The Holocaust
Page 101
66 Ainsztein, op. cit., page 598.
67 Lubetkin, In the Days of Destruction and Revolt, op. cit., pages 132–3.
68 Bronia Klibanski, ‘The Underground Archives of the Bialystok Ghetto’, Yad Vashem Studies, II, Jerusalem 1958, pages 310–11.
69 Ainsztein, op. cit., pages 898–9.
70 Krakowski, The War of the Doomed, op. cit., page 224.
71 Ibid., page 225.
72 Yugoslavia, Memorial Book, Belgrade 1959.
73 Isaac Kowalski (editor), Anthology on Jewish Armed Resistance 1939–1945, volume 1, New York 1984, pages 89–90, 473–4 and 478–88.
74 Kulka, ‘Jewish Revolt in Auschwitz’, op. cit.
75 Speech of 11 October 1942: Trunk, op. cit., page 402.
76 Recollection of Helen Shabbes (Helen Bronsztejn), in conversation with the author, Allentown, Pennsylvania.
77 Trunk, op. cit., page 445.
78 Ibid., page 473–4; see also Levin, ‘The Small Communities’, op. cit., page 138.
79 Ainsztein, op. cit., page 264.
80 Bartoszewski and Lewin, Righteous among Nations, op. cit., page 600.
81 Siemiatycze memorial book, op. cit.
82 Testimony of Samuel Rajzman, ‘Punishment of War Criminals’, op. cit., pages 121–2.
83 Meir Peker, ‘In the Bielsk Ghetto and the Camps’: Haim Rabin (editor), Bielsk Poldliask, Tel Aviv, 1975, pages 35–6.
84 Trunk, op. cit., page 441.
85 Friedman, Roads to Extinction, op. cit., page 291.
86 Recollections of Dana Schwartz (Dana Szapira) in conversation with the author, Los Angeles.
87 Joseph Kermish and Shmuel Krakowski (editors), Emanuel Ringelblum: Polish-Jewish Relations during the Second World War, Jerusalem 1974, page 138.
88 S. Zeminski, diary entry for 8 November 1942: Biuletyn, Warsaw, op. cit., number 27, 1958, pages 105–12, quoted in Kermish and Krakowski, op. cit., page 138, note 25.
26. ‘TO SAVE AT LEAST SOMEONE’
1 Testimony of Noah Zabludowicz: Eichmann Trial, 1 May 1961, session 21.
2 The Police Instruction was dated 25 September 1942. The deportations from Swiss soil back to France had begun on 13 August 1942.
3 Leo Bretholz, ‘The Death Train Escape’, Evening Sun, Baltimore, 5 November 1982; Leo Bretholz, in conversation with the author, Baltimore, 9 December 1984.
4 ‘Convoy 44, November 9, 1942’: Klarsfeld, op. cit., pages 344–53.
5 ‘Convoy 45, November 11, 1942’: ibid., pages 354–9.
6 Rudolf Vrba and Alan Bestic, I Cannot Forgive, London 1963, page 150.
7 Tatiana Berenstein, ‘Martyrologia, opor i zaglada ludnosci zydowskiej’, Biuletyn, Warsaw, op. cit., number 21, 1967, page 56.
8 Testimony of Janina Latowicz, Dusseldorf, 28 February 1978: Patricia Clough, ‘Recalling the Horrors of Majdanek’, The Times, 1 March 1978 (report on the Dusseldorf trial of nine men and five women accused of murder at Majdanek).
9 Tuvia Friedman, Dokumentensammlung, op. cit.; Report of 19 April 1943, International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NO-5193, published in full in Leon Poliakov, Harvest of Hate, The Nazi Programme for the Destruction of the Jews of Europe, New York 1979, appendix, pages 337–44.
10 Bauminger, Roll of Honour, op. cit., page 64.
11 Hugo Valentin, ‘Rescue and Relief Activities on Behalf of Jewish Victims of Nazism in Scandinavia’, YIVO Annual of Jewish Social Science, volume 3, New York 1953, Page 232.
