Here Is a Human Being

by Misha Angrist

  3. https://www.23andme.com/you/health/.

  4. http://www.techcrunch.com/2008/01/22/1000-free-23andme-kits-for-davos-attendees-plus-one-for-techcrunch-readers/.

  5. https://www.23andme.com/gen101/variation/buffett/.

  6. http://spittoon.23andme.com/2008/06/16/haplogroups-of-the-rich-and-famous/; http://www.flickr.com/photos/edyson/2228962004/

  7. https://www.23andme.com/pregnancy/.

  8. G. Y. Tanaka, Digital Deflation: The Productivity Revolution and How It Will Ignite the Economy (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004).

  9. R. Osborne, “Perlegen signs AstraZeneca, plus two deals with Pfizer,” Bio-World Today, January 12, 2004.

  10. B. M. Neale and S. Purcell, “The positives, protocols, and perils of genome-wide association,” American Journal of Medical Genetics: Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 2008, 147B(7): 1288–94.

  11. Interview with Linda Avey, December 5, 2007.

  12. Ibid.

  13. Ibid.

  14. Ibid.

  15. http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2009/03/science-as-seer/.

  16. Interview with Linda Avey, December 5, 2007.

  17. K. Pattison, “Spit party,” Fast Company, April 7, 2008.

  18. Interview with Dietrich Stephan, December 4, 2007.

  19. Ibid.

  20. Ibid.

  21. Ibid.

  22. https://www.navigenics.com/visitor/about_us/press/releases/company_launch_110607/.

  23. Interview with Dietrich Stephan, December 4, 2007.

  24. S. R. Browning, “Missing data imputation and haplotype phase inference for genome-wide association studies,” Human Genetics, 2008, 124(5): 439–50.

  25. Interview with Elissa Levin, December 4, 2007.

  26. http://www.decodeme.com/faq.

  27. https://www.23andme.com/you/faqwin/professionals/.

  28. http://www.dnadirect.com/web/labs/genetic-counseling-services.

  29. K. Davies, “Pathway Genomics joins the direct-to-consumer genomics parade,” Bio-IT World, July 15, 2009.

  30. K. Davies, “Al Gore helps Navigenics launch personal genomics service,” Bio-IT World, April 9, 2008.

  31. P. McGeehan, “On the retail frontier, another shop in SoHo for the person who has everything,” New York Times, April 13, 2008.

  32. Interview with Tara Matise, April 15, 2008.

  33. National Society of Genetic Counselors Professional Status Survey, 2008, http://www.nsgc.org/career/pss_index.cfm.

  34. Interview with Deb McDermott, April 15, 2008.

  35. Interview with Dietrich Stephan, April 16, 2008.

  36. "Ready or not,” Nature, 2008, 452: 666.

  37. Interview with Dietrich Stephan, April 16, 2008.

  38. R. Langreth and M. Herper, “States crack down on online gene tests,” Forbes, April 18, 2008.

  39. Interview with Dietrich Stephan, April 16, 2008.

  40. T. Ray, “Will other states follow NY, Calif., in taking on DTC genetic-testing firms?” Pharmacogenomics Reporter, June 25, 2008.

  41. R. Langreth, “California orders stop to gene testing,” Forbes, June 14, 2008.

  42. http://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2002pres/20021223a.html.

  43. http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/GENEALOGY-DNA/2008-02/1203878218.

  44. http://www.scheidecker.net/personal-genome-explorer/.

  45. K. Offit, “Genomic profiles for disease risk: Predictive or premature?” Journal of the American Medical Association, 2008, 299(11): 1353–55; “Direct-to-consumer genetic tests: Flawed and unethical,” Lancet Oncology, 2008, 9(12): 1113; H. J. Bandelt, Y. G. Yao, M. B. Richards, and A. Salas, “The brave new era of human genetic testing,” Bioessays, 2008, 30(11–12): 1246–51; W. G. Feero, A. E. Guttmacher, and F. S. Collins, “The genome gets personal—almost,” Journal of the American Medical Association, 2008, 299(11): 1351–52.

