Pacific Destiny and Bear Flag Rising
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Whatever the case for these accusations, Irving interviewed all the central characters and had access to Astor’s correspondence and papers as well as the great nabob himself, and his book is much more trustworthy than Bancroft would have us believe. It is ironic that Bancroft was so trenchantly critical of Irving and De Voto so persistently critical of Parkman, because the most eloquent of the old writers on the old Oregon Country are Washington Irving and Herbert Howe Bancroft, Francis Parkman’s is the best book on the Oregon Trail written by a contemporary, and De Voto’s work on the entire era remains indispensable.
Of modern writers of Oregon and the Oregon Trail, David Lavender has few, if any, peers; of modern publishers, the University of Nebraska Press (through its Bison Books reprints) has contributed more to the overland epic than any other, with the University of Oklahoma Press, the Arthur H. Clark Company, and Caxton Printers of Caldwell, Idaho, all having a significant share in the imposing literature of the era.
As always, the late Dan L. Thrapp’s masterly Encyclopedia of Frontier Biography has saved countless hours in the writing of this book. I recommend the University of Nebraska Press CD-ROM version (1995) for quick reference, and the hardbound or paperback versions for a leisurely reading and education.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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______. History of the Pacific States of North America: California. San Francisco: The History Company, 1886–1890; seven vols.
Batman, Richard. The Outer Coast. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1985.
Bergeron, Paul H. The Presidency of James K. Polk. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1987.
Bidwell, John. Echoes of the Past. New York: The Citadel Press, 1962; reprint ed.
Billington, Ray Allen. Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1967.
Blacker, Irwin R. Westering. Cleveland, Ohio: The World Publishing Co., 1958.
Blevins, Winfred. Give Your Heart to the Hawks. Plainview, New York: Nash Publishing Co., 1973.
Case, Robert O. The Empire Builders. Portland, Oregon: Binfords & Mort, 1949.
Clark, Keith, and Lowell Tiller. Terrible Trail: The Meek Cutoff, 1845. Bend, Oregon: Maverick Publications, 1993.
Delano, Alonzo. Life on the Plains and Among the Diggings. Auburn, New York: Miller, Orton & Mulligan, 1854.
Denton, V. L. The Far West Coast. Toronto: J. M. Dent & Sons, 1924.
De Voto, Bernard. Across the Wide Missouri. New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1947.
______. The Year of Decision: 1846. Boston: Little, Brown, 1943.
Dickens, Charles. American Notes. Introduction by Christopher Lasch. Greenwich, Connecticut: Fawcett Books, 1961.
Doughty, Howard. Francis Parkman. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1962.
Drury, Clifford Merrill. Marcus and Narcissa Whitman and the Opening of Old Oregon. Glendale, California: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1973; 2 vols.
Drury, Clifford Merrill, ed. On to Oregon: The Diaries of Mary Walker and Myra Eells. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998. Reprint ed.
______. The Mountains We Have Crossed: Diaries and Letters of the Oregon Mission, 1838. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999. Reprint ed.
Du Pratz, Antoine LePage. The History of Louisiana. London: T. Becket, 1774. (Reprinted in New Orleans by J. S. W. Harman-son, n.d.)
Egan, Ferol. Frémont: Explorer for a Restless Nation. New York: Doubleday, 1977.
Eggenhofer, Nick. Wagons, Mules and Men. New York: Hastings House, 1961.
Farragher, John Mack. Women and Men on the Overland Trail. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979.
Ferris, Robert G., ed. Soldier and Brave. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1971.
Franchère, Gabriel. A Voyage to the Northwest Coast of America. Chicago: R. R. Donnelley & Co., 1954. Reprint of 1854 edition.
Franzwa, Gregory M. The Oregon Trail Revisited. Tucson: Patrice Press, 1997.
Frémont, John C. Memoirs of My Life. New York: Belford, Clarke & Co., 1887; two volumes.
Gilbert, Bill. The Trailblazers. New York: Time-Life Books, 1973.
Gulick, Bill. Roadside History of Oregon. Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press, 1991.
Hafen, LeRoy R., ed. Fur Trappers and Traders of the Far Southwest. Logan: Utah State University Press, 1997. Reprint ed.
______. Mountain Men and Fur Traders of the Far West. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1982. Reprint ed.
______. Broken Hand: The Life of Thomas Fitzpatrick: Mountain Man, Guide and Indian Agent. Denver: Old West Publishing Co., 1973.
Hafen, LeRoy R., and Carl Coke Rister. Western America. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1950.
Hawgood, John A. America’s Western Frontiers: The Exploration and Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi West. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1967.
Hill, William E. The Oregon Trail, Yesterday and Today. Caldwell, Idaho: The Caxton Printers, 1987.