12 Siemiatycze memorial book, op. cit.
13 Bohdanowicz recollections: Tregenza Collection.
14 Rudolf Reder, recollections published in Cracow in 1946: Tregenza Collection, op. cit.
15 Idem.
16 Testimonies of Shachne Hiller (Stanley Berger) and Anne Wolozin, September 1977—October 1981: Yaffa Eliach, Hasidic Tales of the Holocaust, New York 1982, pages 142–7. Published as a news item, ‘Pope and Jewish child’ by Joseph Finkelstone, Jewish Chronicle, 28 May 1982.
17 Zygmunt Klukowski, Dziennik z lat okupacji Zamojszczyzny, Lublin 1959, page 299, quoted in Kermish and Krakowski, Emanuel Ringelblum, op. cit., page 220, note 37.
18 Yad Vashem archive.
19 Grossman, With a Camera in the Ghetto, op. cit., diary entry for 3 December 1942.
20 Ringelblum notes, 5 December 1942: Sloan, op. cit., page 326.
21 Krakowski, The War of the Doomed, op. cit., page 258.
22 Ibid., pages 255–6.
23 Announcement of 19 November 1942, to come into effect on 1 December 1942: Bartoszewski and Lewin, Righteous among Nations, op. cit., page 643.
24 Ibid., page 607.
25 Arieh Koren, recollections: Krakowski, The War of the Doomed, op. cit., page 31.
26 ‘Parczew District, Bialka’: Scenes of Fighting and Martyrdom Guide, op. cit., page 244.
27 Arieh Koren, recollections: Krakowski, op. cit., page 31.
28 Idem.
29 The ambush took place on 29 December 1942, testimony of Chaim Joffe, born in Nowogrodek on 22 November 1922: Yad Vashem archive, M-1/E, 950/794.
30 Bartoszewski and Lewin, op. cit., page 362. Bartoszewski was a member of the Council.
31 Ibid., page LXXXI.
32 Goebbels diary, 13 December 1942: Michaelis, Mussolini and the Jews, op. cit., page 335.
33 Testimony of Yitzhak Zuckerman: Eichmann Trial, 3 May 1961, session 25.
34 Ainsztein, Jewish Resistance in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe, op. cit., page 843.
35 Diary of Gusta Draenger: Zeev Ben-Shlomo and David Sonin, ‘The Unknown Jewish Freedom Fighters’, Jewish Chronicle, Colour Supplement, 28 November 1980, page 27.
36 Testimony of Rivka Cooper (Liebeskind): Eichmann Trial, 3 May 1961, session 26.
37 Spector, ‘The Jews of Volhynia…’, op. cit., pages 172–3.
38 Presser, The Destruction of the Dutch Jews, op. cit., pages 176–7.
39 Postcard dated 16 December 1942: Sakowska, Archiwum Ringelbluma, op. cit., page 197, document 148.
40 Postcard dated 17 December 1942: ibid., page 198, document 149.
41 Czech, ‘Kalendarium’, op. cit., entry for 17 December 1942.
42 Dr Norris N. Wallach, letter to the author, 29 May 1983 and 17 September 1984.
43 Kermish, The Destruction of the Jewish Community of Piotrkow, op. cit., columns 39–42.
44 Information from Ben Helfgott, in conversation with the author, London.
45 Postcard dated 21 December 1942: Sakowska, op. cit., page 200, document 152.
46 Prayer, December 1942: ibid., pages 332–3, document 227.
47 Samuel Rajzman (cross-examined by Counsellor Smirnov): International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg.
48 Samuel Rajzman, affidavit: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg.
49 Poland: The Communities of Lodz and its Region, op. cit., entry for Opoczno.
50 ‘The Journey to Eretz Yisrael’: Eisenberg, Witness to the Holocaust, op. cit., pages 206–13.
