Unsettling the West
Page 38
21782, fols. 228– 29, reel 55; hinguapooshes to Brodhead, 22 may, 17 and 24 June 1779, FaUO
334– 35, 362– 63, 379– 81; mcKee to lernoult, 26 may 1779, mphs 19:423– 24; heckewelder to
Brodhead, 28 may 1779, pa 7:516– 18; d. Brehm to haldimand, 28 may 1779, mphs 9:410– 12;
interview with Joseph Jackson, apr. 1844, draper 11c:62.17– 23; mmd 502. On northern Ohio
terrain, see Brodhead to heckewelder, 29 may 1779, pa 12:121; ddZ 1:19– 20. One american in-
formant, and at least one missionary, doubted the Wyandots’ sincerity: mccormick to Brod-
head, 29 June 1779, FaUO 382– 83; heckewelder to Brodhead, 30 June 1779, pa 7:524– 26. The
furious British response, however, indicates that their defection was real.
43. hinguapooshes to Brodhead, 24 June 1779, FaUO 379– 81 (“too many”); Brodhead to
John sullivan, 6 aug. 1779, pa 12:155 (“drubbed”); Brodhead to sullivan, 10 Oct. 1779, pa 12:165–
66 (“wolves” and “quite destitute”); Brodhead to greene, 26 may 1779, pa 12:119; Brodhead to
Washington, 31 July and 16 sept. 1779, pa 12:146– 48, 155– 58; israel and goschachgünk council to
Brodhead and gelelemend, 11 aug. 1779, FrUO 46– 47; anonymous letter, 16 sept. 1779, FrUO
56– 57; Joseph r. Fischer, A Well- Executed Failure: The Sul ivan Campaign Against the Iroquois,
July– September 1779 (columbia: University of south carolina press, 1997).
44. council with Wyandots, 17 sept. 1779, FrUO 66– 70; Brodhead to Washington, 5 June
and 16 sept. 1779, pa 12:128, 155– 58. in the council record (both the version printed in FrUO
and a manuscript copy in pFh addl. mss. 21782, fols. 278– 80, reel 55), the Wyandot speaker’s
name is variously spelled noonyoondat, nonyeondat, doonyontat, and dooyontat. The editors
of FrUO suggest that this was dunquat (also known as “half- King”), but it was more likely
duyenty, known to the French as douil anter, and elsewhere spelled dugantait and deuentete.
45. council with Wyandots, 17 sept. 1779, FrUO 70– 72; Brodhead to Washington, 16 sept.
1779, pa 12:157– 58; Welapachtschiechen and delaware council to Brodhead, 30 mar. 1780,
FrUO 157– 58; Zeisberger to Brodhead, 2 apr. 1780, FrUO 163; sami lakomäki, Gathering To-
gether: The Shawnee People Through Diaspora and Nationhood, 1600– 1870 (new haven, ct: yale
University press, 2014), 112.
46. mmd 494, 503, 506, 514, 517, 521– 22.
notes to pages 119–125
209
chapter 5
1. memorial of John Bul , 12 apr. 1782, rprg 19:656; mmd 442– 45, 597; ddZ 1:367– 69,
443– 44.
2. arent de peyster to Frederick haldimand, 17 may 1780, mphs 10:396 (“to shun”); haldi-
mand to henry hamilton, 6 aug. 1778, mphs 9:399 (“back upon”); george Washington to dan-
iel Brodhead, 18 Oct. 1779, FrUO 100 (“laid waste”).
3. certificates issued by the commissioners for adjusting claims to unpatented lands in
monongalia, yohogania, and Ohio counties, dec. 1779– Feb. 1780, draper 1ss:5– 11; “colonel
William Fleming’s Journal of travels in Kentucky, 1779– 1780,” in Travels in the American Colo-
nies, ed. newton d. mereness (new york: macmil an, 1916), 615– 55; helen hornbeck tanner,
“The glaize in 1792: a composite indian community,” Ethnohistory 25, no. 1 (Winter 1978): 15–
39; helen hornbeck tanner, ed., Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History (norman: University of
Oklahoma press, 1987), 79– 86.
