41 Darlington, R., Margo, J. Sternberg, S., and Burks, B, Through the Looking Glass, London: Demos, 2011, www.demos.co.uk/publications/throughthelookingglass.
42 See, for instance, Fernandez, C., ‘Tesco Condemned for Selling Pole Dancing Toy’ Mailonline, 24 October, 2006, www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-412195/Tesco-condemned-selling-pole-dancing-toy.html; http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/tescos-toy-pole-dance-kit-646625; Laura Barton, Guardian, www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2006/oct/25/1. All originally posted 2006, retrieved 17 April 2012.
43 Mooney, B., ‘Erotic Girl Group Steals Innocence of Childhood’, Mailonline, 3 February 2003, and ‘Sexy Schoolgirls Are Poisoning Our Culture’, 9 February 2007; www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-433601/Erotic-girl-group-steals-innocence-childhood.html; www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-434995/Sexy-schoolgirls-poisoning-culture.html, retrieved 17 April 2012.
44 E.g. www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/7589004/Primark-withdraws-padded-bikini-tops-for-seven-year-old-girls.html; for Mumsnet campaign see http://www.mumsnet.com/campaigns/let-girls-be-girls.
45 Jill Parkin cited in Durham, The Lolita Effect, p. 69.
46 Ibid.
47 BBC News, 18 February 2010, ‘Stop Sexualising Children, Says David Cameron’ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8521403.stm, retrieved 17 February 2012.
48 Penny, L., ‘Let Girls Wear Primark’s Padded Bikinis’, Guardian, 15 April 2010, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/apr/15/primark-padded-bikinis-mumsnet-sexuality.
49 Ellen, B., ‘Powerless to Protect Our Kids? Oh, Do Grow Up’, Observer, 5 June 2011, www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/jun/05/children-sexuality-naipaul-kate-moss.
50 Buckingham, D., The Impact of the Commercial World on Children’s Wellbeing: Report of an Independent Assessment, Departments for Children Schools and Families, and Culture, Media and Sport, December 2009, www.education.gov.uk/publications/standard/publicationDetail/Page1/DCSF-00669-2009; Papadopoulos, L., Sexualisation of Young People Review, Home Office Publication, 2010, available in National Archives at http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/documents/Sexualisation-of-young-people.html; Bailey, R., Letting Children Be Children: Report of an Independent Review of the Commercialisation and Sexualisation of Childhood, Department for Education, June 2011, https://www.education.gov.uk/publications/standard/publicationDetail/Page1/CM%208078.
51 See for instance, Smith, C., review of Papadopoulos in Participations: Journal of Audience and Reception Studies, 7:1, May 2010; or, more brutally, Toby Young, ‘The Home Office Report on Child Sexualisation Is a 100-page Cosmopolitan Article’, Telegraph, 26 February 2010.
52 Carey, T., Where Has My Little Girl Gone?, Oxford: Lion, 2011.
53 The Bill prompted protest campaigns from the National Secular Society and on Facebook, as well as widespread opposition from feminists, www.guardian.co.uk/education/2012/jan/20/nadine-dorries-sexual-abstinence-bill-withdrawn (retrieved 17 April 2012).
54 BBC News, 1 June 2010, ‘Dame Joan Bakewell Says Mary Whitehouse Was Right’, www.bbc.co.uk/news/10202116; and Bakewell, J., ‘Sorry Mrs Whitehouse – I Still Disagree’, Telegraph, 2 June 2010, www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/7795852/Sorry-Mrs-Whitehouse-I-still-disagree.html. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
55 Bakewell, ibid.
56 Jackson, C., and Tinkler, P., ‘“Ladettes” and “Modern Girls”: “Troublesome” Young Femininities’, Sociological Review, 55:2, 2007, pp. 251–72. See also Jackson, C., ‘“Wild” Girls? An Exploration of “Ladette” Cultures in Secondary Schools’, Gender and Education, 18:4, 2006, pp. 339–60.
57 Jackson and Tinkler, ‘“Ladettes”’, p. 256.
58 Greer, G., ‘Long Live the Essex Girl’, Guardian, 5 March 2001, www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/mar/05/gender (retrieved 20 February 2012).
59 Jackson and Tinkler, ‘“Ladettes”’, pp. 252–3.
60 Pilditch, D., ‘Ladettes … Or Sadettes?’, Mirror, 9 July 1998, p. 9.
61 Ibid.
62 David Blunkett, quoted in Daily Mail, 19 July 2004, p. 33; cited in Jackson and Tinkler, ‘“Ladettes”’, pp. 260–1.
63 The series Ladette to Lady first aired in the UK on ITV in June 2005.
64 Ellen, B., ‘Laugh at Essex Girls and You Insult All Women’, Observer, 7 March 2010, p. 13.
65 Hill, A., ‘Today’s Girls “Would Rather Look Sexy Than Be Clever”’, Observer, 9 December 2007, p. 5.
66 Aitkenhead, D., ‘Have I Read My Autobiographies? No, Cos I Know What’s in Them’, Guardian (Review section), 16 August 2010, pp. 7–10.
