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Diplomatic Revolution of 1748, 143
Douhet, Guilio (1869 – 1930): Italian military strategist; early advocate of military significance of air power, 325
Doyle, Michael, 178, 184, 202, 266, 839 – 40, 842 – 3, 875, 886, 891
Drucker, Peter 699, 707, 845, 883, 892
Dukakis, Michael, 10
Eagleburger, Lawrence Sidney: U.S. diplomat; deputy secretary of state (1989 – 1992); secretary of state (1992 – 1993), 428, 445 – 6, 451
economic sanctions, 265, 313, 318 – 20, 460, 462 – 3, 466, 656
Edict of Nantes (1598): recognized minority Protestant rights within Catholic France, 108, 125
Emmanuel II, Victor (1820 – 1878): king of Sardinia-Piedmont (1849 – 1861); king of Italy (1861 – 1878, first modern king of unified Italy), 183
England, 22, 25, 35, 78, 81, 83, 94, 96, 117 – 18, 122, 126, 128 – 31, 135, 149, 155, 159, 161, 201, 334 – 5, 368, 380, 382, 385, 390, 486, 487, 497, 511, 521, 546, 554, 902
entrepreneurial state: seeks leadership through the production and marketing of collective goods that the world's states want, 283 – 4, 286, 288 – 9, 292 – 3; 336 – 7
epochal war: a war that challenges and ultimately changes the basic constitutional structure of the State, by linking strategic to constitutional innovations, 8, 10, 22 – 3, 30, 64,67, 88, 109 – 11, 127, 146, 146, 151, 203, 333, 334 – 6, 342, 346, 383, 487, 504, 520 – 1, 539, 556, 571, 575, 638, 661, 720 – 1,778 – 9, 815, 820, 826, 830
ethnic cleansing: to expel ethnic groups from a State, through terror or extermination, 226, 276, 286, 289, 310, 316, 326, 338, 434, 437 – 44, 446 – 7, 450 – 1, 458 – 9, 466, 481, 726, 731, 861
euro: common currency proposed for E.U., 234, 312, 701, 703, 728, 742 – 3, 753
European Defense Community, 253, 746
European Union (E.U.), 9, 234, 256, 261, 268, 270, 282, 286 – 7, 290, 326, 421, 446, 449, 452, 455, 463, 468 – 9, 475, 633, 674, 676, 687, 702 – 3, 727, 743, 746 – 50, 755, 770, 776 – 7, 782, 815, 847 – 8, 851, 908
extended deterrence: the nuclear threat by which nonhomeland theatres and other interests are protected, 14, 328 – 9, 620 – 1, 634,689, 713,731,744
fascism, 24 – 6, 29, 31, 34, 36 – 9, 41, 43, 215, 332, 384, 571, 578, 603 – 5, 607 – 8, 610, 626, 673, 675, 677 – 8, 698, 781
Federalist Papers (1787 – 1788): series of newspaper articles, by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay; the most important document interpreting the U.S. Constitution on the basis of historical argument, 84, 177, 515, 536, 655, 661, 683
Fehrenbach, T. R., 300, 850, 892
Filmer, Sir Robert (d. 1653): English political philosopher associated with absolutism, 121
First Partition of Poland (1772), 138
Fischer, Fritz (1908 – 1999): demonstrated that the German Imperial Government had planned and deliberately started the First World War and had pursued expansionist aims scarcely differing from the policies of the Third Reich, 26, 35, 831 – 3, 892
Ford, Gerald, (1913- ): U.S. president (1974 – 1977), 10, 297, 322, 627
Fouquet, Nicolas (1615 – 1680): French financial administrator, 123
Fourteen Points: U.S. peace plan for World War I, 35, 281, 398, 399 – 404, 407 – 8
Francis I: French ruler (1515 – 1547), 103 – 5, 107, 150, 166, 487, 865, 869
Frederick I (1657 – 1713): king of Prussia (1701 – 1713), 135, 869
Frederick II (Frederick the Great) (1712 – 1786): king of Prussia 1740 – 1786; commanded Prussian forces in War of the Austrian Succession and Seven Years War, 839
Frederick William I(1688 – 1740): king of Prussia (1713 – 1740), 134, 529, 559
French Revolution (1789), 5, 24, 41, 120, 134, 146, 151, 168, 173, 175, 177, 201, 203, 346
Friedberg, Aaron, 336, 844, 846, 852
Fronde (1649 – 1652): series of rebellions against the French monarchy, 122, 334, 346
G-7/G-8: Group of Seven, expanded to eight, great powers organized to discuss economic policy in the late twentieth century, 256, 262, 267, 310, 337, 470, 629, 708, 724,730
GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) (1947): multilateral treaty regime designed to encourage free trade between member states (now 110), 247, 255 – 6
Gelb, Leslie H., 463, 861 – 2
Genovese, Catherine “Kitty,” 411 – 15, 427, 445, 451, 454 – 5, 466, 481, 858
Gentili, Alberico (1552 – 1608): Oxford professor of civil law; important early interpreter of international law, 496 – 500, 865, 893, 897
George, David Lloyd (1863 – 1945): minister (1916 – 1922), 26, 31, 400,402
Germany, 8 – 9, 15, 24 – 8, 31 – 7, 39, 41, 43 – 50, 53 – 5, 61, 77, 86, 105 – 6, 109 – 11, 113, 115 – 17, 119 – 20, 136, 146, 150, 153, 164, 178, 183 – 8, 190, 197 – 7, 250, 256, 260 – 1, 269, 271, 273, 280, 282, 287 – 8, 292, 294, 299, 306, 311, 319, 339, 357, 361, 380 – 91, 397 – 8, 400 – 4, 406 – 7, 409, 497, 504 – 5, 507, 521, 532, 546 – 7, 557, 563, 567 – 9, 571, 573 – 6, 577 – 84, 592, 594, 599, 602 – 4, 608 – 10, 612 – 13, 620, 623 – 4, 629 – 34, 636 – 7, 639 – 40, 653, 676 – 8, 682 – 3, 685 – 8, 692, 702, 704, 707, 730 – 1, 741, 745, 747 – 50, 752, 759, 760, 764, 766, 781, 783, 788 – 9, 830 – 1, 834, 839, 844 – 5, 850, 857, 866, 874, 876, 878, 886, 892 – 3, 897 – 8, 900
Giddens, Anthony, 336, 852, 893
globalization, 220, 224, 341, 469, 676, 695, 713, 720, 724, 727, 735, 740, 762, 772 – 3, 777, 782, 792
Gneisenau, August Wilhelm Anton, Graf Neithardt von (1760 – 1831): following Prussia's defeat by Napoleon in 1809, he and Scharnhorst reformed the Prussian army, 185, 869
Golubic, Stjepkp; Golubic, Thomas, 439
Gomulka, Wladyslaw (1905 – 1982): Polish Communist politician; first secretary of the Polish Communist Party (1956 – 1970), 53
Gorazde: Bosnian “safe area,” 424 – 6, 440, 859
Gow, James, 419, 447, 450, 858, 861, 863, 893
great powers, 7 – 9, 22, 25 – 6, 30 – 1, 35, 37, 42, 45, 57, 60 – 1, 72, 81, 136, 140 – 1, 145 – 6, 148, 159, 161, 163 – 4, 166, 168–70, 172, 176, 179, 182, 184, 191, 194, 200, 244, 252, 258, 264, 271, 274, 280, 284, 292, 307, 319, 338, 345, 361, 379, 381 – 3, 385, 405, 408, 410, 416, 425, 433, 437, 455, 466, 468, 471, 475, 476, 540, 551, 555, 565, 568, 569, 735, 748, 773, 827
green movements: political groups dedicated to protecting the environment, 470
Grey, Edward (Viscount Grey of Fallodon) (1862 – 1933): British diplomat; foreign secretary (1906 – 1916, negotiated Triple Entente (1907); led British entry into World War I, 380 – 6, 389, 391, 854, 855, 900
Gribeauval, Jean-Baptiste Vaquette de (1715 – 1789): French artillery strategist, 152
Grotius, Hugo (also Huig de Groot) (1583 – 1645): Dutch jurist and politician; influential figure in early modern international law; wrote On the Law of War and Peace; Swedish ambassador to France (1634 – 1645), 508 – 18, 528 – 31, 532 – 5, 537, 864 – 5, 867, 877, 890, 893, 895
Guangdong (also Kwantung): southernmost mainland province of China, 470, 727
Gulf War (1990 – 1991): international conflict triggered by Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, 8, 14, 16, 248 – 9, 255, 262, 271, 287, 294, 296 – 7, 299, 301 – 2, 305 – 7, 318 – 19, 324, 327, 329 – 30, 437, 459, 475, 477, 631, 688, 689, 693, 716, 723, 793, 805, 846
Gutman, Roy, 434
Haass, Richard, 275, 848, 850, 887, 893
Haig, Alexander, 249, 847
Hamilton, Alexander (1755 – 1804): first U.S. secretary of the treasury; establlished Bank of U.S.; co-wrote, with James Madison and John Jay, the Federalist Papers, 151, 229, 267, 847
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770 – 1831): German philosopher; wrote The Phenomenology of Spirit (1807), 6, 215, 279, 544, 829, 872, 894
Heijden, Kees van der, 314
Helsinki Accords of 1975: recognized Soviet sphere of influence extending toEastern Europe and the human rights of the signatories' citizens, 60, 164, 408
