Girl Trouble
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British Board of Film Censors, 114
British Medical Association, 56, 183
British Medical Journal, 117–18, 194
British Pregnancy Advisory Service, 190
Brittain, Vera, 26, 63
Brook Advisory Centres, 189
Brooks, Rosa, 225
Brophy, Brigid, 186
Brown, Caroline, Lost Girls, 129
Browne, Robert, 189
Brumberg, Joan Jacobs, The Body Project …, 213
Bryant, Sophie (née Willcock), 49–50
Buckingham, David, The Impact of the Commercial World on Children’s Wellbeing, 226
Buffy the Vampire Slayer, 238
bulimia nervosa, 219
Bullock, F. S., 24
Burden, Betty, 122
Burmby, Detective-Sergeant, 14
Burt, Cyril, 93, 107, 118
Buss, Frances Mary, 47, 49–50, 56
Butler, Josephine, 18, 47
Butler, Joyce, 198
Butler-Sloss, Elizabeth, 208
Bywaters, Freddy, 94–6
Cambridge, University of, admission of women students, 247–8
Cameron, David, 225, 226
Cameron, Frederick, 158
Campaigning against Sexism and Sexual Oppression in Education (Cassoe), 201
Campbell, Janet, 68
cannabis, 141, 150
Cardiff, Jack, Girl on a Motorcycle/Naked under Leather, 177
Carey, Tanith, Where Has My Little Girl Gone?, 226
Carleton, Billie, 79–80
Caron, Leslie, 136
Carpenter, Reverend, 31
Carroll, Madeleine, 103
Carstairs, G. M., 163
Cashmore, Ellis, 207
Cavell, Edith, 89
Chang, ‘Brilliant’, 80
chastity, 185; as property value, 250
child custody, 44
Childline, 209
Children and Young Persons Act (1933), 105
‘Children’s Waggon’, 119
Childs, W. M., 92
Chinese men, 79, 80
Chorley, Katherine, 65
Church Army, 106
cinema, 83, 86, 137–42; American film values, 111, 112
cinema-going, 5, 19, 76, 89–90, 92, 107, 110
Clark, Alan, 194
Clarke, Edward, Sex in Education, 54–6
Cleft Chin murder case, 108
Cleveland child abuse scandal, 208
Clinton, Bill, 149
Clough, Anne Jemima, 47, 53
Clouston, T. S., 56
clubs, 140–5, 150–1 see also jazz clubs
coffee bars, 140, 150, 245
Cohen, Stanley, Folk Devils and Moral Panics, 251
Cole, Margaret, 66
Cole, Martin, Growing Up, 184
Collins, Joan, 140
consciousness-raising groups, 196
consumerism, spending-power of women, 93
Contagious Diseases Acts (1864, 1866), 27
contraception, 106, 143, 163, 166, 167, 182, 188, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 252; pill, 168, 188, 246 (prescribing of, 192–3)
Cook, Hera, 168
cookery, teaching of, 68, 127
Coote, W. A., 19, 27
corporal punishment, 116–17
Corrie, John, 205
Cosh Boy, 140
cosmetic surgery, 212
cosmetics, 74, 77–8, 103, 125, 129, 131–2, 133, 139, 155, 158, 245
Cosmopolitan, 161, 204
Cox, Sara, 229
Crackenthorpe, Blanche Alethea, ‘The Revolt of the Daughters’, 42
Criminal Law Amendment Act (1885), 18
Criminal Law Amendment Act (1912), 14, 22, 23, 38
Cripps, Anthony, 198
Crisp, Arthur, 217, 219, 220
Crowther Report, 128
curriculum, consolidated, 236, 247
Curry, Inspector, 14, 19
cycling, 91
dance halls, 89
dancing, 95, 122
Dane, Clemence see Ashton, Winifred
Dangers of False Prudery, The, 27–8
David, Miriam, 235
Davies, Emily, 46, 53, 56
debutantes, 5, 129
degrees awarded to women, 47
Delaney, Shelagh, A Taste of Honey, 135–6
Delon, Alain, 177
Demos think tank, 223
Denning, Lord, 180
Dennis, Felix, 182
Diana, Princess, 218
digital revolution, 254
divorce, 172
doctors: male, 195; women as, 56, 84, 237
dole school, 86
dolly birds, 137–74 passim
domestic duties of women, 43–4, 45, 73, 84, 98, 103, 122, 127, 128, 199; rejection of, 228; wages for, 253