4. predeaux girty, reminiscences, 1863, FrUO 164 (“her waiter”); de peyster to haldimand,
17 may 1780, mphs 10:396 (“daily bringing”); Brodhead to Washington, 3 June 1779, pa 12:123
(“bid farewel ”); de peyster to alexander mcKee, 22 June 1780, mphs 10:404 (“except the
aged”); Brodhead to timothy pickering, 3 nov. 1779, pa 12:179– 80; “transactions of a meeting
held at Wakitamyky,” 17 Jan. 1780, pFh addl. mss. 21782, fols. 303– 8, reel 55; Brodhead to richard
peters, 18 mar. 1780, pa 12:210– 11; Welapachtschiechen to Brodhead and gelelemend, 30 mar.
1780, FrUO 157– 59; John heckewelder to Brodhead, 30 mar. 1780, FrUO 159; george F. Whita-
ker, reminiscences, 1868, FrUO 152– 53. For Wryneck, see message from delaware and Wyandot
chiefs, 21 dec. 1778, FaUO 187– 88; for st. Joseph, see l. chevallier, unaddressed, 13 mar. 1780,
mphs 10:380– 81.
5. de peyster to haldimand, 8 June 1780, mphs 10:400; haldimand to de peyster, 6 July
1780, mphs 10:408.
6. chiefs and principal warriors to richard B. lernoult, 20 Oct. 1779, mphs 10:365 (“pro-
tect”); haldimand to de peyster, 6 July 1780, mphs 10:408 (“vast treasure”), 410 (“however they
may threaten”); de peyster to h. Watson powel , 4 apr. 1781, mphs 19:615 (“fight twice”); haldi-
mand to de peyster, 10 aug. 1780, mphs 10:416 (“most attentive”); shawnees to lernoult, 26
sept. 1779, mphs 19:468– 70; de peyster to mcKee, 2 nov. 1779, mphs 10:370– 71; de peyster to
haldimand, 8 June 1780, mphs 10:400; haldimand to de peyster, 18 June 1780, mphs 10:402;
de peyster to haldimand, 3 nov. 1781, mphs 10:536– 37.
7. mcKee to de peyster, 8 July 1780, mphs 19:541 (“naked & defenceless”); henry Bird to
de peyster, 1 July 1780, mphs 19:539 (“gone through”); de peyster to haldimand, 8 mar. 1780,
mphs 10:378– 79; extract of a letter from Bird, 21 may 1780, mphs 9:584; de peyster to mcKee,
22 June 1780, mphs 10:404; michael a. mcdonnel , Masters of Empire: Great Lakes Indians and
the Making of America (new york: hill and Wang, 2015), 304– 6. cf. ian Kenneth steele, Betray-
als: Fort Wil iam Henry and the Massacre (new york: Oxford University press, 1990).
8. Brodhead to Joseph reed, 17 Oct. 1780, pa 8:589 (“rise in arms”); Brodhead to col. gad-
des, 29 Oct. 1779, pa 12:178; Brodhead to Washington, 30 may 1780, pa 12:242; archibald lochry
to reed and John proctor to reed, 1 June 1780, pa 8:282– 85; reed to lochry, 2 June 1780, pa
8:290; Brodhead, letters to samuel Brady, 21 sept. 1780, Uriah springer, sept. 1780, and Frederic
Vernon, 20 Oct. 1780, box 1, vol. 1, dBp; Brodhead to Washington, 17 Oct. 1780, pp. 1– 3, daniel
Brodhead, letterbook, 1780– 85, papers of daniel Brodhead, hsp; Brodhead to ephraim Blaine,
3 nov. 1780, pp. 7– 8, Brodhead, letterbook, 1780– 85; Brodhead to William taylor, 15 nov. 1780,
210
notes to pages 125–128
pp. 10– 11, Brodhead, letterbook, 1780– 85; daniel Brodhead to richard peters, 7 dec. 1780,
FrUO 301– 2.
9. reed to lochry, 17 mar. 1781, pa 9:18 (“loiter[ed] away”); hand to lochry, 4 June 1777,
box 3, folder 46, daF; Brodhead to lochry, 30 apr. 1779, box 1, vol. 1, dBp; reed to lochry, 21
may 1779, pa 7:430– 32; Brodhead to lochry, 31 may 1779, pa 12:122– 23; Brodhead to reed, 9
Oct. 1779, pa 12:163– 64; Brodhead to Joseph erwin, 13 Oct. 1779, pa 12:169– 70; reed to Brod-
head, 30 Oct. 1779, pa 7:771; Thomas campbell to supreme executive council, n.d., pa 8:36;
Brodhead, letters to John clarke and lochry, 2 Jan. 1780, pa 8:68– 70; lochry to reed, 9 Jan.
