Ascham, Roger (1515–68), author and royal tutor; author of Toxophilus (1545), an educational manual that became an important model of English vernacular prose writing; tutored Princess, later Queen, Elizabeth (1548–50); Latin Secretary to Edward VI and Mary I; fame rests on The Scholemaster (published 1570), a work popularizing the educational views of Renaissance Englishmen: 15, 245
Ash, Dr John (1723–98), physician; substantial subscriber to the Birmingham General Hospital (founded 1779); patients included the antiquary William Hutton and the poet William Shenstone; fellow of the Royal College of Physicians (1787); painted by Reynolds (1788); founder of the Eumelian Club: 985 n. a
Ashburton, Lord, see Dunning, John
Ashmole, Elias (1617–92), astrologer and antiquary; compiled Theatrum chemi-cum Britannicum (1652); specialist in the Order of the Garter; catalogued the Bodleian Library’s collection of Roman coins; author of The Institution, Laws and Ceremonies of the Most Noble Order of the Garter (i6jz); bequeathed his collection of curiosities to Oxford University on the proviso of its erection of the Ashmolean Museum (1683), the first public museum in modern Europe: 616
Astle, Revd Daniel (c. 1743–1826): 936
Astle, Thomas (1735–1803), archivist and collector of books and manuscripts; engaged by the British Museum to compile an index to the catalogue of the Harley manuscripts; took over from Philip Morant in the printing of the ancient rolls of Parliament (1770); author of The Origin and Progress of Writing (1784); collected over 250 manuscripts: 89, 838 and n. a
Astley, Philip (1742–1814), equestrian performer and circus proprietor; set up ‘riding school’ on Lambeth Marsh and ‘Astley’s Amphitheatre’ at the south-east foot of Westminster Bridge (1769); opened the Amphitheatre Astley in Paris (1783); established the Equestrian Theatre Royal in Dublin; served as horse-master, reporter and celebrity morale-booster in Flanders; epitomized advance of artisan classes into the market: 744
Aston, Catherine (c.1705-c.1780): 49
Aston, Elizabeth,‘Mrs Aston’ (1708–85): 513, 515, 516, 593–94, 637, 746, 747
Aston, Hon. and Revd Henry Hervey, see Hervey, Hon. and Revd Henry
Aston, Jane, see Gastrell, Mrs
Aston, Magdalen, see Walmsley, Mrs Magdalen
Aston, Mary (‘Molly’) (Mrs Brodie) (1706-c.1765): 49 and n. b, 514, 707, 708 and n. a, 795
Aston, the Misses: 49 and n. b
Aston, Sir Thomas, 3rd Baronet (1666–1725): 49–50 and 49 n. b
Aston, Sir Thomas, 4th Baronet (d. 1744): 49 n. b, 50, 62 n. a
Atholl, Walter Stewart, Earl of (d. 1437), magnate; executed after a failed coup d’etat: 264
Atterbury, Francis (1662–1732), bishop of Rochester (1713), politician and Jacobite conspirator; champion of the High Church cause; Tory; Harley’s chief ally in the clergy; dean of Carlisle (1704); forced into exile when his Jacobite actions came to light; acted as the Secretary of State for the Old Pretender; a genuinely devout writer, if not a great scholar; style admired by S.J.: 91, 308, 647, 657
Auchinleck, Alexander Boswell, Lord (1707–82), judge; father of J.B.; staunch Whig; strict Presbyterian; widely respected, upright, learned; reputation for being stern but impartial; spoke broad Scots from the bench; described by son as being ‘perhaps too anxiously devoted to utility’: 263, 300, 310, 370, 417, 418, 483–4, 574, 591, 621, 626, 640, 654, 725, 747, 851, 895, 906
Augustine, St (354–430), bishop of Hippo; one of the great fathers of the early Church, and probably the most significant Christian thinker afterStPaul; author of theConfessionsand The City of God: 476, 925
