The First World War
Page 57
14. Je serais soldat, Paris, 1900.
15. W. Bloem, The Advance from Mons, London, 1930, p. 56.
16. E. Rommel, Infantry Attacks, London, 1990, p. 11.
17. P. Haythornthwaite, The World War One Sourcebook, London, 1996, pp. 100–1.
18. B. Tuchman, August 1914, London, 1962, pp. 166–7.
19. R. Keyes, Outrageous Fortune, London, 1984, p. 7.
20. S. Williamson, “Joffre Reshapes French Strategy, 1911–13,” in P. Kennedy, The War Plans of the Great Powers, 1880–1914, London, 1979, p. 137.
21. Williamson in Kennedy, pp. 143–4.
22. Albertini, III, p. 462.
23. Albertini, III, p. 469.
24. Tuchman, p. 105.
25. M. Howard et al., The Laws of War, New Haven, Conn., 1994, p. 10.
26. H. Gibson, A Journal from Our Legation in Belgium, New York, 1917, p. 91.
27. Haythornthwaite, p. 150.
28. Quoted Tuchman, p. 173.
29. Intelligence Staff, American Expeditionary Force, Histories of Two Hundred and Fifty-One German Divisions Which Participated in the War, 1914–18, Washington, D.C., 1920, p. 23.
30. M. Derez, “The Flames of Louvain,” in H. Cecil and P. Liddle, Facing Armageddon, London, 1996, pp. 619–20.
31. M. Eksteins, Rites of Spring: The Great War and the Birth of the Modern Age, London, 1989, p. 93.
32. Derez in Cecil and Liddle, p. 622.
33. Derez in Cecil and Liddle, p. 622.
34. 251 Divisions, pp. 280–290.
