harvard, 224–25); Morison, Harvard in the Seventeenth Century, I, 320–21; Mather, Magnalia, III, 42; Edmund S. Morgan, Roger Williams: The Church and the State (New York, 1967), 4.
CHAPTER 13
Abrasions, Utopians, and Holy War
1. Darrett B. Rutman, Winthrop’s Boston: Portrait of a Puritan Town, 1630–1649 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1965), chap. 2.
2. William Macphail, “Land Hunger and Closed-Field Husbandry on the New England Frontier, 1635–1665: The First Generation of Settlement in Watertown, Massachusetts” (Ph.D. diss., Brown Univ., 1972); Virginia D. Anderson, New England’s Generation: The Great Migrations and the Formation of Society and Culture in the Seventeenth Century (New York, 1991), 90; Gloria L. Main, Peoples of a Spacious Land: Families and Cultures in Colonial New England (Cambridge, Mass., 2001), 42.
3. V. Anderson, New England’s Generation, 105; John F. Martin, Profits in the Wilderness: Entrepreneurship and the Founding of New England Towns (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1991), chap. 1; Richard Archer, Fissures in the Rock: New England in the Seventeenth Century (Hanover, N.H., 2001), 150; Main, Peoples of a Spacious Land, 13; Rutman, Winthrop’s Boston, 8–9, cf. 138.
4. V. Anderson, New England’s Generation, 4, 114, 117, 118; Main, Peoples of a Spacious Land, 46.
5. Richard P. Gildrie, Salem, Massachusetts, 1626–1683: A Covenant Community (Charlottesville, Va., 1975), chaps. 1, 2, 8, pp. 59, 61, 67, 100–105, 171; Robert C. Anderson, The Great Migration Begins: Immigrants to New England, 1620–1633 (Boston, 1995), I, 455–56. Conant had another reason for wanting the town’s name changed: “Beverly,” he wrote, sounded too much like “beggarly,” which had become the district’s nickname.
How profoundly regional differences shaped the contours of public conflicts is reflected in the origins of the notorious Hingham Militia Case, which exploded into a challenge to John Winthrop’s authority and touched off struggles between the deputies and magistrates and between local town rights and the powers of the colony’s government. I
t also led Winthrop to write his famous “Little Speech” on the just powers of magistrates. At issue originally was the determination of the town’s East Anglian majority to oust the lone West Country man from the captaincy of the town’s militia. See Robert E. Wall, Jr., Massachusetts Bay: The Crucial Decade, 1640–1650 (New Haven, Conn., 1972), 94–95, chap. 3.
6. Joseph S. Wood, “New England’s Exceptionalist Tradition: Rethinking the Colonial Encounter with the Land,” Connecticut History, 35 (1994), 152–55, 157, 160, 179; Wood, The New England Village (Baltimore, 1997), chap. 2.
7. Glenn T. Trewartha, “Types of Rural Settlement in Colonial America,” Geographical Review, 36 (1946), 568–80.
8. Darrett B. Rutman, Husbandmen of Plymouth: Farms and Villages in the Old Colony, 1620–1692 (Boston, 1967), 5–6, 12; Philip J. Greven, Jr., Four Generations: Population, Land, and Family in Colonial Andover, Massachusetts (Ithaca, N.Y., 1970), 49–55.
9. John J. Waters sees a deeper West Country–East Anglia split: “Hingham, Massachusetts, 1631–1661: An East Anglian Oligarchy in the New World,” Journal of Social History, 1 (1968), 351–70; David G. Allen, In English Ways: The Movement of Societies and the Transferal of English Local Law and Customs to Massachusetts Bay in the Seventeenth Century (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1981), 81, 75.
10. Winthrop, Journal, 270–71, 338; Patricia T. O’Malley, “Rowley, Massachusetts, 1639–1730: Dissent, Division, and Delimitation in a Colonial Town” (Ph.D. diss., Boston College, 1975), 3, 121, 43–44; Allen, In English Ways, 30–36, 44, 38; Samuel Maverick, “A Briefe Discription of New England…,” Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 2nd ser., 1 (1884–85), 235.
11. Roger Thompson, Divided We Stand: Watertown, Massachusetts, 1630–1680 (Amherst, Mass., 2001), chap. 3; Allen, In English Ways, 128, 124, 31, 129, 130–37, 142.
12. Thompson, Watertown, 14, 12, 19, 6, 54, 58, chap. 2.
13. Sumner C. Powell, The Puritan Village: The Formation of a New England Town (New York, 1963), 152, 153, 120, 121, 150, 156, 159, 160, 161, 164, 166, 169, 173.
14. Herbert B. Adams, “Origin of Salem Plantation,” Historical Collections of the Essex Institute, 19 (1882), 241–53; Wood, “New England’s Exceptionalist Tradition,” 176.