  46. G. B. van Ommen and M. C. Cornel, “Recreational genomics? Dreams and fears on genetic susceptibility screening,” European Journal of Human Genetics, 2008, 16(4): 403–4.

  47. Email from Linda Avey, March 16, 2009.

  48. D. J. Hunter, M. J. Khoury, and J. M. Drazen, “Letting the genome out of the bottle—will we get our wish?” New England Journal of Medicine, 2008, 358(2): 105–7.

  49. http://oba.od.nih.gov/oba/SACGHS/meetings/july2008/transcripts/08JULfullday.pdf.

  50. http://meetings.cshl.edu/meetings/pastprograms/2008%20Past%20Pro grams/Genome%20Program.pdf.

  51. http://oba.od.nih.gov/SACGHS/sacghs_past_meeting_2008_jul_08.html.

  52. K. Seligman, “The social entrepreneur,” San Francisco Chronicle, January 8, 2006.

  53. Interview with Ryan Phelan, December 5, 2007.

  54. Ibid.

  55. http://talk.dnadirect.com/2008/06/14/dna-direct-in-full-compliance-with-state-and-national-regulations/.

  56. http://oba.od.nih.gov/oba/SACGHS/meetings/july2008/transcripts/08JUL fullday.pdf.

  57. Ibid.

  58. Jim Evans at SACGHS meeting, July 8, 2008.

  59. http://oba.od.nih.gov/oba/SACGHS/meetings/july2008/transcripts/08JUL fullday.pdf.

  60. http://genomecommons.org/background/.

  61. S. Levy, G. Sutton, P. C. Ng, et al., “The diploid genome sequence of an individual human,” PLoS Biology, 2007, 5(10): e254.

  62. Conversation with Steve Brenner, June 10, 2008.

  63. Conversation with Hugh Rienhoff and Linda Avey, June 10, 2008.

  64. G. Naik and A. Regalado, “A fitness mogul, stricken by illness, hunts for genes,” Wall Street Journal, November 30, 2006.

  65. http://www.alsforums.com/facts.php.

  66. Naik and Regalado, “A fitness mogul.”

  67. Email from Dietrich Stephan, February 19, 2008.

  68. Interview with Linda Avey, December 5, 2007.

  69. Email from Dietrich Stephan, February 19, 2008.

  70. Interview with George Church, December 6, 2007.

  71. http://www.knome.com/about/news/20071127.html.

  72. Interview with Stacey Gabriel, February 7, 2008.

  73. Interview with Pardis Sabeti, April 15, 2008.

  74. Interview with Tara Matise, April 15, 2008.

  75. Email from Jason Bobe, March 1, 2008.

  CHAPTER 5: BETTER LIVING THROUGH CHEMISTRY

  1. C. A. Hutchison, “DNA sequencing: Bench to bedside and beyond,” Nucleic Acids Research, 2007, 35(18): 6227–37.

  2. Interview with Walter Gilbert, January 16, 2007.

  3. G. L. Trainor, “DNA sequencing, automation, and the human genome,” Analytical Chemistry, 1990, 62(5): 418–26.

  4. B. L. Karger and A. Guttman, “DNA sequencing by CE,” Electrophoresis, 2009, 30 Suppl 1: S196–202.

  5. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb6656/is_21_8/ai_n28763368/.

  6. J. Shreeve, The Genome War: How Craig Venter Tried to Capture the Code of Life and Save the World (New York: Knopf, 2004).

  7. Interview with Steve Lombardi, March 11, 2008.

  8. Ibid.

  9. Interview with Andy Watson, September 16, 2009.

  10. http://hum-molgen.org/NewsGen/09-2003/000037.html.

  11. http://www.genome.gov/12513210.

  12. http://genomics.xprize.org/press-release/x-prize-foundation-announces-largest-medical-prize-in-history.