Augustus, Gaius Octavius (63 bc–ad 14), emperor of Rome and adopted son of Julius Caesar: 384, 516
Ausonius, Decimus Magnus (ad 310–c.395), poet and rhetorician; author of Mosella, a topographical poem on the Moselle: 105, 665
Bacon, Francis (1561–1626), Baron Verulam, Viscount of St Albans; Lord Chancellor (1618); politician and philosopher; close friend of the 2nd Earl of Essex; promoted the Anglo-Scottish Union with his theory of civic greatness; Solicitor-General (1607); Attorney General (1613); Lord Keeper (1617); author of The Advancement of Learning(1605), theNovum organum(1620) andThe History of the Reign of King Henry VII (1622); the most powerful and important lawyer inthe country; outlined comprehensiveprogrammesfor newmodelsoflaw, education and natural philosophy; the foundation of the Royal Society in 1660 reflected the Significance of Bacon’s scientific programme:24 andn.a,122, 344, 489, 628, 858, 878, 892, 916, 919
Bacon, John (1740–99), RA, sculptor; the most important designer for the British industry before Flaxman; awarded the Royal Academy School’s first ever gold medal in sculpture for relief Aeneas Carrying his Father from Burning Troy (1769); selected to execute a marble statue of S.J. for St Paul’s Cathedral (1788); staunch monarchist, Methodist and founding member of the Eclectic Society: 1002 n. a
Badcock, Samuel (1747–88), theologian and writer on literature; contributed to the Westminster Magazine, Gentleman’s Magazine, London Magazine and London Review; reviewed over 650 works between 1779 and 1787; Dissenter; published poet; minister at Barnstaple (1772–8): 993 n. a
Bagshaw, Revd Thomas (c.1711–87), perpetual curate of Bromley: 399 and n. a, 957
Bailey, Hetty, see Bayley, Hester
Baker, Sir George (1722–1809), physician; fellow of the Royal Society and physician to George III and Queen Charlotte; president of the Royal College of Physicians nine times (1785–95); author of An Essay Concerning the Cause of the Endemical Colic of Devonshire (1767), discovering the adverse effects of lead in Devon cider: 960
Baker, J. (fl. 1793), engraver: 1000 n. c
Baker, Mrs Eliza, wife of D. L. Erskine Baker (d. 1778), of the Edinburgh Theatre: 279
Balbus, Joannes: 476
Baldwin, Henry (c.1734–1813), London printer, newspaper proprietor; launched the St James Chronicle (1761), an outspoken critic of the government; charged and later acquitted for reprinting the Junius letter from the Public Advertiser (21 December 1769), attacking king and government: 941
Balguy, Revd John (1686–1748): 617 n. a
Ballow, Henry (1707–82), legal writer; S.J. attributed his own knowledge of law principally to Ballow; published A Treatise upon Equity (1737) anonymously; described by Hawkins as a ‘little, deformed man’; accomplished Greek scholar and famous for his knowledge of ancient philosophy: 530
Balmerino, Arthur Elphinstone, 6thBaron (1688–1746), Jacobite; executed for his part in the 1745 uprising; behaved with constancy and dignity on the scaffold: 103
Balmuto, Lord, see Boswell of Balmuto
Bancroft, Dr John (1574–1641), bishop of Oxford; friend and associate of Archbishop Laud; zealous episcopalian; active in the construction of Canterbury Quad, St John’s College, Oxford: 39
Bangor, bishop of, see Pearce, Dr Zachary
Bankes, John (d. 1772), of Kingston Lacy, Dorset, and MP for Corfe Castle: 84
Banks, Sir Joseph (1743–1820), naturalist and patron of science; president of the Royal Society (1778–1820); ex officio government adviser on a very broad range of issues; one of the founders of the African Society (1788); published little, but considerable role as a statesman of science has left a lasting legacy: 252, 336, 339, 616 n. a, 721, 723, 731, 999