1780, pa 8:77– 78; erwin to reed, 10 Jan. 1780, pa 8:79– 80; Brodhead to lochry, 20 Jan. 1780, pa
12:202– 3; reed to Brodhead, 14 Feb. 1780, pa 8:109– 10; Brodhead to reed, 20 and 27 apr. 1780,
pa 8:197– 99, 211; robert hanna and William love to irvine, 3 dec. 1781, draper 2aa:4.
10. Bird to lernoult, 9 June 1779, mphs 10:337 (“three or four thou
sand”); William homan
to Bird, 15 aug. 1780, mphs 10:419 (“ripping up”); delawares and shawnees, speech, 22 aug.
1780, mphs 10:420– 21; de peyster to haldimand, 31 aug. 1780, mphs 10:423– 24; John h.
moore, ed., “a captive of the shawnees, 1779– 1784,” West Virginia History 23, no. 4 (July
1962): 291– 92; tanner, Atlas, maps 16, 17.
11. Brodhead to reed, 22 Jan. 1781, pa 8:707 (“to acquire”); Berkeley county militia officers
to Thomas Jefferson, 25 Jan. 1781, Vsp 1:461– 62 (“suffer any punishment”); Brodhead to reed, 25
Feb. 1781, pa 8:743– 44; John gibson to george rogers clark, 6 may, 30 may, and 5 June 1781,
grc 8:547– 48, 559– 61; reed to clark, 15 may 1781, pa 9:137; david duncan to gibson, 3 June
1781, pa 9:190; Thomas stokely to reed, 4 aug. 1781, pa 9:330– 31.
12. christopher hays and Thomas scott to reed, 15 aug. 1781, pa 9:355 (“armed force”);
scott to reed, 31 July 1781, pa 9:324– 25 (“hyghly oppressive”); James marshel to reed, 27 June
1781, pa 9:233– 34 (“under any government”); hugh h. Brackenridge to clark, 4 June 1781, grc
8:560– 61; clark to monongalia county inhabitants, 18 June 1781, and agreement of monongalia
county inhabitants, 19 June 1781, grc 8:567– 68; clark to the Officers of pennsylvania and Vir-
ginia, 23 June 1781, grc 8:569– 70; isaac mason to reed, 1 July 1781, pa 9:238– 39; dorsey pente-
cost to reed, 27 July 1781, pa 9:315– 19; marshel to reed, 8 aug. 1781, pa 9:344– 45; archibald
mcclean to reed, 13 aug. 1781, pa 9:352– 53.
13. stokely to reed, 4 aug. 1781, pa 9:330– 31; clark to reed, 4 aug. 1781, pa 9:331– 32; lochry
to reed, 4 aug. 1781, pa 9:333; Joseph Brant to mcKee, 21 aug. 1781, mphs 19:655– 56; ephraim
douglass to irvine, 29 aug. 1781, Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 4, no. 2
(1880): 248; andrew Thompson and mcKee to de peyster, 29 aug. 1781, mphs 19:658; proceed-
ings of Kentucky militia officers, 5– 7 sept. 1781, grc 8:596– 603; John todd, Jr., to Thomas nel-
son, 21 Oct. 1781, grc 19:8– 10; Thompson to de peyster, 26 sept. 1781, mphs 10:515– 16; mcKee
to de peyster, 26 sept. 1781, mphs 10:516– 18; mcKee to de peyster, 2 nov. 1781, mphs 10:535–
36; isaac anderson, journal, [1781– 82], pa6 2:405– 6.
14. gelelemend to Brodhead, 19 July 1780, FrUO 219 (“Virginian devils”); Brodhead to
delaware council, 27 may 1780, FrUO 184 (“high reward”); Brodhead to Washington, 3 may
1779, gWp; Brodhead to capt. Biggs, 7 June 1779, box 1, vol. 1, dBp; Brodhead to campbel , 14
July 1779, pa 12:135– 36; Brodhead to Washington, 26 Oct. 1779, pa 12:177.
15. delaware chiefs to monsieur gerard, 25 may 1779, FaUO 337– 38; message from coo-
showking to Wakitumekie, [aug. 1780], pFh addl. mss. 21782, fol. 384, reel 56; mmd 481– 82.
