The Holocaust

by Martin Gilbert

  Moscow: Jews travel through (1940), 1, 2; Hitler expected to conquer (1941), 3; Germans approaching, 4, 5; Jews born in, deported from Paris to Auschwitz, 6, 7; a Jewess born in, deported from Italy (1944), 8; Jews deported to, 9

  Moses: Jews urged to emulate, 1

  Moshe (a tinsmith): and a labour camp revolt, 1

  Moshkovitz, Elizabeth: rescued, in order to be experimented on, 1

  Mostar: escape to, 1; Italian assurances to the Jews of, 2

  Moszkowicz, Daniel: in the Bialystok ghetto revolt, 1

  Motyn (at Babi Yar): his courage, and fate (1941), 1

  ‘Moustache’: kills a Jewish woman (1942), 1

  Mozes, Moshe: shot (1939), 1

  Muenter (a German police officer): wounded, 1

  Muhldorf camp: the struggle to survive in, 1

  Mulhouse: deportation of the Rabbi of, 1

  Mulik (from Lvov): a survivor, 1

  Muller, Filip: recalls ‘the threshold of the gas-chamber’, 1

  Muller, Heinrich: Gestapo chief, 1, 2; at the Wannsee Conference (20

  January 1944), 1; sends Eichmann to watch mass murder by gassing, 2

  Munch, SS First-Lieutenant: and medical experiments, 1

  Munich: and the origins of the Nazi Party (1920), 1; and the expulsion of Jews from Bavaria (1923), 2; the main synagogue burnt down in (1938), 3, 4; Jews deported to Kovno from (1941), 5; and the ‘final solution’, 6; fate of a painter born in, 7; Jews deported from Auschwitz to labour camps in the region of (1944), 8; and a deception (1944), 9, 10; liberation and death near (1945), 11

  Munkacs (Mukachevo): Jews try to resist in, 1; a terrible journey from, 2; experiments on triplets from, 3; twins travel towards, after liberation, 4

  Mussfeld, SS Quartermaster-Sergeant: and a medical experiment at Auschwitz, 1; and the fate of three escapees, 2

  Mussolini: invades Greece (1940), 1; and the Jews, 2, 3, 4; abdicates (1943), 5

  Musya (from Minsk): helped by a White Russian woman, 1

  Mylner, Gitele: saved, 1

  Myshkin, Eliyahu: killed (1941), 1

  Myslowice: labour camp at, 1

  Nablus: riots in (1933), 1

  Nachmanowicz, Miss: raped (1940), 1

  Nadel, Simon: shot (1941), 1

  Naftel, Consul: commits suicide (1944), 1

  Nagyvarad: a letter of re-assurance to, 1

  Najberg, Leon: and the Warsaw ghetto revolt, 1, 2, 3, 4

  Najwer (a young Jew from Falenica): murdered (1942), 1

  Nakonieczny, Jan: saves Jews, 1

  Naliboki: fate of Jews from, 1

  Nantes: fate of a Jewess who studied at, 1

  Napoleon: 1

  Narew river: 1, 2

  Naroch forest: Jews escape to, 1

  Narvik: Anglo-French force foiled at (1940), 1

  Nastek, Major: killed in action in Warsaw (August 1944), 1

  Nathan (from Lvov): ‘no longer among the living’, 1

  National Liberation Movement (France): founded by a Jew, 1

  Natzweiler: Jews murdered at, 1; Jews deported to, 2

  Nazi Party: 1; its electoral successes (1928), 2, 3; declared the only legal Party in Germany (1933), 4

  Nazi-Soviet Pact (August 1939): 1; secret clauses of, 2; and Bialystok, 3; and Lvov, 4

  Ne’eman, Azriel: recalls Dr Mengele, 1

  Nella (from Greece): to be revenged, 1

  Nemyonov, Mikhail: and an escape from Kovno, 1; commits suicide, 2

  Ner river: and a death camp, 1; a Jew escapes across, 2

  Neu Dachs: labour camp at, 1

  Neubenschen: 1

  Neuhof, Chaim: and the revolt of Auschwitz-Birkenau, 1

  Neumann, Julius: deported (1942), 1

  Neumann, Liana: describes a deportation (1941), 1

  Neumann, Stephan: a British Army officer, 1

  Neumann, Trude: her death (1943), 1

  Neumark: torment of sick inmates at, 1

  Neusalz: a death march from (1945), 1, 2

  Neustadt-Glowen: liberation at, 1; last torments at, and liberation, 2; events at, after liberation, 3

  New York: protest in (1933), 1; further protest in (1938), 2; and Warsaw, 3; information about German intentions reaches (1942), 4; a Jew born in, shot in France for his resistance work (1944), 5