Hitler, Adolf (1889 – 1945): Nazi dictator; wrote Mein Kampf; German chancellor (1933 – 1945), 33 – 7, 39, 43, 217, 280, 334, 361, 397, 409, 443, 449, 471, 576, 582 – 4, 593, 608, 832 – 3, 836, 842, 852, 890, 893, 895
Hobbes, Thomas (1588 – 1679): English political philosopher; wrote Human Nature (1650) and Leviathan (1651), 103, 246, 259, 279, 518 – 9, 528 – 9, 534 565, 596, 598, 837
Hobsbawm, Eric, 835, 894
Hogg, James (1851 – 1906): progressive Texas governor (1891 – 1895), 369 – 70
Holbrooke, Richard, 326, 851
Holland, 25, 41, 107, 124, 126, 135, 142, 158 – 60, 497, 509 – 12, 556
Holy Alliance (1815): pact between Austria, Prussia, and Russia, which sought to organize the powers of Europe for intervention against internal revolution, 165 – 6, 169, 877
Holy Roman Empire: the collection of mainly German cities, principalities, and estates that was the remnant of the Roman Empire after Otto the Great combined the kingship of the Germans with the emperorship of Rome, 25, 95, 109, 111, 150, 484, 488, 557, 559
Hong Kong, 470, 672, 727, 760
House, Edward M. (Colonel House) (1858 – 1938): U.S. diplomat and politician; advisor to Woodrow Wilson, 314 – 15, 359 – 60, 367 – 75, 378 – 400, 403 – 4, 406 – 10, 475 – 7, 481, 573, 578, 628, 631, 659, 660 – 3, 782, 854 – 8, 871, 900
Houston, D. F., 371, 374
Howard, Michael, 14, 56, 85, 154, 235, 336, 354, 684, 830, 835 – 41, 843 – 7, 852 – 3, 855, 869, 891, 894, 901
Hughes, Charles Evans (1862 – 1948): U.S. jurist and politician; Republican presidential candidate (1916); secretary of state (1921 – 1925); Supreme Court chief justice (1930 – 1941), 392 – 3, 653, 880
Hume, David (1711 – 1776): Scottish philosopher; wrote A Treatise on Human Nature (1739), 142, 334, 641, 852, 894
Hundred Years' War (1336 – 1565): period of Anglo-French animosity punctuated by long periods with no actual fighting, 21, 486, 830, 831, 850, 864, 891
Huntington, Samuel P., 258, 290, 853, 879
Hurd, Douglas, 302, 445,461
Hussein, Saddam, 13, 218, 295, 356, 437, 689, 731
Iklé, Fred, 16, 302, 830
immigration, 248, 284 – 7, 290, 487, 595, 637, 670, 695 – 7, 713, 720, 723, 726 – 8, 736, 749, 794, 848
information revolution, 303, 305 – 7
information warfare: attempt to penetrate and degrade an adversary's electronic communications and to protect one's own communications from interference, 318, 327
Inquiry, The (1917 – 1919): secret project, originated by Colonel E. M. House, to formulate America's plans for the post-World War I world, 314, 398 – 9, 410, 662
International Court of Justice (ICJ): United Nation's principal judicial body, replaced the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ), 364, 475, 484 – 5, 492, 640, 645, 659, 716, 799 – 800
International Criminal Court (ICC): proposed by the Rome Statute for the International Criminal Court (1998) (must be ratified by 60 member nations), a permanent court for trying individuals accused of committing genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity, 341
international order, 132, 145, 303, 346, 360, 379, 384, 483, 485, 659, 676, 776, 803, 813, 821, 825 – 6, 838, 840, 894
International Monetary Fund (IMF): U.N. agency whose purpose is to secure international monetary cooperation, stabilize exchange rates, and expand international liquidity, 484, 883, 706, 728, 741, 753, 766, 800
Internet, 224, 227, 236, 287, 639, 737,751, 754, 760, 788 – 91, 794, 800, 812, 845
Iran-Contra Affair, 321, 324, 903, 905
Israel, 96, 218, 268, 278, 280, 319, 329, 475, 682 – 4, 686, 688 – 9, 693, 726, 729, 732, 745, 758 – 9, 763, 882
Japan, 5, 9, 14 – 15, 36, 40 – 3, 48, 50 – 1, 59, 205, 217 – 18, 220, 242, 247, 250, 252, 256, 258, 260 – 2, 269 – 70, 273, 284, 286, 290, 292, 299, 306, 309, 311, 319, 326, 535, 579, 653, 655, 672, 677 – 8, 680, 682 – 4, 686 – 9, 692, 698, 701 – 7, 724, 726 – 8, 730, 732 – 3, 736, 638, 741 – 3, 745, 747 – 9, 752, 759, 766, 768, 773, 789, 833, 844, 872, 875, 878, 883, 891 – 2, 898 – 9