domestic science classes, 64, 68, 128
domestic service, 1, 84–7, 98–9, 242, 251; refusal of, 4–5, 244
Dorries, Nadine, 226
Dors, Diana, 115, 120, 139
Downward Paths, 36–9
dress of women, 52, 76, 95, 122, 158; court shoes, 131; dress codes in universities, 173; dressing ‘like sluts’, 240; fashion, 91, 103–4, 107 (girls’ love of, 37); leather jackets, 154; nylon stockings, 245; sartorial policing, 182; school uniforms, 114; silk stockings, 112; trousers banned for girls, 199 see also Rational Dress
drinking see alcohol, drinking of
drugs, 80, 102, 144, 145, 176, 177, 231; addiction to, 178
Duffy, Maureen, That’s How It Was, 132
Dunbar, John, 176
Dunne, Mary Chavelita, 50–1
Durham, M. G., The Lolita Effect, 214, 224
Dworkin, Andrea, 209
Dyer, Alfred S., 18
Eastwood, Annie, 56, 58
eating disorders, 212–13, 214 see also self-starvation
Ede, Chuter, 114
Edgecombe, Johnny, 147
education, 1, 3, 42–3, 45, 46, 95–6, 98, 124–5, 128–32; coeducation, 81; damaging to girls’ reproductive potential, 54, 64, 243; girls’ performance in, 206, 223, 235–7, 248–9, 251; higher, 206 (women in, 236, 251–2; women’s colleges, 248); lessening likelihood of marriage, 65; of middle-class girls, 47–8, 57; of working-class girls, 64; primary, 235; school uniform, 165 (regulations, 125); sexism in, 198–200; single-sex, 181, 198–9; transformation of, 247 see also approved schools and school leaving age
Education Act (1870), 45
Education Act (1944), 132, 205, 247
Ehrenreich, Barbara, 159, 222
Eliza, mother of Dora Thewlis, 61
Ellen, Barbara, 225, 229–30
Ellis, Ruth, 119
elopement, 169–70
embroidery, teaching of, 68
Emin, Tracey, 238
employment of women, 86–7, 237; shortage of jobs, 84
empowerment, 3, 233
endviolenceagainstwomen.org.uk, 240
equal pay, 197
Equal Pay Act (1970), 197
‘Erskine, Rosalind’, The Passion Flower Hotel, 165 see also Longrigg, Roger Erskine
‘Essex girl’, 227–8
eugenics, 79
Eve’s Film Review, 90, 93
examinations, 46, 83
Fabian, Robert, 119–20, 121
factory girls, 111
Fair Shares for the Fair Sex, 198
Faith, Adam, 137
Faithfull, Marianne, 175–8, 231; ‘As Tears Go By’, 175
fallen girls, repentance of, 34
Family Law Reform Act (1969), 6, 172–3, 246
Family Planning Association, 184
fan behaviour, 159
fancywork done by women, 45
Farrar, David, 137
fashion see dress of women, fashion
fatness, 215–16
Fawcett, Millicent Garrett, 48, 51
Fawcett, Philippa, 48, 50
female competence, celebration of, 87
‘feminine frailty’, notion of, 33, 40, 69
feminin
ity, 53, 54
feminism, 4, 8, 23, 39, 42, 44, 55, 62, 69, 82, 96, 160, 213, 222, 231, 233, 234, 241, 252–3, 255; backlash against, 215, 239; educational, 206; eugenic, 83; radical, 253; second-wave, 7, 193, 205, 247; socialist, 253; stereotyping of, 209; waves of, 239
Feministing.com, 239
Ferris, Paul, 189
field games, played by women, 83
Film Fashionland, 91
finishing school, 130
flag days, 74
Flair, 162
flappers, 4, 73–9, 93, 229, 244; associations of word, 71
flogging of male procurers, proposed, 22–3, 39
Foley, Winifred, 85–6
forced feeding of women, 17, 59, 62, 63
Forster, Margaret, Dames’ Delight, 134–5
frailty of girls, perceived see ‘feminine frailty’
free love, 51
freedom of movement, 2
Freeman, Hadley, 220
Freud, Sigmund, 69, 186
Friedan, Betty, The Feminine Mystique, 197
Friendly Leaves, 29
Gainsborough films, 113–14
Galloway, Janice, All Made Up, 166
Garber, Jenny, 202
Gardiner, Gerald, 171
Gardner, Alice, 52
Garwood, Eva, 97
