63 Andrew, Defence of the Realm, p.689.
64 Machon, Spies, Lies and Whistleblowers, pp.300–1.
65 Andrew, Defence of the Realm, p.701.
66 Ibid. See also I. Black, ‘Machine Gun Burst Echoes for 15 Years’, Guardian, 08.07.99.
67 Odom (NSA) daily log, 7.04.86, File 7, Box 25, Odom papers, LC.
68 Aid, Secret Sentry, pp.186–7.
69 K. Schemeri, ‘We Saved Gaddafi, Not Craxi – Mifsud Bonnici’, Malta Today on Sunday, 02.11.08.
70 Some have insisted that there is evidence that the Lockerbie attack was perpetrated by the Iranians in retaliation for the mistaken shootdown of an Iranian airliner by the USS Valdez in the Gulf in July 1987.
71 One of these seems to have been the reading of the communications traffic of the East German foreign intelligence service. Odom (NSA) daily log, Box 25, Odom papers, LC
72 Lanning and Norton-Taylor, Conflict of Loyalties, pp.24–6.
73 GCHQ Working Group, CCSU, ‘Pay Claim 1985 – The Communications Science and Technology Class GCHQ’, GCHQ 87/95, 15.04.85, GCHQ-UR, MSS.384/3/38, WMRC.
74 ‘Andrew Saunders’, Odom (NSA) daily log, 21.02.86, File 7, Box 25, Odom papers, LC.
75 ‘Len Nuuno’, Odom (NSA) daily log, 18.04.86, File 7, Box 25, Odom papers, LC.
76 Gill, ‘‘Allo, ‘AIlo, ‘AIlo’, pp.189–201.
77 Weatherill to Clerk of the House, 09.02.87, WEA/PP E144, Weatherill papers, Scarman Library, University of Canterbury.
78 Schlesinger, Putting ‘Reality’ Together, p.xxvi.
79 Raymond (Bondman and Partners) to GCHQ Trade Unions, ‘Police Investigation Re: Duncan Campbell’, 10.03.87, MSS.384/3/27, GCHQ-UR, WMRC.
80 Lawson, The View From No.11, p.314.
81 For example, Frank Cooper was now against it. See Healey, Time of My Life, p.570.
82 ‘Marychurch’, Odom (NSA) daily log, 01.05.87, File 1, Box 26, Odom papers, LC.
83 Urban, UK Eyes Alpha, pp.62–4.
84 Harvey, Europe’s Space Programme, p.103.
AFTER 1989: GCHQ GOES GLOBAL
Chapter 23: From Cold War to Hot Peace – The Gulf War and Bosnia
1 Stankovic, Trusted Mole, p.251.
2 Urban, UK Eyes Alpha, pp.288–9.
3 Garton Ash, The Polish Revolution, pp.276, 301.
4 Loehnis comments at JIC (65) 3rd mtg (9), 21.01.65, CAB159/31. On the wider issues see Mobley, ‘Deterring Iraq: The UK Experience’.
5 Trend (CS) to Wilson (PM), 16.11.64, discussing JIC (64) 81, ‘UK Intelligence Operations of a Special Nature’, DEFE 13/404.
6 Urban, UK Eyes Alpha, pp.143–8.
7 C. Powell, ‘Reading Behind the Lines’, Spectator, 02.03.02.
8 Andrew, President’s Eyes Only, pp.518–20; Aid, Secret Sentry, pp.192–3.
9 Freedman, A Choice of Enemies, p.219.
10 J. Fullerton, ‘British Ruse Held Iraqis’ Attention While Real Invasion Came Elsewhere’, Philadelphia Inquirer, 03.03.91.
11 R. Atkinson, ‘Iraqis Called Vulnerable to Land Attack’, Washington Post, 15.02.91.
12 Falconer, First into Action, pp.413–14.
13 D. Leigh and R. Evans, ‘How £1bn was Lost When Thatcher Propped Up Saddam’, Guardian, 28.02.03.
14 Aid, Secret Sentry, p.194.
15 A. Cordesman, ‘The Intelligence Lessons of the Iraq Wars’, 06.08.04, http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs.