51 Trunk, Judenrat, op. cit., page 464.
52 Krakowski, War of the Doomed, op. cit., pages 220–1.
53 Letter of 9 January 1943: Walter Bednarz, The Extermination Camp at Chelmno (Kulmhof), Warsaw 1946, page 213.
54 Spector, ‘The Jews of Volhynia…’, op. cit., pages 182–6.
55 Smoliar, Resistance in Minsk, op. cit., 1966.
56 Letter dated 2 November 1942: Eichmann Trial, 9 June 1961, session 72, document T. 1364.
57 Letter submitted to the Eichmann Trial, 9 June 1961, session 72, document T. 1363.
58 Letter dated 21 June 1943: Eichmann Trial, 9 June 1961, session 72, document T.37 (95).
59 Manuscript of Salmen Lewental: Jadwige Bezwinska and Danuta Czech (editors), Amidst a Nightmare of Crime: Manuscripts of Members of Sonderkommando, Auschwitz-Oswiecim 1973, pages 135–6.
60 Vrba and Bestic, I Cannot Forgive, op. cit., pages 127–8.
61 Letter of 4 January 1943: Auschwitz Museum archive.
62 Czech, ‘Kalendari
um’, op. cit., entries between 7 January 1943 and 23 January 1943.
63 ‘Transport Cz’, 20 January 1943: Lederer, Ghetto Theresienstadt, op. cit., pages 223–4.
64 Notebook of an unknown author: Bezwinska and Czech, op. cit., pages 119–21.
65 Testimony of Dr Aharon Peretz: Eichmann Trial, 4 May 1961, session 28.
66 Bartoszewski and Lewin, op. cit., page 608.
67 Trunk, op. cit., page 440.
68 Arieh-Leib Kalish, ‘Zemba, Menachem (1883–1943)’: Encyclopaedia Judaica, Jerusalem 1972, volume 16, columns 986–7.
69 Serge Klarsfeld and Maxime Steinberg, Memorial de la Deportation des Juifs de Belgique, New York and Brussels, 1982.
70 Testimony of Yaacov Gurfein: Eichmann Trial, 1 May 1961, session 21.
71 Norris N. Wallach, letters to the author, 29 May 1983 and 17 September 1984.
72 Testimony of Rivka Cooper (Liebeskind): Eichmann Trial, 3 May 1961, session 26.
73 Testimony of Bluma Shadur: Yigal Lossin, Pillars of Fire: the Rebirth of Israel, a Visual History, Jerusalem 1983, page 359.
74 Adler, In the Warsaw Ghetto, op. cit., page 325.
75 Yisrael Gutman, The Jews of Warsaw, op. cit., page 309. The figure of 1,171 Jews ‘summarily shot’ in the streets of the ghetto between 18 and 21 January 1944 is given in Bartoszewski, Warsaw Death Ring, op. cit., page 165.
76 Tuvia Borzykowski, Between Tumbling Walls, Tel Aviv 1972 (reprinted 1976), pages 22–3.
77 Wdowinski, And We Are Not Saved, op. cit., page 87.
78 Falstein, The Martyrdom of Jewish Physicians, op. cit., page 317.
79 Borszykowski, op. cit., page 23.
80 Lubetkin, In the Days of Destruction and Revolt, op. cit., page 316.
81 Borszykowski, op. cit., page 24.
82 Wdowinski, op. cit., page 87.
83 Borszykowski, op. cit., page 29.
84 Testimony of Yitzhak Zuckerman: Eichmann Trial, 3 May 1961, session 25.
85 Meed, On Both Sides of the Wall, op. cit., page 154.
86 Katznelson, Vittel Diary, op. cit., page 177.
87 Meed, op. cit., page 154.
27. ‘HELP ME GET MORE TRAINS’
1 Letter of 20 January 1943, International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NO-2405: Dawidowicz, The War against the Jews, 1933–45, op. cit., page 183.
2 Lederer, Ghetto Theresienstadt, op. cit., pages 104–5.
3 Presser, The Destruction of the Dutch Jews, op. cit., pages 182–3.
4 Vrba and Bestic, I Cannot Forgive, op. cit., pages 151–3.
5 Testimony of Madame Claude Vaillant Couturier: Nuremberg, 28 January 1946, The Trial of German Major War Criminals: Proceedings of the International Military Tribunal Sitting at Nuremberg, Germany, part 5, London 1946, pages 190–1.