Bannatyne, Revd George (d. 1769), cousin and brother-in-law of Dr Hugh Blair: 192
Barbauld, Mrs (Anna Letitia Aikin) (1743–1825), poet and essayist; sister of John Aikin; Poems (1773) a popular and critical success; with husband, opened a school for boys in Palgrave, Suffolk (1774); wrote for the Annual Review; provided prefaces for editions of Mark Akenside (1794), William Collins (1797), Addison and Steele (both 1804); first editor of the correspondence of Samuel Richardson (1804): 481, 616
Barber, Francis (1745?-1801), S.J.’s servant, born a slave in Jamaica; placed in S.J.’s service upon the death of his wife (1752); performed domestic duties diligently but friends doubted S.J.’s need for his service; principal legatee on S.J.’s death, receivi
ng a £700 annuity; renowned lothario, as S.J. remarked: ‘Frank has carried the empire of Cupid farther than most men’: 20, 129, 130, 131 and n. b, 133, 186, 187, 263, 279 n. b, 374, 412,453, 462,467, 530, 541, 554, 569, 635, 644, 669, 739, 842, 843, 889, 890, 920, 970, 974, 989 and n. a, 998
Barber, Mrs Elizabeth (1756?–1826), wife of the preceding: 130, 569
Barbeyrac, Jean (1674–1844), French savant: 155
Barclay, Alexander (1475?-! 552), poet and scholar: 150
Barclay, James (c.1747-c.1770), a young student of Oxford who wrote An Examination of Mr Kenrick’s Review of Mr Johnson’s Edition of Shakespeare (1766) in defence of S.J.: 260
Barclay, Robert (1648–90), religious writer and colonial governor; converted to Catholicism in Paris; later renounced it to become an Aberdeen Quaker; leader in campaign to transform Quakerism from a loose, ecstatic movement into a tight, disciplined sect; admired by Voltaire; governor of East New Jersey; author of Theses theologicae (1674) and An Apology for the True Christian Divinity (1675): 509, 828 and n. a
Barclay, Robert (c.1740–1828), brewer: 828 n. a, 965, 989 n. a
Barclay, Mrs Robert, wife of the preceding: 965
Bard, a reverend (Tasker, Revd William): 726
Baretti, Giuseppe Marc’Antonio (1719–89), critic and miscellaneous writer: 13, 14, 15, 141, 149, 151, 164, 180, 188, 193 and n. a, 194, 197, 202–3, 2°5, 265, 292, 296, 3o8, 309, 370, 417, 504, 522, 528, 565 n. c, 571, 610, 616, 780, 942
Barnard, Dr Edward (1717–81), headmaster of Eton; increased the numbers at Eton from around 350 to 550; described by Horace Walpole as ‘the Pitt of masters’; subsequently appointed by George III as provost of Eton (1765): 754
Barnard, DrThomas (1728–1806), dean of Derry, afterwards bishop of Killaloe, Limerick, etc.: 59, 252, 427, 652, 563–4, 817, 818, 822, 826 and n. b, 831, 870–71
Barnard, Sir Frederick Augusta (1743–1830), king’s librarian: 281 and n. a, 282 n. a, 284
Barnes, Joshua (1654–1712), Greek scholar and antiquary; connected biblical and classical antiquity; author of Aulikokatoptron, sive, Estherae historia (1679), a 1,600-line rendition of the book of Esther into Homeric hexameter; published a History of Edward III (1688) as well as textual editions of Euripides (1694), Anacreon(i705) and Homer (1711): 677, 772
Barnes, Rachel, see Lloyd, Mrs Sampson
Barnston, Letitia (c.1710–82), niece of the Revd Roger Barnston, prebendary of Chester and rector of Condover: 746 and n. a
Barrett, William (1733–89), Bristol surgeon: 544
Barrington, Hon. Daines (1727–1800), judge, antiquary and naturalist; author of Observations on the Statutes, Chiefly the More Ancient (ij66), a significant contribution to legal history; fellow of the Society of Antiquaries and the Royal Society (both 1767); unreliable translation of King Alfred’s Orosius (1773); established The Naturalist’s Journal (1767); passionate interest in arctic exploration; ‘virtuoso’ or ‘dilettante’ intellectual: 393, 693, 825, 903 and n. a