15. Philip F. Gura, A Glimpse of Sion’s Glory: Puritan Radicalism in New England, 1620–1660 (Middletown, Conn., 1984), 5; Theodore D. Bozeman, To Live Ancient Lives: The Primitivist Dimension in Puritanism (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1988), esp. 345; Edmund S. Morgan, Roger Williams: The Church and the State (New York, 1967), 4.
16. [Nathaniel Ward], The Simple Cobler of Aggawam… (1647), in Peter Force, comp., Tracts and Other Papers Relating Principally to … the Colonies in North America… (Washington D.C., 1836–46), III; David D. Hall, ed., The Antinomian Controversy, 1636–1638: A Documentary History, 2nd ed. (Durham, N.C., 1990) [hereafter Hall, AC], 294.
17. Gura, Sion’s Glory, 29. [Ward], Simple Cobler, 6.
18. Ezekiel Rogers’s will, in Henry F. Waters, Genealogical Gleanings in England (Boston, 1888), I, pt. 2, p. 227; Gura, Sion’s Glory, 22.
19. William Hunt, The Puritan Moment: The Coming of Revolution in an English County (Cambridge, Mass., 1983), 222; Edward Winslow, Hypocrisie Unmasked: A True Relation of the Proceedings of the Governor and Company of Massachusetts Against Samuel Gorton of Rhode Island ([1646] Providence, R.I., 1916), 65; William Hubbard, A General History of New England… ([1680] Boston, 1848), 203; “Cotton’s Answer to Williams,” 14; Morgan, Williams, 25, 18–22, 27.
20. Correspondence of Roger Williams, ed. Glenn LaFantasie (Providence, R.I., 1988), I, 12–23.
21. Gildrie, Salem, 21; Winthrop, Journal, 111; Hubbard, General History, 117, 202–13. Williams’s preaching on veils, Hubbard wrote, was “as if he meant to read them a lecture out of Tertullian, De velandis Virginibus.”
22. Samuel E. Morison, Harvard College in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge, Mass., 1936), I, 305–14; Carla G. Pestana, Quakers and Baptists in Colonial Massachusetts (Cambridge, England, 1991), 5; Gura, Sion’s Glory, 20.
23. Roger Williams, A Key into the Language of America (London, 1643) (John J. Teunissen and Evelyn J. Hinz, eds., Detroit, 1973), introduction and text; J. Patrick Cesarini, “The Ambivalent Uses of Roger Williams’s A Key into the Language of America,” Early American Literature, 38 (2003), 471, 477–79, 484–87; Gura, Sion’s Glory, 74–75; W. Clark Gilpin, The Millenarian Piety of Roger Williams (Chicago, 1979), 50; [Ward], Simple Cobler, 6; Hubbard, General History, 206.
24. Sydney James, Colonial Rhode Island: A History (New York, 1975), 28–29; Gura, Sion’s Glory, 295, 294, 299, 296.
25. Ibid., 280, 266, 296; James, Rhode Island, 25, 28; R. Anderson, Migration Begins, I, 395–401; [Samuel Gorton], Simplicities Defence against the Seven-Headed Policy… (London, 1646), 47 (as reprinted in Force, Tracts, IV).
26. [Gorton], Simplicities Defence, 56, [6]; Gura, Sion’s Glory, 291–92; Winslow, Hypocrisie Unmasked, 8; Nathaniel B. Shurtleff, ed., Records of the Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay in New England (Boston, 1853–54), II, 52, 57.
27. John Donoghue, “ ‘Hell Broke Loose’: London’s Coleman Street Ward and the Atlantic World of Radical Republicanism, 1624–1661,” Atlantic History Seminar, Harvard University, Working Paper, no. 03–02 (2003), 13; Gura, Sion’s Glory, 102, 132–33, 284, 285, 296, 299; A. L. Morton, World of the Ranters: Religious Radicalism in the English Revolution (London, 1970), 59; James, Rhode Island, 36–37. On Aspinwall, R. Anderson, Migration Begins, I, 55–60.
28. Ann Kibbey, The Interpretation of Material Shapes in Puritanism: A Study of Rhetoric, Prejudice, and Violence (New York, 1986), chap. 5; Michael Winship, Making Heretics: Militant Protestantism and Free Grace in Massachusetts, 1636–1641 (Princeton, N.J., 2002), 194; Weld’s preface to Winthrop’s “Short Story,” in Hall, AC, 201ff.
29. Janice Knight, Orthodoxies in Massachusetts: Rereading American Puritanism (Cambridge, Mass., 1994), 20–21; Richard Godbeer, “ ‘Love Raptures’: Marital, Romantic, and Erotic Images of Jesus Christ in Puritan New England, 1670–1730,” NEQ, 68 (1995), 355–84; Winship, Heretics, 73, 84; George Selement and Bruce C. Woolley, eds., Thomas Shepard’s Confessions (Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, 58 [1981]), figs. 1 and 2, pp. [16, 17].