6 Szajkowski, Analytical Franco-Jewish Gazetteer, op. cit., entry for La Rose.
7 Klarsfeld, Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, op. cit. (deportation of 23 March 1943, to Drancy, thence to Sobibor), pages 410–11 and 414–19.
8 Report of 23 January 1943: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NG-4959.
9 Report of 3 March 1943: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NG-5087.
10 ‘Transport Cr’, 23 January 1943: Lederer, op. cit., page 244.
11 Szymon Datner: conversation with the author, Warsaw, 14 August 1980.
12 Bartoszewski and Lewin, Righteous among Nations, op. cit., page 605.
13 Steckel, Destruction and Survival, op. cit., page 38.
14 Friedman, Roads to Extinction, op. cit., page 284.
15 ‘Goldberg Netka’, Supplementary Record, Face Sheet, 16 May 1946: Yad Vashem archive.
16 Testimony of Madame Claude Vaillant Couturier: The Trial of German Major War Criminals, op. cit., pages 185–6.
17 Czech, ‘Kalendarium’, op. cit. entries for 2 to 27 February 1943.
18 Sirkka Purkey, ‘The Treatment of Jewish Refugees in Finland’, op. cit.
19 Czech, ‘Kalendarium’, op. cit., entry for 28 February 1943.
20 Ainsztein, Jewish Resistance in Nazi-Occupied Eastern Europe, op. cit., page 531.
21 Testimony of Abraham Karasick: Eichmann Trial, 4 May 1961, session 28.
22 Author’s personal photographic collection: Bialystok, 5 August 1980.
23 Trunk, Judenrat, op. cit., page 444.
24 Nochem Babikier, evidence given to the Jewish Historical Commission in Bialystok, 24 November 1946: Yad Vashem archive M.11/143.
25 Szymon Datner, letter to the author, 10 October 1984; Tenenbaum, Underground, op. cit., pages 437–8.
26 Lodz Chronicle, 11 February 1943: Dobroszycki, op. cit., page 319 and note 7.
27 Testimony of Dr Aharon Beilin: Eichmann Trial, 7 June 1961, session 69.
28 ‘Report on the realization of textile salvage from the Jewish resettlement up to the present date’, 6 February 1943: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NO-1257.
29 Report by Himmler of 15 January 1943: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NO-1257.
30 ‘Report by SS Sturmbannfuhrer Wippern, 27 February 1943, concerning values of money, precious metals, other valuables and textiles of Jews, delivered up to 3 February 1943’: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NO-061.
31 ‘Ginsburger, Ernest, 1876–1943’: Encyclopaedia Judaica, Jerusalem 1972, volume 7, column 583.
32 ‘Convoy 47, February 11, 1943’: Klarsfeld, op. cit., pages 361–70.
33 Testimony of Heinrich Grüber: Eichmann Trial, 16 May 1961, session 41.
34 Miriam Novitch, Spiritual Resistance, 120 Drawings from Concentration Camps and Ghettos, Milan 1979, page 54.
35 Klarsfeld, op. cit., pages 377–83.
36 Arad, Treblinka, op. cit.
37 Michael Molho, In Memoriam: Hommage aux Victimes Juives des Nazis en Grece, Salonica 1973.
38 Michaelis, Mussolini and the Jews, op. cit., page 307.
39 David Sonin and Zeev Ben Shlomo, ‘For Our Fathers and Mothers’: Jewish Chronicle Colour Supplement, London, 28 September 1979, pages 8–9.
40 Czech, ‘Kalendarium’, op. cit., entries for 6 and 8 February 1943.
41 Discussion of 27 February 1943: Dawidowicz, A Holocaust Reader, op. cit., pages 347–54.
42 Lodz Chronicle, 27 February 1943: Dobroszycki, op. cit., page 321.
43 Lodz Chronicle, 13 March 1943: ibid., page 323.
44 Lodz Chronicle, 30 March 1943: ibid., pages 331–2.
45 Yisrael Medad, ‘Flight through the Forest’: Israel Scene, June 1981, pages 18–20. After the war, Drobless went first to Argentine, then to Israel. He later became a member of the Knesset (the Israeli Parliament), and in 1978 head of the settlement division of the World Zionist Organization.