Jennings, William Bryan (1860 – 1925): U.S. lawyer and politician; Democratic presidential candidate (1896, 1900, 1908); secretary of state (1913 – 1915), 370 – 4, 377, 388
Joffe, Joseph, 309, 851
Johnson, Lyndon Baines (1908 – 1973): U.S. president (1963 – 1969), 58, 229, 394, 631, 716, 784
Johnson, Ralph, 454, 862
jus gentium (in international law the “law of nations”): Roman law that applied to matters between themselves and foreign entities, 357
Katyn Forest: scene of 1940 Russian massacre of 4,000 Polish prisoners of war, 356
Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928): intended to “outlaw” war; signed by the principal European states, Japan, and the United States, 355
Kelsen, Hans (1881 – 1973): Austrian-born jurist, international law theorist, 362, 584, 587 – 93, 596, 598 – 601, 605 – 6, 829, 872 – 4, 895
Kennan, George, (1904 – ): U.S. diplomat, 266, 361 – 2, 653, 655, 847, 895, 897
Kennedy, Paul, 93, 251, 284, 836 – 8, 840, 842 – 3, 849, 857
Kerensky, Alexander Fyodorovich (1881 – 1970): Russian politician; last post-imperial Russian prime minister (1917); overthrown in Bolshevik Revolution, 28
Keynes, John Maynard (1883 – 1946): English economist; wrote General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1936), 404 – 6, 409, 576 – 7, 662, 845, 899
Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeyevich (1894 – 1971): Soviet Communist Party secretary-general (1953 – 1964); Soviet premier (1958 – 1964), 57, 834
Kim Il-sung (1912 – 1994): North Korean communist dictator, 51
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, 417
kingly state, 95 – 7, 101 – 3, 105 – 30, 133 – 4, 136, 139, 140, 143, 145, 207, 215, 278, 344, 346 – 7, 484, 494, 496, 499, 501 – 2, 505, 510 – 11, 516, 519 – 24, 527 – 9, 534 – 6
Kissinger, Henry (1923– ): U.S. national security advisor (1969 – 1973): secretary of state (1973 – 1977) 172, 184, 259, 362, 431 – 2, 545 – 6, 841 – 3, 857 – 9, 869, 895
Korea, 655, 672, 686, 687 – 90, 793, 698, 700,703, 723 – 5, 732 – 4, 736, 738, 745, 747, 759, 766, 773, 783, 882
Kosovo: formerly semi-autonomous province of Yugoslavia, 13, 31, 161, 226, 276, 294, 297 – 8, 302, 307, 326, 416, 418 – 19, 422, 432, 468, 471, 473 – 4, 638, 648, 734, 746, 776, 793, 804, 847, 851, 891, 901
Krauthammer, Charles, 270, 273 – 4, 336, 848
Kuwait, 13, 248, 262, 269, 271, 280, 288, 313, 356, 437, 467, 731, 758, 820
Lake, Anthony (1939– ): U.S. national security advisor (1993 – 1997), 298, 355, 457
Lane, Charles 453, 862
Latane, Bibb, 413 – 15, 427, 444, 452, 454 – 5, 458, 460, 466
Layne, Christopher, 250, 847
Le Tellier, Michel (1603 – 1685): French statesman; minister of state under Cardinal Mazarin; war minister (1643); chancellor at time of his death, 123
League of Augsburg (1686): formed to maintain the Westphalia agreements against French expansionism, 125, 520
League of Nations: international body formed by states after World War I to avert future wars, 31, 40, 264, 271, 319, 356, 359, 360 – 1, 381, 384, 389 – 90, 395, 397, 400 – 2, 404, 406 – 10, 471 – 2, 485, 530, 573, 575, 579, 640, 855, 858, 872, 877
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646 – 1716): German mathematician and philosopher, 519, 528 – 9,530 – 1, 533, 535, 537, 641, 867, 869
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich (1870 – 1924): Russian Communist politician and revolutionary; first Soviet premier (1917 – 1924), 28 – 9, 34, 280, 334, 397, 409, 605 – 7, 615, 830, 832, 852, 889, 896
levée en masse: program of French conscription, 5, 74, 151, 162, 175, 207, 538, 842
lift and strike, 457, 460
Lincoln, Abraham (1809 – 1865): U.S. president during American Civil War (1861 – 1865), 178, 180, 188, 225, 244, 280, 676, 843, 896
Lippmann, Walter (1889 – 1974): U.S. author and journalist, 251, 377, 378, 399, 404, 854, 857, 899