Barrow, Dr Isaac (1630–77) mathematician, theologian and Master of Trinity College, Cambridge: 821 n. a
Barrowby, Dr William (1682–1751), physician: 925
Barry, James (1741–1806), RA, history painter, printmaker and author; produced six paintings to decorate the Great Room at the Adelphi (1777); professor of painting at Royal Academy; later expelled (1799); greatly admired by S.J.: 874–5, 886 and n. a, 902
Barry, Sir Edward (1696–1776), physician-general to forces in Ireland; professor of physic at University of Dublin (1745 –61); MP at Irish House of Commons for Charleville, Co. Cork: 536 and n. a
Barry, Spranger (1719–77), actor and impresario; famed for Othello and Romeo in Garrick productions; later fell out acrimoniously and joined Covent Garden company at end of the 1773–4 season: 1 ion. a, 448
Barter, James (fl. 1725), a miller and ex-Baptist preacher who wrote against Elwall: 348
Bartolozzi, Francis (1727–1815), engraver; established vogue for dotted prints or ‘stipples’; arrived in London in 1764 after making fame in Florence and Rome; noted for portrait after Reynolds of Lord Chancellor Thurlow (1782): 1000 n. c
Basil, St (329–79), early Church father who defended orthodoxy against the teachings of the Arians on the doctrine of the Trinity; bishop of Caesarea: 580, 773
Baskerville, John (1706–75), printer and typographer; first known use of ‘wove’ paper without watermark for several sheets of Virgil (1757); university printer at Cambridge (1758); less scrupulous proofreading as a result of expensive production methods: his editions were often textually flawed: 297
Bate, Revd Henry (Sir Henry Bate Dudley) (1745–1824), journalist: 928
Bateman, Revd Edmund (1704–51), tutor of Christ Church, Oxford: 46
Bath, William Pulteney, Earl of (1684–1764), politician; opponent of Walpole; launched the oppositional journal The Craftsman; friend of Swift, Gray and Pope; unwavering advocate of liberty: 88, 653
Bath and Wells, bishops of, see Ken, DrThomas; Still, Dr John
Bathiani, or Bathyani, Hungarian nobleman: 470
Bathurst, Allen Bathurst, 1st Earl (1684–1775), politician; critic of Walpole; supporter of Atterbury; ardent supporter of principles of party; friend of Congreve, Swift and Sterne; sketched by Sterne in the third of his Letters to Eliza (1775); addedbyPope to the third of his Moral Essays: 87, 711, 740 and n. a, 741
Bathurst, Dr Ralph (1620–1704), president of Trinity College, Oxford; involved in foundation of the Royal Society (1662); vice-chancellor of Oxford University; wrote prefatory verses to Hobbes’s Human Nature (1650): 989 n. a
Bathurst, Dr Richard (d. 1762), physician and writer, son of Colonel Richard Bathurst; brought S.J.’s servant, Frank Barber, to England from Jamaica; member of Ivy Lane Club and one of S.J.’s closest friends: 12, 105, 107, 129, 131 n. b, 132, 133 and n.a, 137, 138, 203, 778, 780
Bathurst, Henry Bathurst, 2nd Earl (1714–94), Lord Chancellor (1771); took family seat at Cirencester, Gloucester; consistently voted against Walpole; author of The Case of the Unfortunate Sophia Swordfeager (1771): 344, 598
Bathurst, Richard (d. c. 1775), colonel and father of Dr Richard Bathurst, and West Indian planter: 131 n. b, 778
Battista, Angeloni, see Shebbeare, Dr John