35. S. Tyng, The Campaign of the Marne, Oxford, 1935, p. 53.
36. Quoted Tuchman, p. 173.
37. Tyng, p. 54.
38. D. Goodspeed, Ludendorff, London, 1966, p. 45.
39. C. Duffy, in Purnell’s History of the First World War, I, London, 1970, p. 137.
40. Quoted Duffy, Purnell’s, p. 138.
41. Duffy, Purnell’s, p. 138.
42. Goodspeed, p. 47.
43. C. Duffy, Frederick the Great, London, 1985, p. 154.
44. Etat-major de l’armée, Les armées françaises dans la grande guerre, Paris, 1922–39, I, i, annexes, 8.
45. D. Johnson, Battlefields of the World War, New York, 1921, pp. 425–9.
46. D. Porch, The March to the Marne, Cambridge, 1981, p. 178.
47. Les armées, 10, ii, passim.
48. Porch, March, p. 177.
49. Les armées, I, i, pp. 156–7.
50. Tyng, pp. 68–9.
51. Tyng, pp. 72–3.
52. Tyng, p. 79.
53. Les armées, I, i, p. 357.
54. Reichsarchiv, Der Weltkrieg, Berlin, 1925–39, I, p. 310.
55. Weltkrieg, I, pp. 303–4.
56. Weltkrieg, I, p. 314.
57. Tyng, p. 86.
58. Les armées, I, i, p. 425.
59. Tyng, p. 101.
60. Tyng, p. 102–3.
61. A. Horne, To Lose a Battle, London, 1969, p. 57.
62. Tyng, p. 108.
63. H. Contamine, La revanche, 1871–1914, Paris, 1957, p. 261.
64. Tyng, p. 117.
65. Edmonds, Military Operations, France and Belgium 1914, I, London, 1928, pp. 65–6.
66. J. Terraine, Mons, London, 1960, p. 90.
67. R. Kipling, “On Greenhow Hill,” in Life’s Handicap, London, 1987, pp. 79–96.
68. Bloem, p. 56.
69. Bloem, p. 80.
70. Bloem, p. 58.
71. Weltkrieg, I, p. 500.
72. Tyng, p. 117.
73. Spears, Liaison, p. 192.
74. Quoted Spears, Liaison, pp. 526–7.
75. Bloem, p. 110.
76. Edmonds, 1914, I, p. 494.
77. Tyng, pp. 144–5.
78. Edmonds, 1914, I, p. 163.
79. Spears, Liaison, pp. 228–32.
80. Tyng, p. 156.
81. Ritter, p. 141.
82. D. Showalter, Tannenberg, Hamden, Conn., 1991, pp. 294–5.
83. Tyng, p. 172.
84. General von Kuhl, Der Marnefeldzug, Berlin, 1921, p. 121.
85. R. Van Emden, Tickled to Death to Go, Staplehurst, Eng., 1996, pp. 59–60.
86. Van Emden, pp. 60–61.
87. Tuchman, p. 375.
88. Tyng, p. 172.
89. Contamine, Revanche, p. 261.
90. Les armées, 10, ii, pp. 608 ff.
91. Tuchman, pp. 339–43.
92. Edmonds, 1914, I, pp. 473–7.
93. Spears, Liaison, pp. 366–7.
94. Weltkrieg II, p. 279.
95. Ritter, p. 189; Bucholz, p. 210.
96. Quoted Tyng, pp. 381–3.
97. Tyng, p. 219.
98. Tyng, p. 239.
99. R. Holmes, The Little Field Marshal, London, 1981, p. 230.
100. Holmes, p. 229.
101. Spears, Liaison, P. 415.
102. Tyng, p. 241.
103. Edmonds, 1914, I, p. 272.
104. G. Aston, Foch, London, 1929, p. 122.
105. W. Müller, Die Sendung von Oberstleutnants Hentsch, Berlin, 1922, p. 13.
106. Müller, p. 14.
107. Müller, p. 19.
108. Müller, p. 22.
109. Müller, p. 21.
110. Tyng, p. 327.
111. Porch, March, p. 202.
112. Herrmann, p. 90.
113. Terraine, Mons, p. 217.
114. Johnson, pp. 292–3.
115. Edmonds, 1914, I, p. 326.
116. Edmonds, 1914, I, p. 378.
117. Quoted D. Mason, Purnell’s, I, p. 296.
118. Duffy, Purnell’s, I, pp. 377–8.
119. Edmonds, 1914, I, p. 404.
120. Duffy, Purnell’s, I, pp. 380–1.
121. Duffy, Purnell’s, I, p. 380.
122. Edmonds, 1914, I, p. 380.
123. L. Sellers, The Hood Battalion, London, 1995, pp. 24–5.
124. C. Cruttwell, A History of the Great War, Oxford, 1936, p. 100.
125. S. Menezes, Fidelity and Honour, New Delhi, 1993, p. 247.
126. Edmonds, 1914, II, p. 268.
127. M. Geyer, Deutsche Rüstungspolitik, Frankfurt, 1984, pp. 83 ff.
128. T. Nevin, Ernst Jünger and Germany, London, 1997, p. 43.
129. Bullock, p. 48.
130. Edmonds, 1914, II, p. 124.
131. Edmonds, 1914, II, p. 259.
132. Reichsarchiv, Ypern, Oldenburg, Ger., 1922, p. 133.
133. Several personal visits.
134. Nevin, p. 44.
135. Macdonald, p. 418.
136. Ypern, p. 204.
137. Ypern, p. 206.
138. Edmonds, 1914, II, p. 324.
139. Ypern, p. 216.
140. J. Edmonds, A Short History of World War I, London, 1951, p. 75; G. Petrocini, Histoire Militaire de la France, III, Paris, 1991, p. 289; R. Wall and J. Winter, The Upheaval of War, London, 1988, pp. 16–18.
141. Wall and Winter, p. 27.
142. Wall and Winter, p. 25.
143. Edmonds, 1914, II, p. 223.
144. P. Mason, A Matter of Honour, London, 1974, p. 417.
145. Edmonds, 1914, II, p. 406.
CHAPTER FIVE
1. Wellington’s Despatches, 30th June 1800.
2. See Tunstall, Chapter 4; Bucholz, pp. 167, 176.
3. Edmonds, Short History, map 2.
4. N. Stone, The Eastern Front 1914–17, London, 1975, p. 48.
5. Showalter, p. 536.
6. Stone, p. 49.
7. Stone, p. 44.
8. D. Jones, “Imperial Russia’s Forces at War,” in A. Millett and W. Murray, Military Effectiveness, I, Boston, 1988, p. 275.