67 See Higgins, C., ‘Raw Genius’, a tribute to Corinne Day, in the Guardian, 1 September 2010 (Review section), pp. 10–11; Watson, L., ‘Corinne Day: Photographer Celebrated for Her Ground-breaking Work with Kate Moss’, Independent, 6 September 2010, www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/corinne-day-photographer-celebrated-for-her-groundbreaking-work-with-kate-moss-2071149.html, retrieved 18 April 2012.
68 E.g. ‘Peril of Skinny Kate’, Daily Mirror, 10 November 1994, p. 15; ‘Kate’s Sick of Taking Stick’, Daily Mirror, 5 August 1994, p. 17.
69 E.g. ‘Cocaine Kate: Her Confession’, Daily Mirror, 19 September 2005, p. 11; ‘F*** OFF! F*** OFF! F*** OFF! F*** OFF! Just F*** OFF’, Daily Mirror, 16 September 2005, pp. 2–5.
70 Walter, Living Dolls.
71 Ibid., pp. 37–8.
72 Ibid., p. 4.
73 Toynbee, P., ‘Girlification Is Destroying All the Hope We Felt in 1968’, Guardian, 15 April 2008, p. 29.
74 www.pinkstinks.co.uk.
75 Russell, R., and Tyler, M., ‘Thank Heaven for Little Girls: “Girl Heaven” and the Commercial Context of Feminine Childhood’, Sociology, 36, 2002, pp. 619–37.
76 Liz Jones, ‘Sex and the City and 7 in Heels – the Pathetic Woman’s Must-haves’, Mailonline, 26 April 2008, www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/columnists/article-562243/Sex-The-City-7in-heels--pathetic-womans-haves.html, retrieved 18 April 2012.
77 Arnot et al., Closing the Gender Gap.
78 Dyhouse, C., ‘Gaining Places: The Rising Proportion of Women Students in Universities after 1970’, in the same author’s Students.
79 Ibid., see also Chapter 8.
80 Dyhouse, ‘Women Students and the London Medical Schools, 1914–39’.
81 Arnot and Weiner, Closing the Gender Gap; see also Arnot, M., Reproducing Gender?: Essays in Educational Theory and Feminist Politics, London: Routledge, 2002, pp. 186–92.
82 Epstein, D. (ed.), Failing Boys?: Issues in Gender and Achievement, Buckingham: Open University Press, 1998.
83 Blackstone, T., ‘Education and Careers: A Rough Road to the Top’, in Masson, M. R., and Simonton, D., Women and Higher Education: Past, Present and Future, Aberdeen University Press, 1996.
84 The relation between gender and the professions has been usefully examined by Witz,. A., Professions and Patriarchy, London: Routledge, 1992.
85 Fawcett Society, ‘Job cuts in the public sector hit women worst’, www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/index.asp?PageID=1236, retrieved 19 April 2012.
86 For Madonna’s impact on young women, see, among others, Turner, K., I Dream of Madonna: Women’s Dreams of the Goddess of Pop, London: Thames and Hudson, 1993.
87 There has been a tendency to forget some of this: see Strong, C., ‘Grunge, Riot Grrrl and the Forgetting of Women in Popular Culture’, Journal of Popular Culture, 44:2, 2011, pp. 398–416. See also Budgeon, S., ‘I’ll Tell You What I Really Really Want: Girl Power and Self-identity in Britain’, in Inness, Sherrie A. (ed.), Millennium Girls: Today’s Girls around the World, Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1998.
88 Phillips, M., ‘These “Slutwalks” Prove Feminism Is Now Irrelevant to Most Women’s Lives’, Mailonline, 13 June 2011, www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-2002887/Slut-Walks-prove-feminism-irrelevant-womens-lives.html, retrieved 19 April 2012.
89 Valenti, J., ‘Slutwalks and the Future of Feminism’, Washington Post, 3 June 2011. www.washin
gtonpost.com/opinions/slutwalks-and-the-future-of-feminism/2011/06/01/AGjB9LIH_story.html.
8 Looking back
1 Spencer, H., Principles of Sociology, London: Williams and Norgate, 1876, vol. 1., pp. 766, 792.
2 Ruskin, Sesame and Lilies.
3 Cole, Marriage, Past and Present, p. 95.
4 Hughes, M. V., A London Family, 1870–1900: A Trilogy, London: Oxford University Press, 1946. Reissued in three parts. This reference from A London Child of the Seventies, London: Oxford University Press, 1977, p. 33.