16 T. Burchill, ‘GCHQ Spoof Letter Hoax’, Gloucestershire Echo, 31.08.90.
17 T.W. Lippman and B. Gellman, ‘US Says it Collected Iraq Intelligence via UNSCOM’, Washington Post, 08.01.99. See also J. Hyland, ‘MI6 Involved in Spying Against Iraq Through UNSCOM’, Independent, 26.01.99.
18 Ritter, Iraq Confidential, pp.212–16.
19 ‘Admoni, head of MOSSAD’, Odom (NSA) daily log, 18.11.87, File 1, Box 26, Odom papers, LC.
20 R.J. Aldrich, ‘America Used Islamist to Arm the Bosnian Muslims’, Guardian, 22.04.02.
21 Wiebes, Intelligence and the War in Bosnia, pp.258–63.
22 J.T. Kuhner, ‘Tribunal Probes US Aid to Croatia’, Washington Times, 06.12.02.
23 Nacional Issue (291) – 14.6.01 http://www.nacional.hr/htm/291052.en.htm Also private information.
24 Stankovic, Trusted Mole, pp.250–2
25 Ibid. p.368.
26 McPeek, ‘Electronic Warfare: British Style’, pp.23–7.
27 Lake, ‘Nimrod R.1’, pp.29–35.
28 Wiebes, Intelligence and the War in Bosnia, pp.262–3.
29 FCO Defence Dept, ‘Management Review of MoD: Illustrations for Use in Discussion with Review Team’, 01.10.75, FCO46/1246.
30 Sims (GCHQ) to Lovegrove (PSA), ‘CHK Planning: Antenna Maintenance Complex’, F/6025/6002/4/20, 20.11.78, CM 6/3; Earwood, ‘CSOS, Chum Hom Kok, Hong Kong’, 08.78, CM 6/5. The American liaison officer during construction was ‘Mr Tuboric’.
31 Its Australian code name was ‘Kittiwake’. See Ball, ‘Over and Out’, pp.485–9.
32 Lee (GCHQ) to Hopewell (PSA), ‘Siting of Antennas/Building at CHK’, EOD/0738/ 2005/51/2, 27.11.78, CM 6/3.
33 Sims (GCHQ) to Lovegrove (PSA), ‘Chum Hom Kok: Layout of Main Building’, F/0037/6002/4/20, 12.01.79, ibid.
34 Chiverton (GCHQ) to PSA, F/3299GA/6002/4/20, 24.09.81, CM 6/234.
35 Rodgers (Lockheed) to PSA, ‘Subsystem Design Review’, 23.10.81, ibid.
36 PSA Chum Hom Kok Site to Hopewell (Demos-4), 14.08.81, ibid.
37 Adye (GCHQ) to Robbins (Demos-4), F/0371FP/6002/4/20, 15.12.81, ibid. In 1981 John Adye was Head of F Division.
38 Urban, UK Eyes Alpha, p.297.
39 ‘Hong Kong’, Odom (NSA) daily log, 16.06.86, File 7, Box 25, Odom papers, LC.
40 Odom (NSA) daily log, 08.07.86, File 7, Box 25, Odom papers, LC.
41 Urban, UK Eyes Alpha, p.244.
42 Smith, Spying Game, pp.255–6.
43 Conversation with a commercial shipping entrepreneur in Shanghai in 1998.
44 Odom (NSA) daily log, 09.03.82, File 3, Box 20, Odom papers, LC
45 Urban, UK Eyes Alpha, p.263.
46 Tomlinson, The Big Breach, pp.115–17.
47 S. Boggan, ‘Bugging: Can You Hear Me Darling?’, Independent on Sunday, 17.01.93.
48 Butler (Cab Sec) to Whitmore (HO), ‘Review of Security Arrangements for Public Figures’, AO90/2395, 12.10.90, CM 44/34; Home Office, ‘Review of Security Arrangements for Public Figures’, section on ‘Technical Protection’, pp.30–41, 10.90, ibid.