  13. Interview with George Church, December 6, 2007.

  14. Ibid.

  15. Interview with Ian Goodhead, February 8, 2007.

  16. K. Davies, “454's Rothberg speaks about ‘sequencing by synthesis,’ “ Bio-IT World, August 18, 2005.

  17. J. M. Rothberg and J. H. Leamon, “The development and impact of 454 sequencing,” Nature Biotechnology, 2008, 26(10): 1117–24.

  18. M. Margulies, M. Egholm, W. E. Altman, et al., “Genome sequencing in microfabricated high-density picolitre reactors,” Nature, 2005, 437(7057): 376–80.

  19. M. L. Metzker, “Sequencing technologies—the next generation,” Nature Reviews Genetics, 2010, 11(1): 31–46.

 
20. Margulies, Egholm, Altman, et al., “Genome sequencing in microfabricated high-density picolitre reactors.”

  21. http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chitem.aspx?aid=658&chid=2.

  22. K. Davies, “454's Rothberg speaks about ‘sequencing by synthesis.'”

  23. http://www.454.com/about-454/news/index.asp?display=detail&id=66.

  24. Interview with Chad Nusbaum, October 21, 2008.

  25. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genome/deco_lander.html.

  26. E. Pennisi, “Genomics: Semiconductors inspire new sequencing technologies.” Science, 2010, 327(5970): 1190.

  27. Interview with Stan Lapidus, March 11, 2008.

  28. L. Braslavsky, B. Hebert, E. Kartalov, and S. R. Quake, “Sequence information can be obtained from single DNA molecules,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2003, 100(7): 3960–64.

  29. Interview with Stan Lapidus, March 11, 2008.

  30. K. B. Mullis, “The unusual origin of the polymerase chain reaction,” Scientific American, 1990, 262(4): 56–61, 64–65.

  31. Y. M. Lo and K. C. Chan, “Introduction to the polymerase chain reaction,” Methods in Molecular Biology, 2006, 336: 1–10.

  32. K. B. Mullis, Dancing Naked in the Mind Field, 1st ed. (New York: Pantheon, 1998).

  33. Interview with Jay Shendure, October 28, 2006.

  34. Interview with Stan Lapidus, March 11, 2008.

  35. Ibid.

  36. Ibid.

  37. http://ir.helicosbio.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=236436.

  38. Interview with Tim Harris, October 22, 2009.

  39. http://ir.helicosbio.com/scientific_advisory.cfm.

  40. http://ir.helicosbio.com/committees.cfm?bio=15416.

  41. Interview with Stan Lapidus, March 11, 2008.

  42. Interview with Steve Lombardi, October 26, 2006.

  43. H. Auer, D. L. Newsom, and K. Kornacker, “Expression profiling using Affymetrix genechip microarrays,” Methods in Molecular Biology, 2009, 509: 35–46.

  44. G. G. Marcial, “Fast growth at Illumina is in the genes,” BusinessWeek, February 20, 2006.

  45. "New chips on the block; case history,” Economist, December 2, 2006.

  46. Interview with Steve Lombardi, October 26, 2006.

  47. Ibid.

  48. Ibid.

  49. http://www.genengnews.com/news/bnitem.aspx?name=14953823.

  50. C. Shaffer, “Next-generation sequencing outpaces expectations,” Nature Biotechnology, 2007, 25(2): 149.

  51. http://google.brand.edgar-online.com/EFX_dll/EDGARpro.dll?FetchFiling HTML1?SessionID=QthBWO6BpJMDMKO&ID=5353168-44499-73147.