5 Ibid.
6 Davin, A., Growing Up Poor: Home, School and Street Children in London, 1870–1914, London: Rivers Oram Press, 1996.
7 Dyhouse, Girls Growing Up in Late Victorian and Edwardian England, Chapter 1.
8 Wilkinson, H., for Demos, No Turning Back: Generations and the Genderquake, London: Demos, 1994, www.demos.co.uk/publications/noturningback.
9 Coventry Patmore’s poem, The Angel in the House, first published in 1854, was a classic and very popular expression of Victorian ideals of femininity.
10 Cohen, S., Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of the Mods and Rockers, London: Routledge, 1980 (1972).
11 Ibid., Introduction to 3rd edn, p. viii; see also p. xxxiv.
12 Ibid., p. 157.
13 It was conflicts over militancy and violent tactics which basically divided ‘Suffragists’ from ‘Suffragettes’; although the divisions were not always clear-cut.
14 Emily Davies famously remarked in 1866, that ‘What they call a compromise, we consider a capitulation’. See Delamont, S., ‘The Contradictions in Ladies’ Education’, in Delamont and Duffin (eds), The Nineteenth Century Woman.
15 Malos, E., The Politics of Housework, London: Allison and Busby, 1980; Himmelweit, S. (ed.), Inside the Household: From Labour to Care, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000.
16 http://plan-international.org/girls/campaign/.
17 West, R., ‘Mr Chesterton in Hysterics: A Study in Prejudice’, originally in The Clarion, 14 November 1913, reprinted in Marcus (ed.), The Young Rebecca, p. 21.
18 Moran, C., How to Be a Woman, London: Ebury, 2012.
SOURCES AND SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
Archives and collections
Bishopsgate Institute: Diane Munday papers; James Hemming papers; papers of the National Secular Society
East Sussex County Record Office: coroners’ reports for Brighton
National Archives: Home Office papers; Metropolitan Police Files; Ministry of Health papers; Department of Education papers
Salvation Army Heritage Centre: archives and press cuttings, Salvation Army
Tower Hamlets Local History Library: Edith Ramsay Collection
Warwickshire County Record Office: papers relating to Knowle Hill Training School
Whitelands College, University of Roehampton: records relating to the connection with John Ruskin
Women’s Library: papers of National Vigilance Association, Traveller’s Aid Societies; papers relating to white slave traffic
Books and articles
Aapola, S., Gonick, M., and Harris, A. (eds), Young Femininity: Girlhood, Power and Social Change, Houndmills: Palgrave, 2005.
Abrams, M., The Teenage Consumer, London: London Press Exchange, 1961.
Alexander, S., Becoming a Woman and Other Essays in 19th and 20th Century Feminist History, London: Virago, 1994.
Allen, Grant, The Woman Who Did, London: John Lane, 1895.
Allen, M., The Pioneer Policewoman, London: Heinemann, 1925.
Amos, Sarah M., ‘The Evolution of the Daughters’, Contemporary Review, 65, April 1894, pp. 515–20.
Anderson, L., Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, 1836–1917, London: Faber and Faber, 1939.
Arnot, M., Reproducing Gender?: Essays in Educational Theory and Feminist Politics, London: Routledge, 2002.
Arnot, M., David, M., and Weiner, G., Closing the Gender Gap: Postwar Education and Social Change, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1999.
Ashworth, A., Once in a House on Fire, London: Picador, 1998.
Baden-Powell, O., Training Girls as Guides: Hints to Commissioners and All Who Are Interested in the Welfare and Training of Girls, London: Pearson, 1917.
—Window on My Heart: The Autobiography of Olave, Lady Baden-Powell, as told to Mary Drewery, London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1973.
Banks, Lynne Reid, The L-Shaped Room, London: Chatto and Windus, 1960.
Barber, L., An Education, London: Penguin, 2009.
Barlow, J., Term of Trial, London: Hamish Hamilton, 1961.
Barnard, A. B., The Girl’s Book about Herself, London: Cassell, 1912.
Bashkirtseff, M., The Journal of Marie Bashkirtseff, translated, with an introduction, by Mathilde Blind, London: Cassell, 1890. Virago Press edition, 1985, offset from 1891 edition, introduced by Rozsika Parker and Griselda Pollock.
Bass, E., and Thornton, L. (eds), I Never Told Anyone: Writings by Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse, New York: Harper and Row, 1983.
Batchelor, J., John Ruskin: No Wealth but Life, London: Chatto and Windus, 2000.
Baumgardner, J., and Richards, A., Manifesta: Young Women, Feminism and the Future, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2000.
Bechofer Roberts, C. E., The Trial of Jones and Hulten, London: Jarrolds, 1945.
Beesley, T., Our Generation: The Punk and Mod Children of Sheffield, Rotherham and Doncaster 1976–1985, Peterborough: Fastprint Publishing, 2009.