49 R. Edwards, ‘Home Secretary “blocked Diana Squidgygate inquiry” ’, Telegraph, 12.02.08.
50 D. Goodin, ‘UK Spooks Deliberately Leaked “Squidgygate” Tapes’, The Register, 09.01.08.
51 AO93/192, Note for the Record, mtg between Butler (Cab Sec), Rimington (MI5), Adye (GCHQ) and an unnamed SIS officer, 23.01.93, Scott-Baker Inquiry, http://www.scottbakerinquesrs.gov.uk/evidence/docs.INQ0060696.pdf
52 Kevin Sullivan, ‘British Police Conclude Diana’s Death an Accident’, Washington Post, 15.12.06.
53 N. Allen and G. Rayner, ‘Diana’s Squidgygate Tapes “leaked by GCHQ”’, Telegraph, 10.01.08.
54 Robertson, ‘Recent Reform of Intelligence in the UK’, pp.144–58.
55 Ibid.
56 HL Deb 528, 1-12, 09.12.93, col.1039–40.
Chapter 24: The New Age of Ubiquitous Computing
1 Statement for the Record by Lieutenant General Michael V. Hayden, USAF Director, NSA Before the Joint Inquiry of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and The House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence 17.10.02, para.20.
2 P. Kaihla, ‘The Technology Secrets of Cocaine Inc.’, Business2.com, July 2002, http://www.business2.com/articles/mag/print/0,1643,41206,FF.html
3 Cobb, ‘Thinking About the Unthinkable’, pp.1–2
4 Insight Team, ‘Secret DTI Inquiry Into Cyber Terror’, Sunday Times, 09.06.96.
5 Robertson, ‘Recent Reform of Intelligence in the UK’, pp.148–9
6 John
son, American Cryptology, Vol.3, pp.233–4, 236.
7 ‘Quadripartite mtg London’, Odom (NSA) daily log, 06.06.85, File 5, Box 25, Odom papers, LC
8 Levy, Crypto, pp.26–8; Singh, The Code Book, pp.256–9.
9 House of Commons, Select Committee on Trade and Industry, Examination of Witnesses (Questions 72–82), Sir Brian Tovey, 10.11.98.
10 NPL Report CTU 1, Davies, Price and Parkin, ‘An Evaluation of Public Key Cryptosystems’, 03.79, DSIR32/295.
11 Singh, The Code Book, pp.286–9; D. Campbell, ‘Great Idea – Hide It’, Guardian, 06.05.99.
12 OH–375, Interview with Martin Hellman, 22.11.04, Charles Babbage Institute Center for the History of Information Technology, University of Minnesota, pp.52–3.
13 Urban, UK Eyes Alpha, pp.251–3.
14 Singh, The Code Book, pp.279–92.
15 Seymour M. Hersh, ‘The Intelligence Gap: How the Digital Age Left Our Spies out in the Cold’, New Yorker, 06.12.99, pp.58–76.
16 Lustgarten and Leigh, In From the Cold, pp.393–4.
17 Report by Sir Michael Quinlan, ‘Review of Intelligence Requirements and Resources, Part 1: Processes for Handling’, 23.11.93. Professor Peter Hennessy obtained this document under FOIA, and I am most indebted to him for sight of it.
18 GCSF Annual Report 2005, pp.24–5, GCHQ-UR, MSS.384/3/37, WMRC. See also Urban, UK Eyes Alpha, pp.258–9. Even the tame Government Communications Staff Federation was moved to remark that management had ‘completely fouled up’ the redundancy process.
19 In reality, taking into account hidden costs and additional areas such as Defence Intelligence Staff, the real spend was probably over £2 billion at this point.