  New York Herald Tribune, the: and the Nuremberg Laws (1935), 1

  News Chronicle, the: horrific report in (1938), 1

  Nicolescu, Lieutenant-Colonel C. D.: and the Rumanian occupation of Odessa, 1

  Niechcicki, Moshe: his wife refuses to abandon their children, 1

  Nieswiez: Red Army withdraws from (1941), 1; Germans enter, 2; revolt at (July 1942), 3, 4

  Nikelburg, Dr Aron: dies (1941), 1

  Nikolayev: mass murder at (1941), 1

  Niska Street (Warsaw): fighting on (January 1943), 1; more fighting on (April 1943), 2

  Nisko: Jewish deportees reach (1939), 1

  Nissenbaum, Shmuel: escapes, 1

  Nordhausen: United States troops enter (1945), 1

  Normandy: Allied landings in (June 1944), 1; news of, reaches the Lodz ghetto, 2

  North Africa: British forces on the defensive in (1941), 1; punishment camps under Vichy French rule in (1941), 2; British forces still not masters of (1942), 3; Allied landings in (1942), 4

  Norway: German forces occupy (1940), 1; no destruction of Jews in (1941), 2; and the ‘final solution’, 3, 4; deportations from (1942), 5, 6; protest by Protestant bishops from, 7

  Nosov, Sergeant G. G.: his ‘courage’ (1942), 1

  Novaki: Jews in liberation of labour camp at, 1

  Novi Sad: Jews and Serbs murdered at (1942), 1

  Nowakowski, Tadeusz: relates the fate of an escapee, 1

  Nowogrodek: mass murder of Jews in (1941), 1, 2; rumours of resistance in (1942), 3; ‘lies’ about resistance in, 4; an escape from (1942), 5; Jews from, join partisans, 6; a further ‘action’ at (1943), 7; an escape from, 8

  Nowogrodzka, Judith: leads a break-out from the Bialystok ghetto, 1

  Nowojelna: Jewish partisans near, 1

  Nowolipie Street (Warsaw): a Jew killed on (1942), 1; a Jewess killed on (1942), 2

  Nowolipki Street (Warsaw): two Jews killed on (1942), 1; a deportation round-up on (1942), 2; a testimony found under (1950), 3

  Nowy Sacz: Jews deported from, 1; death of a woman from, 2

  Nowy Targ: five Jews murdered on the way to, after liberation, 1

  Nuremberg: death of a Jew from (1933), 1; Jews ordered to eat grass in (1933), 2; a six-month sentence meted out in (1934), 3; anti-Jewish Laws issued from (1935), 4, 5, 6; an anti-Jewish exhibition in (1937), 7; synagogue destroyed in (1938), 8; suicides in (1938), 9; Jews deported to Riga from (1941), 10, 11 n. 12

  Nuremberg Laws (of 1935): 1, 2, 3, 4; introduced to Luxembourg (1940), 5

  Nuremberg Tribunal: testimony at, 1, 2, 3

  Nussenbaum, Eliaz: executed (1939), 1, 2 n. 3

  Nyilas: attack Jews throughout Budapest (1944), 1, 2, 3

  Nyiszli, Dr Miklos: an eye-witness at Auschwitz-Birkenau (1944), 1, 2; liberated at Ebensee (1945), 3

  Ochsenhorn, Zygmunt: killed (1939), 1, 2 n. 3

  Oder river: death of Jews on marches from (1945), 1, 2

  Odessa: reprisals in (1941), 1; deportations from (1942), 2; fate of a Jew born in, 3; a Jewish partisan shot, in the region of, 4; fate of an artist born in, 5; fate of other Jews born in, 6

  Oestereicher, Paul: recalls the Berlin mob (1938), 1

  Offenbach, Sholem: protects his fellow Jews, 1

  Ogilvie-Forbes, Sir George: and German treatment of Jews (1938), 1, 2

  Ohlendorf, General: and the use of gas vans, 1

  Ohrdruf: mass grave discovered at (1945), 1

  O’Leary, Lieutenant-Commander Pat: and the murder of seven Jews at Mauthausen, 1; and savagery at Mauthausen, 2

  Olender, Shmuel Leib: shot (1942), 1

  Olga (from Bratislava): and the truth about Auschwitz, 1

  Olk
iniki: Jewish partisan actions at, 1

  Olshak, Shaine: murdered after liberation (1945), 1

  Olyka: fate of Jews who escaped from, 1

  ‘Operation Reinhard’: and the death camps, 1; in Warsaw, 2

  Opoczno: a deportation from, 1; deception, and a further deportation from, 2

  Oppenheimer, Dr Alfred: at Birkenau, 1; at Gleiwitz, 2; on a death march, 3

  Oradour-sur-Glane: massacre at, 1

  Oran: death of a Jew from, at Auschwitz, 1; execution of a Jew from, for his part in the French resistance, 2 n. 5