Holliday, J. S. The World Rushed In: The California Gold Rush Experience. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1981.
Holmes, Kenneth L., ed. Covered Wagon Women: Diaries & Letters from the Western Trails, 1853–1854. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998. Six volumes, reprint ed.
Horn, Huston. The Pioneers. New York: Time-Life Books, 1974.
Irving, Washington. Astoria. Portland, Oregon: Binfords & Mort Publishers, n.d. (Original edition, 1836).
Jackson, Donald, and Mary L. Spence, eds. The Expeditions of John Charles Frémont. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1970. Two volumes.
Jackson, John C. Children of the Fur Trade: Forgotten Metis of the Pacific Northwest. Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press, 1995.
Johansen, Dorothy O. Empire of the Columbia: A History of the Pacific Northwest. New York: Harper & Row, 1967.
Lavender, David. The Fist in the Wilderness. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1964.
______. Land of Giants: The Drive to the Pacific Northwest. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1979.
______. The Overland Migrations: Settlers to Oregon, California, and Utah. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, n.d.
______. The Way to the Western Sea: Lewis and Clark Across the Continent. New York: Harper & Row, 1988.
______. Westward Vision: The Oregon Trail. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963.
Lyman, Horace S. History of Oregon. New York: The North Pacific Publishing Co., 1903. Three volumes.
McDougall, Walter A. Let the Sea Make a Noise: A History of the North Pacific from Magellan to MacArthur. New York: Basic Books, 1993.
McGlashin, Charles F. History of the Donner Party. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms, Inc., 1966. (Original edition, 1879.)
Marks, Paula Mitchell. Precious Dust: The American Gold Rush Era, 1848–1900. New York: William Morrow, 1994.
Mattes, Merrill J. The Great Platte River Road. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1987. Reprint ed.
Morgan, Dale L. Jedediah Smith and the Opening of the West. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1964. Reprint ed.
Morris, Richard B. Encyclopedia of American History. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1961.
Morrison, Dorothy N. The Eagle & the Fort: The Story of John McLoughlin. New York: Atheneum, 1979.
Moulton, Candy. Roadside History of Nebraska. Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press, 1997.
Murphy, Virginia Reed. “Across the Plains to the Sierra Nevada with the Donner Party.” Century Magazine, July 1891.
Nevins, Allan. Frémont: Pathmarker of the West. New York: Longmans, Green, 1939.
Noy, Gary, ed. Distant Horizon: Documents from the Nineteenth Century American West. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999.
Parkman, Francis. The Oregon Trail, edited by E. N. Feltskog. Lincoln: University of Nebras
ka Press, 1994.
Paxon, Frederic Logan. The Last American Frontier. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1924.
Peavy, Linda, and Ursula Smith. Pioneer Women: The Lives of Women on the Frontier. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998.
Pelzer, Louis. The Cattlemen’s Frontier. Glendale, California: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1936.
Reinfeld, Fred. Trappers of the West. New York, Dell Books, 1964.
Robertson, R. G. Competitive Struggle: America’s Western Fur Trading Forts, 1764–1865. Boise, Idaho: Tamarack Books, 1999.
Ronda, James P. Astoria and Empire. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1990.
Rollins, Philip Ashton, ed. The Discovery of the Oregon Trail: Robert Stuart’s Narratives of His Overland Trip Eastward from Astoria in 1812–1813. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995. Reprint of 1935 ed.
Ross, Alexander. Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon. New York: The Citadel Press, 1969. Reprint of 1848 edition.
______. The Fur Hunters of the Far West. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1956.
Rumer, Thomas A. The Wagon Trains of ’44. Spokane, Washington: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1990.
Rumer, Thomas A., ed. The Emigrating Company: The 1844 Oregon Trail Journal of Jacob Hammer. Spokane, Washington: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1990.
Russell, Carl P. Traps & Tools of the Mountain Men. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1967.
Stegner, Wallace, et al. “The Oregon Trail,” in Trails West. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, 1979.
Stewart, George R. The California Trail. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1971. Reprint ed.
______. Ordeal by Hunger: The Story of the Donner Party. New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1936.
Stokesbury, James L. “Francis Parkman on the Oregon Trail,” American History Illustrated, December 1973.
Sullivan, Maurice S. Jedediah Smith: Trader and Trailbreaker. New York: Press of the Pioneers, 1936.
Thrapp, Dan L. Encyclopedia of Frontier Biography. Glendale, California: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1988. Three volumes. (CD-ROM version by University of Nebraska Press, 1995.)
______. Encyclopedia of Frontier Biography: Supplemental Volume. Spokane, Washington: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1994.