9. V. Buldakov et al., “A Nation at War: The Russian Experience,” in Cecil and Liddle, p. 542.
10. Menning, p. 228.
11. Jones in Millet and Murray, p. 273.
12. Stone, p. 55.
13. Stone, pp. 58–9.
14. Stone, p. 59.
15. Showalter, p. 147.
16. Jones in Mill
ett and Murray, p. 261; Showalter, p. 170.
17. Showalter, p. 153.
18. R. Asprey, The German High Command at War, London, 1991, p. 63.
19. Stone, p. 62.
20. Showalter, p. 170.
21. Showalter, p. 230.
22. Showalter, p. 289.
23. Showalter, p. 324.
24. Personal visit.
25. Asprey, p. 80.
26. Tunstall, pp. 95–6.
27. J. Clinton Adams, Flight in the Winter, Princeton, N.J., 1942, pp. 13–14.
28. Adams, p. 19.
29. Adams, p. 27.
30. G. Wawro, “Morale in the Austro-Hungarian Army,” in Cecil and Liddle, p. 400.
31. Lucas, passim.
32. Menning, p. 230.
33. E. Glaise-Horstenau, Österreich-Ungarns Letzter Krieg 1914–18, Vienna, 1930, I, p. 74.
34. Relation de l’état-major russe, La Grande Guerre, Paris, 1926 (tr. E. Chapouilly), p. 139.
35. Letzter Krieg, I, Beilage 10.
36. Letzter Krieg, I, pp. 71–3.
37. Stone, p. 88.
38. Stone, p. 88.
39. M. von Piettrich, 1914, Vienna, 1934, p. 208.
40. Relation de l’état-major russe (cited as Relation), p. 249.
41. Stone, p. 90.
42. G. Rothenburg, The Army of Franz Joseph, West Lafayette, Ind., 1976, p. 176.
43. Letzter Krieg, I, p. 74.
44. Stone, p. 90.
45. Buldakov in Cecil and Liddle, p. 540.
46. H. Dollinger, Der Erste Weltkrieg, Munich, 1924, pp. 98–9.
47. Menning, pp. 228, 260.
48. Rothenburg, p. 143.
49. M. Howard, “Men Against Fire,” in Paret, p. 519.
50. Menning, pp. 264–5.
51. Menning, p. 250.
52. Goodspeed, p. 99–102.
53. Relation, p. 290.
54. Letzter Krieg, I, Beilage 15.
55. Relation, p. 436.
56. Relation, pp. 446–7.
57. Relation, p. 462.
58. Relation, p. 463.
59. Stone, p. 104.
60. Stone, p. 107.
61. Personal visit, 1989.
62. Letzter Krieg, I, pp. 595–8.
63. Jones in Millett and Murray, pp. 278–9.
64. Letzter Krieg, I, Beilage 1.
65. Rothenburg, p. 84.
66. Letzter Krieg, I, pp. 141–2.
67. Stone, p. 114.
68. Rothenburg, p. 185.
69. Illustrated London News, April 21, 1915.
70. 251 Divisions, p. 541 ff.