  52. Interview with Stan Lapidus, March 11, 2008.

  53. Ibid.

  54. Interview with John Sullivan, March 10, 2008.

  55. Interview with Un Kwon-Casado, December 6, 2007.

  56. Interview with Steve Lombardi, February 8, 2007.

  57. Interview with Tim Harris, October 22, 2009.

  58. Interview with Kevin Shianna, February 9, 2007.

  59. Interview with Un Kwon-Casado, December 6, 2007.

  60. Ibid.

  61. Interview with Chad Nusbaum, February 8, 2008.

  62. Interview with Un Kwon-Casado, December 6, 2007.

  63. Interview with Aravinda Chakravarti, February 7, 2007.

  CHAPTER 6: AND THEN THERE WERE TEN

  1. http://www.edventure.com.

  2. http://www.ned.org/about/about.html.

  3. Interview with Esther Dyson, September 7, 2007.

  4. http://www.edge.org/documents/digerati/Dyson.html.

  5. http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/8640.

  6. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/esther-dyson/release-09-knowledge-forc_b_61594.html.

  7. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB118532736853177075.html.

  8. Interview with Esther Dyson, September 7, 2007.

  9. Ibid.

  10. Interview with Esther Dyson, October 20, 2008.

  11. Interview with Ting Wu, July 17, 2007.

  12. Interview with Marie Wu, July 17, 2007.

  13. http://www.personalgenomes.org/public/5.html.

  14. http://www.cabrimed.org/book.jsp.

  15. Interview with Kirk Maxey, July 18, 2007.

  16. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/week952/feature.html.

  17. Interview with Kirk Maxey, July 18, 2007.

  18. Ibid.

  19. Ibid.

  20. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/25/newsid_249000/2499411.stm.

  21. J. Cohen, A. Trounson, K. Dawson, et al., “The early days of IVF outside the UK,” Human Reproduction Update, 2005, 11(5): 439–59.

  22. Interview with Kirk Maxey, July 18, 2007.

  23. J. V. Linden and G. Centola, “New American Association of Tissue Banks standards for semen banking,” Fertility & Sterility, 1997, 68(4): 597–600.

  24. D. E. Pegg, “The history and principles of cryopreservation,” Seminars in Reproductive Medicine, 2002, 20(1): 5–13.

  25. Interview with Kirk Maxey, July 18, 2007.

  26. Ibid.

  27. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0511/27/sm.02.html.

  28. M. Booth, “Boy wonder,” Denver Post, November 28, 2004.

  29. http://www.donorsiblingregistry.com/about.php.

  30. A. Motluk, “Anonymous sperm donor traced on Internet,” New Scientist, November 3, 2005; S. Kotler, “The god of sperm,” LA Weekly, September 27, 2007.

  31. Interview with Kirk Maxey, July 18, 2007.

  32. Email from Kirk Maxey, December 2, 2008.

  33. Interview with Kirk Maxey, July 17, 2007.

  34. Ibid.

  35. http://www.cabrimed.org/donorconceivedservices.jsp.

  36. Interview with Kirk Maxey, July 17, 2007.

  37. http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/GuidanceComplianceRegulatory Information/Guidances/Tissue/ucm073964.htm.

  38. http://www.aatb.org/AF_accreditedBank.asp.

  39. S. Kotler, “The god of sperm.”

  40. A. Motluk, “Who’s the daddy? US sperm banks must be better regulated,” New Scientist, August 9, 2007.

  41. C. Dyer, “Experts suggest ways to tackle shortage of sperm donors,” BMJ, 2009, 338: b2620.

  42. E. Ekerhovd, A. Faurskov, and C. Werner, “Swedish sperm donors are driven by altruism, but shortage of sperm donors leads to reproductive travelling,” Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences, 2008, 113(3): 305–13.

  43. Email from Kirk Maxey, December 2, 2008.

  44. S. Kotler, “The god of sperm"; J. Wolff, “The truth about donor 1084,” SELF, October 2006.

  45. http://www.spermbankinformation.com/2008/07/27/national-sperm-donor-registry/.

  46. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/week952/feature.html.