gate-hours in universities, 171, 173
gender quotas, 247
Genderwatch!, 201
Gerald, Queenie, 14–17, 19
Gillick, Victoria, 193
girl, use of term, 8–9
Girl Guides, 73–4
Girl Heaven, 233–4
girl heroines, 211–12
girl power, 211–12, 229, 238, 249
girlhood, representation of, 8
girlification, 233–4
girlpower, 3, 7, 9
Girls Aloud, 224, 234
Girls Into Science and Technology (GIST), 207
Girls’ Cinema, 91
Girls’ Friendly Society (GFS), 28–9, 31, 33–4
Girls’ Public Day School Trust (GPDST), 47, 57–8
girls’ schools, inspection of, 46
Girton College, 46, 48, 49, 50, 65
Gish, Lillian, 79
Gissing, George, 97
glamour modelling, 230–3
good-time girl, 107; as folk devil, 117–18, 244–5
Good Time Girl, 113
Gordon, Aloysius ‘Lucky’, 147
Gorham, Deborah, 26
governessing, 45–6
grammar-school girls, 128–9
Grant, Linda, 174
Grayson, Georgina see Jones, Marina, 108
Greenaway, Kate, 31
Greene, Graham, Brighton Rock, 98
Greer, Germaine, 183, 228; The Female Eunuch, 128, 197
Greig, Charlotte, A Girl’s Guide to Modern European Philosophy, 195
Gretna Green, elopement to, 169–70
Gréville, Edmond T., Beat Girl, 137–40
Griffith, D. W., Broken Blossoms, 79
Gull, William, 57
Gummer, John Selwyn, 190; The Permissive Society, 187
Gurley Brown, Helen, Sex and the Single Girl, 160–1, 163
hair, 8, 118; care of, 77; cropped, 77; long hair on men, 181; ponytails, 133; short-back-and-sides, 182; styles of, 154, 155
Haldane, Lord, 22
Hale, Kathleen, 25–6, 77
Haley, Bill, 152
Hall, G. Stanley, Adolescence…, 65–9, 82
Hall, Gladys Mary, 106–7, 108, 119
Hall, Radclyffe, The Well of Loneliness, 81
Hamilton, Patrick, 97
Hamilton, William, 198
Hammerton, Jenny, 93
Hamsun, Knut, 50
happiness, definition of, 222
Hardie, Keir, The Queenie Gerald Case, 15
Hardy, Bert, 123, 161
Hardy, Thomas, Tess of the D’Urbervilles, 34
Harris, Sidney, 114
Harrison, Jane, 52
Heath, Edward, 198
Heath, George, 110
Hemery, Gertrude, 43
Hemming, James, 216
Hemming, Susan, Girls Are Powerful, 204–5
heroin chic, 231
Higgs, Marietta, 208
Hill, Amelia, Through the Looking Glass, 223
Hill, Maurice, with Michael Lloyd-Jones, Sex Education…, 186–7
Hills, Gillian, 137
HIV/AIDS, 193
Hoffman, Mary, 185
Holtby, Winifred, Poor Caroline, 88
Home Office, 105–6, 108, 114–15, 116, 117
homosexuality, 101, 143, 145, 146, 186 see also lesbianism
Honey, 162, 173
Hostler, Phyllis, 179
Houghton, Walter, Hindle Wakes, 101
House of Bondage, 19
household duties of women see domestic duties of women
housewifery, declining standards of, 64
Howes, Annie G., 57
Hughes, Molly, 242
Hulten, Karl, 108–12
Humanitarian League, 23
Humphreys, Travers, 105
hunger strikes, 59, 62, 63
Huxley, Elspeth, 100
iblamethepatriarchy.com, 239
Ibsen, Henrik, 50; A Doll’s House, 42
illegitimacy, 245–6; as shame, 252
immigrants, 120, 143, 146, 151
in loco parentis, 6, 170, 179
Independent Labour Party (ILP), 58
infanticide, 96–7
Infanticide Act (1922), 97
infertility, 3
Inner London Education Authority, 201
innocence of girls, 166, 223, 241, 250; loss of, 34, 35–6
intellectual girls, 127–8
Internet, 239; influence of, 215
Is Any Girl Safe?, 19
Ivanov, Yevgeny, 146
Jackie, 202–3, 204
Jackson, Brian, 153
Jackson, Carolyn, 227, 229
Jackson, Louise, 150
Jagger, Mick, 176, 177, 178
James, Oliver, 222
Jarrett, Rebecca, 18
jazz, 140, 150
jazz clubs, 152, 245
Jephcott, Pearl, 85; Girls Growing Up, 215–16
Jeune, Lady, 43
jewellery, 104
Jewish women, 205
Johnson, Amy, 77, 88–9