71. Stone, p. 118.
72. Stone, p. 117.
73. S. Schama, Landscape and Memory, New York, 1996, pp. 65–6.
74. Letzter Krieg, II, pp. 270–1.
CHAPTER SIX
1. Stone, p. 135.
2. C. Duffy, The Fortress in the Age of Vauban, London, 1985, p. 42.
3. J. Keegan, The Face of Battle, London, 1976, p. 208.
4. E. Solano, Field Entrenchments, London, 1915, p. 209.
5. J. Dunn, The War the Infantry Knew, London, 1987, p. 77.
6. Dunn, pp. 97–8.
7. Dunn, pp. 111–12.
8. Keegan, Purnell’s, II, London, 1970, p. 579.
9. G. C. Wynne, If Germany Attacks, London, 1940, p. 15.
10. Wynne, p. 17.
11. Keegan, Purnell’s, II, p. 584.
12. C. Messenger, Trench Fighting, London, 1972, p. 37.
13. Johnson, p. 470.
14. Keegan, Purnell’s, II, pp. 576–87.
15. Keegan, Purnell’s, II, p. 583.
16. Bucholz, pp. 285–6.
17. Asprey, pp. 151–5.
18. Holmes, p. 264.
19. Edmonds, 1915, I, p. 15.
20. Edmonds, 1915, I, pp. 59–65.
21. Edmonds, 1915, I, pp. 68–9.
22. Edmonds, 1915, I, p. 74.
23. Wynne, p. 29.
24. Wynne, p. 28.
25. Wynne, pp. 30–31.
26. Wynne, p. 40.
27. D. Omissi, The Sepoy and the Raj, London, 1994, pp. 117–18.
28. I. Hogg, Purnell’s, II, pp. 609–11.
29. W. Aggett, The Bloody Eleventh, III, London, 1995, p. 121.
30. Edmonds, 1915, I, p. 289.
31. A. Bristow, A Serious Disappointment, 1995, p. 163.
32. Wynne, p. 63.
33. Wynne, p. 64.
34. F. Forstner, Das Reserve Infanterie Regiment 15, Berlin, 1929, pp. 226–32.
35. E. Spiers, “The Scottish Soldier at War,” in Cecil and Liddle, p. 326.
36. Edmonds, 1915, I, p. 143.
CHAPTER SEVEN
1. G. Craig, Germany 1866–1945, Oxford, 1981, p. 119.
2. T. Wise, Purnell’s, I, pp. 321–9.
3. L. Gann and P. Duignan, The Rulers of German Africa, London, 1977, p. 217.
4. B. Farwell, The Great War in Africa, London, 1987, p. 71.
5. Farwell, pp. 81–4.
6. Farwell, p. 102.
7. Gann and Duignan, p. 105.
8. Farwell, p. 204.
9. P. Halpern, A Naval History of World War I, Annapolis, Md., 1994, p. 76.
10. Halpern, p. 91.
11. Halpern, pp. 94–5.
12. J. Moore (ed.), Jane’s Fighting Ships of World War I, London, 1990, p. 237.
13. R. Hough, The Great War at Sea, London, 1983, pp. 147–8.
14. Halpern, p. 230.
15. Jelavich, 2, p. 127.
16. Halpern, p. 63.
17. P. Mason, A Matter of Honour, London, 1974, p. 425.
18. Omissi, p. 148.
19. Menezes, p. 278.
20. Imperial Gazetteer of India, IV, Oxford, 1907, pp. 109–11.
21. M. Gilbert, Winston Churchill, II, London, 1967, p. 611.
22. A. Palmer, The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire, London, 1992, p. 226.
23. Palmer, Decline, p. 230.
24. M. Broxup (ed.), The North Caucasus Barrier, London, 1992, pp. 45 ff.
25. B. Menning, “The Army and Frontier in Russia,” in Transformations in Russian and Soviet Military History, Colorado Springs, Colo., 1986, p. 34.