Baxter, Revd Richard (1615–91), ejected minister and religious writer; opposed Cromwell; The Saints Everlasting Rest (1650) his best-known work and a canonical piece in devotional literature; imprisoned in 1669; also author of the classic of puritan evangelism, the Call to the Unconverted (1658); licensed to preach publicly for the first time in 1672; exceptionally prolific author of over 130books;Voluminous letter writer;Demonstrated affinities with the Cambridge Platonists and part of the development of rationalism that would lead to Locke and the deists; admired by Wesley and revered by nineteenth-century Dissenters: 114, 396, 412, 866, 886, 887, 893, 905
Baxter, William (1650–1723), classicist and antiquary; produced annotated editions of Anacreon (1695) and Horace (1701); contributed to antiquarian issues inPhilosophical Transactions; left unfinished Welsh Dictionary at death: 558 n.a
Bayle, Pierre (1647–1706), French Protestant scholar and philosopher: 155, 225, 1005
Bayley, Hester (d. 1785): 844
Bayley or Bayly, Sir Nicholas, 2nd Baronet (1709–82), MP for Anglesey, 1734– 41, 1747–61: 713
Beach, Thomas (d. 1737), poet and wine-merchant: 72, 388
Beattie, Dr James (1735–1803), poet and philosopher; achieved fame in the late 1760s and early 1770s through his Essay on the Nature and Immutability of Truth (1770, polemical attack on ‘sceptical philosophy’ and Hume in particular) and The Minstrel (1771-4, poem in Spenserian stanzas): 248, 260–62, 335, 337, 339, 363, 368, 369, 399 andn. a, 402–3, 562, 587, 706, 758 and n. c, 819, 867, 942, 945, 946
Beattie, Mrs, wife of Dr Beattie: 337, 339 andn. a, 340
Beauclerk, Lady Diana (Spencer) (1734–1808), artist and wife of Topham Beauclerk; illustrated Walpole’s The Mysterious Mother and Dryden’s
Fables (1797): 387, 392, 418,439, 751, 816
Beauclerk, Hon. Topham (1739–80), book collector; original member of the Club in 1764; took an early liking to J.B. and aided his election to the Club; regarded by S.J. as the Club’s expert on polite literature; amassed collection of over 30, 000 volumes: 56, 133 n. a, 135–6, 191 andn. a, 197, 198, 201, 228, 251, 256, 278, 280, 309, 322,382, 385, 392, 398,412, 418,423, 429,433, 436,439, 446,447, 453, 455, 463, 470, 479, 491, 522, 526 n. b, 528, 531, 535, 575, 627, 628–9, 636–7, 675, 713, 714, 715, 730, 731, 732, 733, 749, 751 and n. a, 753, 767, 768, 772, 775 n. a, 777, 806, 816, 818, 821, 825, 864, 872
Beauclerk, Lady Sidney (d. 1766), Topham Beauclerk’s mother: 751
Beaufort, Elizabeth (Boscawen), Duchess of (1747–1828): 753
Beaumont (Francis c. 1584–1616) and Fletcher (John, 1579–1625): 442, 514
Becket, Thomas (fl. 1760–75), bookseller and publisher: 420
Beckford, William (1709–70), planter and politician; Alderman and Lord Mayor of London; one of the Jamaican Beckfords; leader of an influential group of MPs who were absentee proprietors from the West Indies; described by Horace Walpole as a ‘noisy, good humoured flatterer’: 560, 632
Bedford, Hilkiah (1663–1724), bishop of the Nonjuring Church of England; achieved fame through The Hereditary Right of the Crown of England Asserted (1713), a work he did not write although for which he was arrested: 922
Bedford, John Russell, 4th Duke of (1710–71), Whig politician; capable orator and strong leader of the Bedford group; variously lord of the Admiralty, Secretary of State for the South and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland: 938
Bedford, Francis Russell Bedford, 5th Duke of (1765–1802), agriculturalist and politician; first president of the Smithfield Club (1798); the Foxites’ leading speaker in the Upper House; most famous intervention was in scathing criticism of Burke: 677, 833
Behmen, or Bohme, Jacob (1575–1624), German mystic: 325
Belchier, John (1706–85), surgeon to Guy’s Hospital; fellow of the Royal Society (1732); sometime contributor to Philosophical Transactions: 547
The Life of Samuel Johnson Page 161