30. Winship, Heretics, 70, 81–82, 34, 22, 24, 253n56; Sargent Bush, Jr., ed., The Correspondence of John Cotton (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2001), 225–30; Hall, AC, 24–29; Gura, Sion’s Glory, 54, 55. On the origins of “Familism,” Jean D. Moss, “ ‘Godded with God’: Hendrik Niclaes and His Family of Love,” Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 71, pt. 8 (1981), esp. 63–65.
31. Hall, AC, 29–33; Winship, Heretics, 54.
32. Ibid., 71, 45, 49; On Wheelwright: David S. Lovejoy, Religious Enthusiasm in the New World: Heresy to Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 1985), 72–74; Winthrop, Journal, 195–97; [Thomas Hutchinson, comp.], A Collection of Original Papers…[1769], reprinted as Hutchinson Papers (Publications of the Prince Society, Albany, N.Y., 1865), I, 79–113, esp. 84–85.
33. Gura, Sion’s Glory, 242, 241; Winthrop, Journal, 193.
34. Hall, AC, 264, 208; Winship, Heretics, 56; Winthrop, Journal, 240, 194, 195.
35. Gura, Sion’s Glory, 187; Winship, Heretics, 86ff.; Hall, AC, 43ff. On Wilson: Samuel E. Morison, The Founding of Harvard College (Cambridge, Mass., 1935), 173.
36. Hall, AC, 52, 60, 158, 163, 166, 168, 165; William K. B. Stoever, “A Faire and Easie Way to Heaven”: Covenant Theology and Antinomianism in Early Massachusetts (Middletown, Conn., 1978), 28; Morgan, Williams, 143–44.
37. Hall, AC, 203, 204, 209, 210, 293, 294, 253. Cotton never believed Wheelwright was an antinomian or Familist: Gura, Sion’s Glory, 268.
38. Alfred A. Cave, The Pequot War (Amherst, Mass., 1996), 76, 72–74, 104–8 (Oldham’s murder), 98–99, 131–34; Francis Jennings, The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism, and the Cant of Conquest (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1975), 189, 206; Charles Orr, History of th
e Pequot War: The Contemporary Accounts of Mason, Underhill, Vincent and Gardener (Cleveland, 1897), 51, 66–67; Winthrop, Journal, 193; Michael McGiffert, ed., God’s Plot: The Paradoxes of Puritan Piety, Being the Autobiography and Journal of Thomas Shepard (Amherst, Mass., 1972), 70.
39. Stoever, “Faire and Easie Way,” 28, 29; John Winthrop, “A Defence of an Order of Court Made in the Year 1637,” in Perry Miller and Thomas H. Johnson, eds., The Puritans: A Sourcebook of Their Writings (1938; rev. ed., New York, 1963), I, 199, 200, 202; Gura, Sion’s Glory, 187–88.
40. Winthrop, Journal, 209, 214n, 215.
41. Cave, Pequot War, 139, 137, 143, 149, 148, 150; McGiffert, Autobiography and Journal of Shepard, 67; Orr, History of Pequot War, 45.
42. Orr, History of Pequot War, 81; William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620–1649, ed. Samuel E. Morison (New York, 1952), 296.
43. Cave, Pequot War, 158–59, 161; Correspondence of Williams, I, 88, 73, 86–87, 118; Winthrop, Journal, 226–27, 231, 229; Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana… ([1702]; facsimile ed., New York, 1972), book VII, 44; Almon W. Lauber, Indian Slavery in Colonial Times Within the Present Limits of the United States, Columbia University, Studies in History, Economics and Public Law, 54, no. 3 (1913), 123–24.
CHAPTER 14
Defiance and Disarray
1. John Winthrop, “A Defence of an Order of Court Made in the Year 1637,” in Perry Miller and Thomas H. Johnson, eds., The Puritans: A Sourcebook of Their Writings ([1938]; rev. ed., New York, 1963), I, 199–202; Michael Winship, Making Heretics: Militant Protestantism and Free Grace in Massachusetts, 1636–1641 (Princeton, N.J., 2002), 137; Nathaniel B. Shurtleff, ed., Records of the Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay in New England (Boston, 1853–54) [hereafter: Shurtleff, ed., MR], I, 196; Winthrop, Journal, 219, 226. On Grindleton, see Geoffrey F. Nuttall, The Holy Spirit in Puritan Faith and Experience ([1946] Chicago, 1992), App. I; Stephen Foster, “New England and the Challenge of Heresy, 1630 to 1660: The Puritan Crisis in Transatlantic Perspective,” WMQ, 38 (1981), 645; Philip F. Gura, A Glimpse of Sion’s Glory: Puritan Radicalism in New England, 1620–1660 (Middletown, Conn., 1984), 252, 54–56; James F. Maclear, “ ‘The Heart of New England Rent’: The Mystical Element in Early Puritan History,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 42 (1956), 629; Winthrop, Journal, 226; David D. Hall, ed., The Antinomian Controversy, 1636–1638: A Documentary History (2nd ed., Durham, N.C., 1990) [hereafter: Hall, AC], 414.
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