26. K. Ahmed, Kurdistan in the First World War, London, 1994, pp. 88–9.
27. Ahmed, p. 91.
28. D. Muhlis, Ottoman Military Organisation, Istanbul, 1986, pp. 11–15.
29. Halpern, p. 29.
30. Taylor, Struggle, p. 532.
31. J. Whittam, The Politics of the Italian Army, London, 1977, pp. 186–9.
32. J. Edmonds, Military Operations, Italy, London, 1949, pp. 11–12.
33. Ministerio della Guerra, L’Escercito Italiano nella Grande Guerra, I, Rome, 1927, pp. 168–70.
34. Whittam, p. 194.
35. Edmonds, Italy, p. 12.
36. Edmonds, Italy, pp. 13–14.
37. Stone, p. 145.
38. Stone, p. 317, n. 5.
39. Edmonds, France and Belgium, 1915, I, p. 56.
40. S. Bidwell and D. Graham, Fire-Power, London, 1982, p. 96.
41. Stone, p. 145.
42. Asprey, pp. 184–5.
43. D. von Kalm, Gorlice, Berlin, 1930, p. 33.
44. Goodspeed, pp. 132–3.
45. Stone, p. 188.
46. Stone, p. 187.
47. Jones in Millett and Murray, pp. 278–9.
48. G. Cassar, The French and the Dardanelles, London, 1971, pp. 35–40.
49. First Report of the Dardanelles Committee, p. 15.
50. R. Rhodes James, Gallipoli, London, 1965, p. 13.
51. Rhodes James, p. 28.
52. Rhodes James, p. 38.
53. Rhodes James, p. 53.
54. Cassar, p. 114.
55. Rhodes James, p. 64.
56. C. Pugsley, Gallipoli, London, 1984, p. 30.
57. Pugsley, p. 34.
58. C. Aspinall-Oglander, Gallipoli, 2, London, 1929, p. 114.
59. A. Livesey, An Atlas of World War I, Lond
on, 1994, p. 61.
60. Aspinall-Oglander, Sketch 5A.
61. Rhodes James, p. 61.
62. Pugsley, p. 360.
63. Adams, pp. 42–4.
64. Adams, pp. 45–6.
65. Cassar, p. 35.
66. Cassar, pp. 226–35.
67. A. Palmer, The Gardeners of Salonika, London, 1965, p. 55.
68. Palmer, Gardeners, p. 62.
CHAPTER EIGHT
1. M. Lewis, The Navy of Britain, London, 1948, pp. 112–39.
2. J. Moore (ed.), Jane’s Fighting Ships of World War I, London, 1990, pp. 35–49.
3. A. Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, II, Oxford, 1965, pp. 238–9.
4. Gordon, 355.
5. Gordon, 355 and n.69, p. 664.
6. P. Halpern, A Naval History of World War I, Annapolis, Md., 1994, pp. 30–2.
7. Halpern, pp. 36–7.
8. J. Campbell, Jutland, London, 1986, pp. 373–4.
9. Halpern, p. 299.
10. Gordon, p. 21.
11. Halpern, pp. 289–90.
12. P. Kennedy, “The Development of the German Naval Operations Plans against England, 1896–1914,” in Kennedy, p. 171.
13. Halpern, p. 38.
14. Marder, II, p. 437.
15. Halpern, p. 288.
16. Halpern, p. 315.
17. Halpern, p. 316.
18. Marder, II, 445.
19. J. Keegan, Battle at Sea, London, 1993, p. 129.
20. Marder, III, pp. 175–6.
21. Halpern, p. 327.
22. Halpern, pp. 419–20.
23. G. Rochet and G. Massobrio, Breve Storia dell’Esercito Italiano, 1861–1943, Turin, 1978, pp. 184–5.
24. Stone, pp. 209–11.
25. J.-J. Becker, The Great War and the French People, London, 1985, pp. 22–3.
26. Les armées, X, i, passim.
27. C. Hughes, “The New Armies,” in I. Beckett and K. Simpson, A Nation in Arms, London, 1990, p. 105.
28. Beckett and Simpson, appendix I, pp. 235–6.
29. Asprey, pp. 218–19.
30. I. Clarke, Rumours of War, Oxford, 1996, pp. 117–18.
31. A. Horne, The Price of Victory, London, 1993, p. 43.
32. Horne, Price, p. 97.
33. Horne, Price, p. 149.
34. Horne, Price, pp. 168–9.
35. Cruttwell, p. 249.
36. Horne, Price, pp. 252–66.
37. Horne, Price, p. 284.
38. 251 Divisions, pp. 8–11.
39. Asprey, pp. 111–12.
40. Holmes, p. 256.
41. Holmes, p. 314.
42. Holmes, p. 308.
43. G. De Groot, Douglas Haig, London, 1988, pp. 117–18.
44. De Groot, p. 44.
45. 251 Divisions, passim.
46. Beckett and Simpson, pp. 235–6.
47. P. Griffith, Battle Tactics of the Western Front, London, 1994, p. 56.
48. T. Travers, The Killing Ground, London, 1987, p. 144.