16. reed to Brodhead, [July 1779], pa 7:569 (“several parties”); speech of delawares to con-
gress, 10 may 1779, FaUO 317– 21; Brodhead to Washington, 22 may 1779, pa 12:114; delaware
notes to pages 129–134
211
chiefs to gerard, 25 may 1779, FaUO 337– 38; Brodhead to Washington, 25 June 1779, pa 12:131–
32; mmd 297– 98, 314, 339, 356– 58, 390– 92, 408, 413, 421– 22, 425, 452– 53, 478– 79.
17. Brodhead to reed, 17 Oct. 1780, pa 8:589 (“neither Bread”); Brodhead to reed, 2 nov.
1780, pa 8:596 (“destroy,” “may not”); mmd 540.
18. gelelemend to Brodhead, 26 Feb. 1781, FrUO 339– 40 (“Friends,” “are getting ready,”
340); mmd 549– 51 (“arming themselves,” 551); Brodhead, letters to Wingenund and William
penn, 2 dec. 1780, FrUO 298– 99; William penn to Brodhead, 13 Jan. 1781, FrUO 315– 16; gelele-
mend to Brodhead, 15 Jan. 1781, FrUO 316– 17; heckewelder to Brodhead, 26 Feb. 1781, FrUO
337– 38; de peyster to delawares, 12 apr. 1781, FrUO 375– 76.
19. Brodhead to reed, 10 mar. 1781, pa 8:766 (“general indian war”); Brodhead to david
shepherd, 8 mar. 1781, FrUO 342– 43; Brodhead to Washington, 27 mar. 1781, FrUO 352– 53;
lochry and James peiry to Brodhead, 2 apr. 1781, pa 9:51– 52; indian council, 26 apr. 1781,
mphs 10:474; memorandum, 26 apr. 1781, mphs 10:476; simon girty to de peyster, 4 may
1781, mphs 10:478; Brodhead to reed, 22 may 1781, pa 9:161; gibson to Thomas Jefferson, may
30, 1781, FrUO 399– 400; “rol s of coshocton expedition,” [apr. 1781], FrUO 461– 69; John
heckewelder, Narrative of the Mission of the United Brethren Among the Delaware and Mohegan
Indians (1820; new york: arno, 1971), 214– 15; Thomas h. Johnson, “The indian Vil age of ‘cush-
Og- Wenk,’ ” Ohio Archaeological and Historical Publications 21 (1912): 433.
20. Brodhead to heckewelder, 21 Jan. 1781, FrUO 321 (“much confidence”); girty to de
peyster, 4 may 1781, mphs 10:478 (“Beat al ”); Brodhead to reed, 22 may 1781, pa 9:161 (“killed
fifteen”). For the leaders of the erwin raid, see Brodhead to reed, 2 nov. 1780, pa 8:596; minutes
of the supreme executive council, 13 nov. 1780, crp 12:539– 40.
21. ddZ 1:3– 6 (“behaved,” 4); Zeisberger to Brodhead, 18 aug. 1781, gWp (“wou’d prove”);
c&m fols. 14– 16; Zeisberger to Brodhead and gibson, 21 aug. 1781, gWp.
22. c&m fol. 17 (“cousins”); Zeisberger to Brodhead, 21 aug. 1781, gWp (“tired”); ddZ
1:4– 5 (“dangerous place,” “take counsel”). For watchwords, see mmd 96n26, 117, 163n280.
23. ddZ 1:6– 9 (“extreme need,” 6; “leading chief,” 9n1; “to dance,” 7); c&m fols. 18– 24.
24. gibson to Washington, 30 sept. 1781, gWp (“the country”); ddZ 1:9– 15, 17– 18 (“the
best,” 14); mcKee to de peyster, 26 sept. 1781, mphs 10:518; c&m fols. 24– 36.
25. de peyster, conference with pipe and Wingenum, 9 nov. 1781, mphs 10:538– 41 (“always
apprized,” 539; “to instruct,” 540); mcKee to de peyster, 26 sept. 1781, mphs 10:518; de peyster,
conference with hurons, 21 Oct. 1781, mphs 10:527– 28; extract of a council, 11 dec. 1781, mphs
10:545– 46; ddZ 1:15– 20, 37– 41; c&m fols. 41– 45.