Johnson, Paul, 158
Jones, Elizabeth, 114
Jones, Liz, 234
Jones, Marina, 108–12
Jordan see Price, Katie
juke boxes, 145; denunciation of, 151–2
Jung, Karl, 69
Just Seventeen, 204
Kaplan, Cora, 203
Keeler, Christine, 146–50, 245
Kempton, Freda, 80
Kenealy, Arabella, 92; Feminism and Sex Extinction, 83
Kennedy, Mary, 197
Kent, Jean, 115
Ker, Alice, 62
Ker, Margaret, 62
‘khaki fever’, 71, 74
Knowle Hill reform school, 116–17
Kurtz, Irma, 204
La Bern, A. J., Night Darkens the Streets, 112–13
ladettes, 227–9, 250; as folk devils, 229
Ladies’ Association for the Care of Friendless Girls, 28
Ladies’ National Association for the Abolition of State Regulation of Vice and the Promotion of Social Purity, 22
Lady Margaret Hall, 47
lap dancing, 232
Latey, Mr Justice, 171
Lau Ping You, 80
Laurie, Peter, The Teenage Revolution, 155–7
learning, women’s passion for, 51–2
Lee, Christopher, 137
legal status of women, 198
Lennon, John, 159
Lennox, Annie, 238
lesbianism, 78, 80–3, 101, 195
Leslie, Murray, 78
‘Let Girls Be Girls’ campaign, 224
Levy, Ariel, Female Chauvinist Pigs, 213–14
Lewinsky, Monica, 149
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Lewis, Jerry Lee, 152
Liddington, Jill, Rebel Girls, 61
Limehouse, London, 79–80
Linden, Paul, 139
Litchfield, Michael, and Susan Kentish, Babies for Burning, 190–1
Lively, Penelope, 167
living away from home, 161
London Jewish Feminist Group, 205
London Rubber Company, 185
London School of Medicine for Women, 56
Longford, Lord, 181, 184
Longrigg, Roger Erskine, 165
loose women, 67
Love, Courtney, 211, 238
Lucas, Sarah, 238
Lytton, Constance, 60–1
Lytton, Earl of, 22
MacDougall, Miss, 19, 99
MacKirdy, Mrs Archibald, 20
Macmillan, Harold, 150
Madonna, 211, 238
‘Maiden Tribute’ campaign, 27
Maitland, Sara, 174
Maltese men, 120, 146
Malvery, Olive Christian see MacKirdy, Mrs Archibald
Marchant, Hilde, 121–2
Marie Stopes clinics, 189 see also Stopes, Marie
marriage, 43, 104, 123, 127, 130, 131, 174, 187; affected by education, 65; age of, 8, 164; early, 124, 125, 160, 169, 172, 246; prospects of, affected by feminist teachers, 66; refusal of, 178; trial marriage, 173; without parental consent, 6
marriage bar, 82
Marshall, Dorothy, 26
Marshall, Mary Paley, 52
Martin, Courtney E., Perfect Girls, Starving Daughters, 214
Martindale, Louisa, Under the Surface, 12–13
Mass Observation, 123
masturbation, 186–7
mathematics, studied by women, 68
Maudsley, Henry, 55
Maurice, Frederick Dennison, 46
May Day, celebration of, 31
McCabe, Jess, 239
McRobbie, Angela, 202–3
medical schools, admission of women, 236
menstruation, 66
Messina brothers, 120
Metropolitan Association for Befriending Young Servants (MABYS), 28
middle-class girls and women, 124–5, 153, 167, 242; education of, 47–8, 57; in suffragette movement, 61–2; options of, 45–6; perceived fragility of, 57
Miles, Sarah, 164
Miller, Jane, 131–2
Mills, Ivor, 179
Mind charity, 219
miscegenation, 142; fear of, 108
Miss World competition, 191
mixed-race women, 141
Mizz, 204
modern girl, 4, 8, 70, 102–3, 104, 252
Mods and Rockers, 151
Money, Agnes Louisa, 29
Mooney, Bel, 224
Moran, Caitlin, How To Be a Woman, 254
Morgan, Helen, 191
Morris, A. H., 106
Morris, Hayley, 98–100
Mort, Frank, 149
mortgages, 2
Moss, Kate, 230–1
motherhood: teenage, and social deprivation, 192; unmarried, 6
MS, 196
Muggeridge, Malcolm, 181
Mumsnet organisation, 224
Munday, Diane, 190
Muscutt, Jennifer, 184