46 Yankel (Jankiel) Wiernik, A Year in Treblinka, New York 1945, page 28.
47 Trial of Hubert Gomerski, Frankfurt, 1950, document GB 06.08: Ainsztein, op. cit., page 919, note 45.
48 ‘Convoy 49, March 2, 1943’: Klarsfeld, op. cit., pages 384–91.
49 Bezwinska and Czech, Amidst a Nightmare of Crime, op. cit., pages 181–90.
50 ‘Convoy 50, March 4, 1943’: Klarsfeld, op. cit., pages 395–403.
51 Alfred Werner, ‘Lismann, Hermann (1878–1943)’: Encyclopaedia Judaica, Jerusalem 1972, volume 11, column 305.
52 Trunk, op. cit., page 467.
53 Yitzhak Arad, The Partisans: From the Valley of Death to Mount Zion, New York 1979, pages 93–101.
54 Nissan Oren, ‘The Bulgarian Exception: a Reassessment of the Salvation of the Jewish Community’, Yad Vashem Studies, volume 7, Jerusalem 1968, pages 83–106.
55 Dr Rivka Kauli: letter to the author, 15 February 1979.
56 Erich Kulka (editor), Collection of Testimonies and Documents on the Participation of Czechoslovak Jews in the War against the Nazi-Germany, Jerusalem 1976, page 20; Erich Kulka, in conversation with the author, Jerusalem.
57 The Third Anniversary of
the Liquidation of the Ghetto in Cracow, Cracow 1946, page 150.
58 Falstein, The Martyrdom of Jewish Physicians in Poland, op. cit., page 342.
59 The Third Anniversary, op. cit., page 150.
60 Yaffa Eliach, Hasidic Tales of the Holocaust, op. cit.
61 Testimony of Moshe Bejski: Eichmann Trial, 1 May 1961, session 21.
62 Bezwinska and Czech, op. cit., page 7.
63 Trude Neumann’s son committed suicide in 1946.
64 Molho, op. cit.; Danuta Czech, ‘Deportation und Vernichtung der griechischen Juden’: Hefte von Auschwitz, 11, 1970; ‘Report from Salonica’, Bulletin, London, op. cit., February 1945: Foreign Office papers, 371/51115.
65 Friedman, Roads to Extinction, op. cit., page 297.
66 Falstein, op. cit., page 327.
67 Lubetkin, In the Days of Destruction and Revolt, op. cit., pages 314–15.
68 Falstein, op. cit., page 336.
69 Ibid., page 363.
70 Ibid., page 374.
71 Kermish, The Destruction of the Jewish Community of Piotrkow, op. cit., columns 41–2.
72 Falstein, op. cit., page 329 (Dr Cung) and page 347 (Dr Fryd).
73 Bartoszewski and Lewin, op. cit., pages 599–600.
74 Letter received in the Reich Chancellery on 25 March 1943: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NG-1903.
75 Der Sturmer, 25 March 1943: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, exhibit M-138.
76 From Skopje, 2,338 Jews reached Treblinka on March 28 (after six days on the journey), 2,405 on March 31 (after six days) and 2,404 on April 5 (after seven days): Arad, Treblinka, op. cit.
77 Rudashevski, Diary of the Vilna Ghetto, op. cit.
78 Isaac Kowalski, A Secret Press in Nazi Europe: the Story of the Jewish United Partisan Organization in Vilna, New York 1969, page 394.
79 Diary of W. Sakowicz, 5 April 1943: The Paneriai Museum, op. cit., pages 8–9.
80 Report of 1 May 1943: ibid., page 9.
81 Kaczerginski’s memoirs, first published in the magazine Tsukunft (‘Future’) in New York, April 1949, pages 134–6: Rubin, Voices of a People, op. cit., page 459, note 41.
82 Notes of a discussion held on the morning of 17 April 1943: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document D-736.
28. WARSAW, APRIL 1943: HOPELESS DAYS OF REVOLT
1 Lubetkin, In the Days of Destruction and Revolt, op. cit., page 178.