—Out of Control, Rotherham: Days Like Tomorrow Books, 2010.
—This Is Our Generation Calling, Rotherham: Days Like Tomorrow Publishing, 2010.
Bell, Ernest A., Fighting the Traffic in Young Girls; or, War on the White Slave Trade, G. S. Ball, 1910.
Bell, E. Moberley, Storming the Citadel: The Rise of the Woman Doctor, London: Constable, 1953.
Bell, S., When Salem Came to the Boro: The True Story of the Cleveland Child Abuse Case, London: Pan, 1988.
Bennett, A., Our Women, London: Cassell, 1923.
Berebitsky, J., ‘The Joy of Work: Helen Gurley Brown, Gender and Sexuality in the White-Collar Office’, Journal of the History of Sexuality, 15:1, 2006, pp. 89–127.
Billington-Greig, T., ‘The Truth about White Slavery’, English Review, June 1913, pp. 428–46.
Bingham, A., Gender, Modernity and the Popular Press in Inter-War Britain, Oxford University Press, 2004.
Blake, C., The Charge of the Parasols: Women’s Entry to the Medical Profession, London: Women’s Press, 1990.
Blanchard, P., The Care of the Adolescent Girl, London: Kegan Paul, 1921.
Bland, L., Banishing the Beast: English Feminism and Sexual Morality 1885–1914, London: Penguin, 1995.
—‘White Women and Men of Colour: Miscegenation Fears in Britain after the Great War’, Gender and History, 17:1, 2005, pp. 29–61.
—‘The Trials and Tribulations of Edith Thompson: The Capital Crime of Sexual Incitement in 1920’s England’, Journal of British Studies, 47, July 2008, pp. 624–48.
Bloom, C., Bestsellers: Popular Fiction since 1900, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
Blume, J., Forever, London: Pan Horizons, 1986 (1975).
Bonner, T. Melville, To the Ends of the Earth: Women’s Search for Education in Medicine, London and Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1992.
Bordo, S., Unbearable Weight; Feminism, Western Culture and the Body, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
Boston Women’s Health Collective, edited by Phillips, A., and Rakusen, J., Our Bodies, Ourselves, London: Penguin and Allen Lane, 1978.
Brader, C., ‘“A World on Wings”: Young Female Workers and Cinema in World War I’, Women’s History Review, 14:1, 2005, pp. 99–117.
Braybon, G., Women Workers in the First World War: The British Experience, London: Croom Helm, 1981.
Bremner, C. S., The Education of Girls and Women in Great Britain, London: Swann Sonnenschein, 1897.
Bristow, Edward J., Vice and Vigilance: Purity Movements
in Britain since 1700, Dublin, Gill and Macmillan, 1977.
Brittain, V. Testament of Youth, London: Gollancz, 1933.
Brown, C., Lost Girls, London and Southampton: Camelot Press, 1955.
Brown, H. Gurley, Sex and the Single Girl, London: Frederick Mueller, 1963.
Brumberg, J. J., Fasting Girls: The History of Anorexia Nervosa, New York: Vintage, 2000 (originally published in Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988).
—The Body Project: An Intimate History of Adolescent Girls, New York: Random House, 1997.
Burstyn, J. N., ‘Education and Sex: The Medical Case Against Higher Education for Women in England, 1870–1900’, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 117:2, April 1973, pp. 79–89.
Burt, C., ‘The Causes of Sex Delinquency in Girls’, in British Social Hygiene Council, Health and Empire, London: Constable, 1926, pp. 251–71.
Butler, C. V., Domestic Service; An Inquiry, by the Women’s Industrial Council, London: G. Bell and Sons, 1916.
Butler, J., Gender Trouble, New York, London: Routledge, 1990.
Butler-Sloss, E., Report of the Inquiry into Child Abuse in Cleveland 1987, London: HMSO, July 1988.
Campbell, B., Unofficial Secrets: Child Sexual Abuse – the Cleveland Case, London: Virago, 1988.
Campbell, J. M., ‘The Effect of Adolescence on the Brain of the Girl’, paper presented to the Association of University Women Teachers in London, 23 May 1908.
Caplan, C., ‘The Thorn Birds; Fiction, Fantasy, Femininity’, in Burgin, V., Donald, J., and Caplan, C. (eds), Formations of Fantasy, London: Routledge, 1986.
Carey, T., Where Has My Little Girl Gone?, Oxford: Lion, 2011.
Cashmore, Ellis, United Kingdom?: Class, Race and Gender since the War, London: Unwin Hyman, 1989.
Chernin, K., The Hungry Self: Women, Eating and Identity, New York: Times Books, 1985.
Chisholm, C., The Medical Inspection of Girls in Secondary Schools, London and New York: Longmans Green and Co., 1914.
Chorley, K., Manchester Made Them, London: Faber and Faber, 1950.
Girl Trouble Page 29