  47. K. Maxey, Pig Blood (Ann Arbor, Mich.: Cayman Biomedical Research Institute, 2006).

  48. R. Lehmann-Haupt, “Mapping the god of sperm,” Newsweek, December 16, 2009.

  49. Email from Kirk Maxey, December 1, 2008.

  50. Email from Kirk Maxey, December 2, 2008.

  51. Ibid.

  52. Ibid.

  53. Interview with George Church, June 6, 2007.

  54. Email from George Church to the PGP-10, May 14, 2007.

  55. Interview with George Church, June 6, 2007.

  56. Ibid.

  57. Ibid.

  58. Ibid.

  59. Email from George Church to the PGP-10, May 14, 2007.

  60. Interview with George Church, March 10, 2008.

  61. http://www.improb.com/projects/hair/hair-club-top.html.

  62. pinker.wjh.harvard.edu/articles/media/2004_08_salon.pdf.

  63. J. Crace, “Steven Pinker: The evolutionary man,” guardian.co.uk, June 17, 2008.

  64. pinker.wjh.harvard.edu/ … /dialogue%20Pinker%20and%20McEwan.pdf.

  65. S. Paulson, “Proud atheists,” Salon.com, October 15, 2007.

  66. Interview with Steve Pinker, October 20, 2008.

  67. S. Pink
er, “My genome, my self,” New York Times Magazine, January 7, 2009.

  68. Interview with Steve Pinker, October 20, 2008.

  69. Interview with Keith Batchelder, July 17, 2007.

  70. http://www.personalgenomes.org/public/7.html.

  71. Interview with Keith Batchelder, July 17, 2007.

  72. Ibid.

  73. Ibid.

  74. First annual meeting of Personal Genome Project participants, July 17, 2007.

  75. Interview with Keith Batchelder, July 17, 2007.

  76. L. M. Hynicka, W. D. Cahoon, Jr., and B. L. Bukaveckas, “Genetic testing for warfarin therapy initiation,” Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 2008, 42(9): 1298–303.

  77. Interview with Keith Batchelder, July 17, 2007.

  78. L. J. Lesko, “The critical path of warfarin dosing: Finding an optimal dosing strategy using pharmacogenetics,” Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 2008, 84(3): 301–3.

  79. Ibid.

  80. Interview with Keith Batchelder, July 17, 2007.

  81. Interview with Stan Lapidus, March 11, 2008.

  82. Ibid.

  83. Ibid.

  84. Interview with Jorge Conde, October 20, 2008.

  85. Interview with Stan Lapidus, March 11, 2008.

  86. Ibid.

  87. counsyl.com.

  88. Interview with Stan Lapidus, March 11, 2008.

  89. V. Nossov, M. Amneus, F. Su, et al., “The early detection of ovarian cancer: From traditional methods to proteomics. Can we really do better than serum ca-125?” American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2008, 199(3): 215–23; M. Argento, P. Hoffman, and A. S. Gauchez, “Ovarian cancer detection and treatment: Current situation and future prospects,” Anticancer Research, 2008, 28(5B): 3135–38.

  90. A. Pollack, “Cancer test for women raises hope, and concern,” New York Times, August 26, 2008; I. Visintin, Z. Feng, G. Longton, et al., “Diagnostic markers for early detection of ovarian cancer,” Clinical Cancer Research, 2008, 14(4): 1065–72.

  91. D. Levenson, “The trouble with OvaSure,” American Journal of Medical Genetics: Part A, 2009, 149A(3): viii–ix.

  92. http://therumpus.net/2009/01/what-happened-to-sheila/.

  93. Interview with Rosalynn Gill-Garrison, 20 October 2008.

  94. www.casewatch.org/hearings/dna.pdf.

  95. Interview with Rosalynn Gill-Garrison, October 20, 2008.

  96. http://gao.gov/products/GAO-06-977T.

  97. Interview with Rosalynn Gill-Garrison, October 20, 2008.

  98. M. Ritter, “Looking for a healthier diet? Testing your DNA may help,” Associated Press, October 14, 2005.