26. speech of delawares and shawnese, 22 aug. 1780, mphs 10:420 (“destitute”); mcKee to
de peyster, 22 aug. 1780, pFh addl. mss. 21782, fols. 381– 82, reel 55; mcKee to de peyster, [ca. 1
mar. 1781], mphs 19:597– 98; Brant to isadore chene and matthew elliot, 19 may 1781, mphs
19:634– 35; chene to de peyster, 20 may 1781, mphs 19:635– 36; mcKee to de peyster, 15 July 1781,
mphs 19:647– 48; ddZ 1:20– 24, 47– 48, 50– 51, 60– 63, 66; sami lakomäki, Gathering Together:
The Shawnee People Through Diaspora and Nationhood, 1600– 1870 (new haven, ct: yale Uni-
versity press, 2014), 113.
27. extract of a council, 11 dec. 1781, mphs 10:545 (“starving in the woods”); de peyster to
mcKee, 4 Oct. 1781, mphs 10:522– 23; de peyster to haldimand, 5 Oct. 1781, mphs 10:523; ddZ
1:48, 56– 57. For Welapachtschiechen, see Zeisberger to Brodhead, 18 aug. 1781, gWp; Zeis-
berger to Brodhead and gibson, 21 aug. 1781, gWp; ddZ 1:24– 25; c&m fols. 45– 46.
28. ddZ 1:24– 25, 29, 31, 36, 44, 47, 60, 64, 66 (“perfectly quiet,” 29; “taken prisoners,” 31);
212
notes to pages 134–136
c&m fols. 38– 40, 45– 47 (“the americans,” 47); mcKee, unaddressed, 10 apr. 1782, pFh addl.
mss. 21783, fol. 140, reel 56 (“they would not”); Brodhead to John ettwein, 23 Oct. 1781, no. 144,
reel 1, papers of John ettwein, arc
hives of the moravian church, Bethlehem, pa, microfilm;
schebosh to ettwein, 4– 5 nov. 1781, no. 504, reel 3, papers of John ettwein.
29. scott to reed, 19 Oct. 1781, pa 9:438 (“commission hunters”); irvine to Washington, 2
dec. 1781, ser. 4, gWp (“heap of ruins”); gibson to Washington, 24 aug. and 30 sept. 1781,
gWp; gibson to Barnard gratz and michael gratz, 26 aug. 1787 [1781], case 1, box 2, gratz;
douglass to James irvine, 29 aug. 1781, “notes and Queries,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History
and Biography 4, no. 2 (1880): 247; Brodhead to Washington, 29 aug. 1781, gWp; gibson to
shepherd, 12 sept. 1781, draper 2ss:25; Washington county inhabitants to reed, 15 aug. 1781, pa
9:355– 56; Bethlehem township inhabitants, petition and letter to pentecost, 26– 27 Oct. 1781,
rprg 19:110– 14; hanna and love to irvine, 3 dec. 1781, draper 2aa:4; irvine to president of
council, 3 dec. 1781, pa 9:458– 59; William moore to irvine, 17 dec. 1781, pa 9:468; scott to
moore, 2 Feb. 1782, rprg 19:424– 25; marshel to moore, 4 Feb. 1782, pa 9:484– 85. For the har-
vest, see marshel to irvine, 4 apr. 1782, Wic 286; mcKee, unaddressed, 10 apr. 1782, and de
peyster to [haldimand], 14 may 1782, pFh addl. mss. 21783, fols. 139– 41, 154, reel 56.
30. minutes of supreme executive council, 2 and 4 apr. 1781, crp 12:681– 83; marshel to
reed, 5 and 27 June and 8 aug. 1781, pa 9:193– 94, 233– 34, 343; “arrangement of militia, 1781– 82,”
[aug. 1781], pa2 14:747– 50; militia returns, sept. 1781, pa6 2:132– 33. For marshel, see FaUO
258n1; Wic 277n1; and r. eugene harper, The Transformation of Western Pennsylvania, 1770–
1800 (pittsburgh, pa: University of pittsburgh press, 1991), 77, 103– 4, 146; Washington county
tax list, 1781, pa3 22:743. For pentecost, see the election results, 9 Oct. 1781, pa6 11:393; minutes
of the supreme executive council, 30 nov. 1781, crp 13:134; James patrick mcclure, “The ends
of the american earth: pittsburgh and the Upper Ohio Valley to 1795” (ph.d. diss., University of
michigan, 1983), 276– 79, 329– 30, 403– 8. For Williamson, see Washington county tax list, 1781,