20 Aitken, Pride and Perjury, pp.4–7
21 GCSF Annual Report 1995, pp.27–8, GCHQ-UR, MSS.384/3/37, WMRC.
22 Aitken, Pride and Perjury, pp.4–7.
23 GCSF Annual Report 1995, pp.27–8, GCHQ-UR, MSS.384/3/37, WMRC.
24 Aitken, Pride and Perjury, pp.4–7.
25 New divisions like Q, U and W began to sprout. GCSF Annual Report 1995, pp.27–8, GCHQ-UR, MSS.384/3/37, WMRC.
26 Ibid., pp.30–1.
27 Downing Street press release, ‘Appointment of Security and Intelligence Coordinator and Permanent Secretary, Cabinet Office’, 20.06.02, http:// www.number10.gov.uk/Page2583
28 GCHQ TU, Mins of Campaign Team, 20.03.95, GCHQ-UR, MSS.384/1/4/3, WMRC.
29 GCSF Annual Report 1995, p.32, GCHQ-UR, MSS.384/3/37, WMRC.
30 Clarke, ‘Effective Implementation’, p.46
31 In fact, towards the end of John Adye’s tenure, GCHQ had brought forward plans for a large new building called ‘O Block’ on the eastern side of the Oakley site, absorbing the helipad. This was to be a fairly large conventional modern office building of thirteen thousand square metres, three storeys high, with a curved roof and clad in white metal panels that improved its comsec performance. The project got as far as the planning stage, and received reluctant permission from the local council. However, the review halted it. Moreover, local planners did not like its semi-rural setting, and clearly preferred to see the redevelopment of the Benhall site. K. Richardson, ‘New GCHQ Building “a Carbuncle” ’, Gloucestershire Echo, 10.01.94.
32 This included the long-overdue provision of a flat for the GCHQ Director to stay in when in London. Details from Westminster Council planning request for new air-conditioning systems.
33 It was envisaged that by 2003 staff would number about 4,500.
34 R.D. Cole, ‘GCHQ: A Doughnut on the Landscape’, Eye Spy, 1 (2001): 91–2; R. Norton-Taylor, ‘GCHQ to Get New Headquarters for £800 m’, Guardian, 07.03.00; M. Evans, ‘Spies Pack Their Tea-Chests for £300m Move’, The Times, 07.03.00; M. Evans, ‘Spy HQ Bill Overshoots by £227m’, The Times, 26.11.99.
35 Lanning and Norton-Taylor, Conflict of Loyalties, p.204
36 Grindley (GCHQ TU) to Blair, 28.07.92, MSS.384/3/49, GCHQ-UR, WMRC; Blair to Grindley, 14.10.92, ibid.
37 Brown to Grindley (GCHQ TU), 18.06.92 and 19.08.92, MSS.384/3/49, GCHQ-UR, WMRC.
38 Jowell to Grindley (GCHQ TU), 17.06.92, MSS.384/3/49, GCHQ-UR, WMRC; Mandelson to Grindley, 04.06.92, ibid.
39 Appendix: Examples of Labour Party Leadership Pledges on GCHQ, Grindley (Chair GCHQ TUs) to Brett (IPMS), 02.04.96, MSS.384/3/20, GCHQ-UR, WMRC.
40 Grindley (GCHQ TU) to Cook (FCO), 22.04.97, MSS.384/3/55, GCHQ-UR, WMRC.
41 Although downsizing was over by the later 1990s, there remained significant issues to deal with. One of the first problems addressed by the restored unions was damage to the hearing of Radio Operators. Poor headphones combined with operators’ tendency to turn the volume up to catch crackly transmissions had left some of them with a form of progressive deafness termed ‘Noise Induced Hearing Loss’. About a hundred specialist staff received initial compensation payments totalling £500,000. J. Berry and C. Hastings, ‘GCHQ Eavesdroppers “Are Going Deaf” ’, Sunday Telegraph, 09.04.00.
42 P. Lashmar, ‘A Province that is Full of Spies and Their Gadgets’, Independent, 09.12.99; Wilkinson, Secrecy and the Media, p.366.
43 Ibid.
44 Entry for 31.03.99, Campbell, The Blair Years, p.375.
45 In 2003 Liam Clarke, a journalist on the Sunday Times, was arrested after he included transcripts from a bugging operation code-named ‘Narcoticl’ in a biography of Martin McGuinness. ‘Editor Arrested Over “Phone Tap”’, Sunday Times, 01.05.03.
46 ‘How Britain Eavesdropped on Dublin’, Independent, 16.07.99.