Unger, Irwin. These United States: The Questions of Our Past. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1989.
Unruh, John D., Jr. The Plains Across: The Overland Emigrants and the Trans-Mississippi West, 1840–60. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1979.
Van Orman, Richard A. The Explorers: Nineteenth Century Expeditions in Africa and the American West. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1984.
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INDEX
The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your e-book. Please use the search function on your e-reading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
Aberdeen, Lord
Aborigines Protection Society
Absaroka Indians. See Crow Indians
Adams, John Quincy
Adams-Onís Treaty (1819)
Admiralty Inlet
Africa, Ledyard in
Aiken (sailor)
Alaska
boundary of, Russian agreement
exploration and trade in
Alexander I (czar)
Alta California
capital of
cattle in
Frémont’s expedition in
America, H.M.S.
American Agriculturalist
American Board of Foreign Missions
American Falls (of the Snake)
American Fur Company
American Notes (Dickens)
American Philosophical Society
American Society for Encouraging the Settlement of Oregon Territory
Amity (New York)
Ancient Bluff Ruins (Oregon Trail)
Apache Indians
Applegate, Charles
Applegate, Jesse
Applegate, Lindsey
Arapaho Indians
argonauts
Arikara Indians
Ashley-Henry fight with
Arkansas River. See Bent’s Fort
Army. See United States Army
art, Western
Ash Hollow (Oregon Trail)
Ashley, William Henry
Assiniboine Indians
Astor, John Jacob
attempted reopening of Astoria by
death of
Great Lakes operations of
Hunt’s overland sending of dispatches to
Irving’s book subsidized by
overland expedition of. See Fort Astoria (Oregon)—overland expedition to
Stuart’s 1813 audience with
Thorn and
on Tonquin disaster
War of 1812 and
Astoria (Irving)
Astoria (Oregon). See Fort Astoria
Astrolabe (ship)
Bancroft, Hubert Howe
Banks, Sir Joseph
Bannock Indians
Baranov, Alexandr Andreevich
Barbary Wars
Barkley, Charles
Barlow, Samuel
Barnes, Jane
Baylies, Francis
Bear Flag Republic
Bear Lake
Bear River
Beaver, Herbert
Beaver (brigantine)
beaver (Castor canadensis)
Ashley-Henry expeditions to trap
description of
plan to trap to extinction in Oregon
Beaver (steamship)
Bellevue (Nebraska)
Benoit (mountain man)
Bent, William
Bent’s Fort (Arkansas River)
Benton, Jesse (brother of Thomas)
Benton, Thomas Hart
Bering, Vitus
Bidwell, John
Big Horn River
Bitterroot valley (Montana)
Black, Arthur
Blackfeet Indians
Colter’s escape from
Blackhawk War
Black Mountains
Blevins, Win
Bligh, William
Bloomer, Amelia
Blue Mountains
boats
of buffalo hides (bull boats)
of Great Plains Indians
of Hudson’s Bay Company
of Northwest Indians
of overland expedition
See also canoes
Bodega Bay (California)
Boisé River
Bonneville, Benjamin Louis Eulalie
Boone, Daniel
Boone, Nathan
Bordeaux, James
Boston (ship)
botanists on overland expedition
Botany Bay (Australia)
bourgeois (“bushway”)
Boussole (ship)
Bradbury, John
Bridger, James
Whitman operates on
Bridger, Mary Ann
bridges
Britain
early 19th-century tension between U.S. and
Nootka convention between Spain and
Oregon boundary settlement between U.S. and
Oregon claimed by
in War of 1812
British East India Company
Broken Hand. See Fitzpatrick, Thomas
Brownson, John
Brule (Nebraska)
Brulé Sioux Indians
Brummel, Beau
Bryant, Edwin
Bryant, William Cullen, “Thanatopsis”
Buchanan, James
buffalo
danger to wagon trains from
Parkman’s “hunt” for
unneeded slaughtering of
buffalo chips
Bull Bear, Chief
bullwhackers
Burnett, Peter Hardeman
Burton, Richard
Byron, Lord
Cabrillo, Juan Rodríguez
Cache Valley (Utah)
Cadboro (schooner)
Calapooya Indians
California
annexation of
as emigrant goal
Farnham in
Gold Rush to
Greeley’s trip to
Oregon Trail turnoff to
Panama shortcut to
Russia in
Smith’s expeditions to
Spanish in
Wilkes’ prediction on
See also Alta California
California (steamer)
California Hill (Oregon Trail)
California Trail
Canada, U.S. boundary with
Columbia River suggested
Tyler administration treaty
Canadians
in Oregon Country
See also French-Canadian trappers
Canfield, W. D.
cannibalism