47 A. Palmer, ‘Omagh Bombing: Details from Phone Taps “Not Passed On”’, Telegraph, 14.09.08; Robert Booth,’ ‘“Bombers” Were Tracked Across Border by GCHQ on Their Way to Omagh’, Guardian, 15.09.08.
48 Sir Peter Gibson, Review of Intercepted Intelligence in Relation to the Omagh Bombing of 15 August 1998, 16.01.09, para 23 http://www.nio.gov.uk/review_of_intercepted_intelligence_in_relation_to_the_omagh_bombing_of_15_august_1998.pdf Gibson,
49 BBC Panorama response to the Review of intercepted intelligence in relation to the Omagh bombing by Sir Peter Gibson arising from transmission of Panorama: Omagh – What the Police were Never Told, p.20. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/12_02_09_panoramagibsonresponse.pdf
50 Gibson, para 4.30.
51 BBC Panorama response.
52 Machon, Spies, Lies and Whistleblowers, pp.299–301.
53 N.Rufford, ‘Blair’s Spy Summit on Red Mafia’, Sunday Times, 05.12.99.
54 Barnett, Britain Unwrapped, pp.366–7.
55 ISC Annual Report, 1999–2000, HMSO, 08.00, para 106.
56 K. Sengupta and P. Lashmar, ‘How Noye was Caught’, Independent, 14.04.00; K. Sengupta and P.Lashmar, ‘Noye’s Tangled Web of Corruption’, Independent, 14.04.00; R. Evans and D. Hencke, ‘Gag on Spies’ Role in Noye Case’, Guardian, 22.07.00.
57 D.Sapsted, ‘Witness at Noye Trial Shot Dead in his Car’, Telegraph, 19.06.01.
58 G. McLagan, ‘Journalists Caught on Tape in Police Bugging’, Guardian, 21.09.02; G. McLagan, ‘Fraudster Squad’, Guardian, 21.09.02.
59 J. Werran, ‘The Home Office’s Policy on E-security 1999 Part 1: From Escrow To Where?’, 13.12.99, http://www.thesourcepublishing.co.uk/indexf.html?00389
60 Charles Clarke, the new Home Secretary, insisted that the new Bill would not usher in ‘an Orwellian nightmare of unfettered mass surveillance’ that some had predicted. An Open Letter from Charles Clarke (13.03.00), The Source.
61 R. Reeves, ‘E-Squad Launched to Crack Criminal Codes on the Net’, Guardian, 05.09.99; Peter Soomer, ‘Protection or Persuasion?’, Guardian, 30.03.00.
62 Government had already addressed the hacking problem by creating the National Infrastructure Security Coordinating Centre (NISCC), an alliance of security departments working under Cabinet Office leadership to address anxieties about IT attacks.
63 Comments of Brian Paterson at Cityforum 2000, Conference Transcripts, ‘Strategies to Defeat Crime Cybercrime – Can Governments R
espond Adequately?’
64 GTAC was later called NTAC. Margaret Beckett, Ministerial Statement, 31.10.06, Hansard, Written Ministerial Statements, Column 11WS.
65 Statement for the Record by Lieutenant General Michael V. Hayden, USAF Director, NSA Before the Joint Inquiry of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence 17.10.02, para.20.
66 Hersh, ‘The Intelligence Gap: How the Digital Age Left Our Spies out in the Cold’, New Yorker, 06.12.99, pp.58-76.
67 Ibid.
Chapter 25: The 9/11 Attacks and the Iraq War
1 Aid, Secret Sentry, p.216.
2 Seldon, Blair Unbound, pp.2-13.
3 Paul Vallely, ‘Eliza Manningham-Buller: Spying Dame’, Independent, 11.11.06; ISC Annual Report 2000-1, Cm. 5542, HMSO, Aug 2002.
4 Blunkett, The Blunkett Tapes, p.301.
5 W. Pincus, ‘NSA Intercepted Warnings on Eve of Attacks’, Washington Post, 19.06.02.
6 Aid, Secret Sentry, p.205.
7 ISC Annual Report 2000-1, Cmnd.5542, HMSO, 08.02.
8 Bamford, The Shadow Factory, pp.56-7; Aid, Secret Sentry, pp.213-15.
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