  Orchestra: at Belzec, 1; at Auschwitz-Birkenau, 2, 3, 4

  Organisation Juif de Combat: and Jewish resistance in France, 1

  Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists: in Kiev (1941), 1

  Oshry, Rabbi: rules against suicide, 1

  Oslo: Jews interned near, 1; Jews deported from, 2

  Osowa (Chelm): killings at (1941), 1

  Ostend: 1

  Oster, Moshe: recalls a death march (1945), 1

  Osterweil, Dr: protects his fellow Jews, 1

  Osthofen Concentration Camp (near Worms): 1

  Ostrovakas (at Ejszyski): and the murder of more than three thousand Jews, 1

  Ostrowski, Bernard: and the realization that hope was an illusion (1942), 1

  Oswiecim: see index entry for Auschwitz

  Oszmiana: ‘rescue what you can’, 1; massacre of Jews from (1943), 2

  Otter, Baron Guran von: learns of mass murder (1942), 1

  ‘Otto Line’: constructed by slave labour (1940), 1

  Otwock: Jews seized for forced labour (1940), 1; Jewish orphans murdered in (1942), 2; a deportation through, 3

  Ovitch family: experiments on, at Birkenau, 1

  Ozorkow: Jews deported from (1942), 1; a Jewess in a Baltic massacre born at, 2 n. 3

  Pabianice: the belongings of murdered Jews sent to, 1, 2; fate of a deportee from, 3

  Pachter, Hirsch: witness to a deportation (1939), 1

  Pacific: refugees on (1940), 1

  Pacifici, Rabbi Ricardo: killed (1943), 1

  ‘Padernice’: does not exist, 1

  Padua: a university graduate from, betrayed, 1

  Pajewski, Teodor: a Polish railway worker, helps a Jew, 1

  Pajkus, Josek: executed (1941), 1, 2 n. 3

  Palanski, Avigdor: at Chelmno, 1

  Palatinate, the: Jews deported from (1940), 1

  Palatucci, Giovanni: helps Jews, and deported (1944), 1

  Palestine: Jews exhorted to go to, 1, 2; Jews emigrate to (1933), 3, 4; further Jewish emigration to (1934), 5, 6, 7, 8, 9; restrictions on Jewish emigration to (1938), 10, 11, 12, 13; and the Patria tragedy (1940), 14; and the Struma tragedy (1942), 15; and a certificate for, 16; and a German deception plan, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22; a Jewish boy in hiding, learns of, 23; a protest about children being allowed to go to, 24; fate of former immigrants to, 25, 26; and the rescue of Greek Jews, 27; Jews from, fighting in Italy, 28; Jews from, parachuted into occupied Europe, 29, 30, 31; a letter to, from liberated Lvov, 32; survivors reach, 33, 34; prisoners think of celebrations in, 35; an account of post-liberation suffering reaches, 36; and ‘normal people’, 37; Jews on their way to, after liberation, murdered, 38; a soldier from, among the British troops entering Belsen, 39 n. 40

  Palestine White Paper (of 1939): 1, 2

  Palmiry woods: executions in (1940), 1

  Palmnicken: a massacre at (1945), 1

  Panevezys: mass murder at (1941), 1

  Pankiewicz, Tadeusz: witnesses a deportation, 1

  Paraguay: 1

  Parasol, Fannie: leaves for Palestine (before 1939), 1

  Parczew: a death march through (1940), 1; a manhunt in the forests near (1942), 2; hundreds killed in (1943), 3, 4; the Jewish partisan leader killed in (1944), 5; the day of liberation at, 6

  Paris: Petlura killed in (1926), 1; a protest in (1933), 2 n. 3; a German diplomat assassinated in (1938), 4; Jews find haven in (1939), 5; German forces approach (1940), 6, 7; occupied (14 June 1940), 8; Jews shot in (15 December 1941), 9; Jewish resistance in (1942), 10; deportations from, to Auschwitz, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15; a deportation to Chelm from (1943), 16; a deportation to Kovno from (1944), 17

  Passover (Jewish Festival of): Jews murdered on (1940), 1; in the Warsaw ghetto (1941), 2; at Jaworow (1942), 3; in Warsaw (1943), 4, 5; in the Parczew forest (1943), 6; in the sewers of Lvov (1944), 7; at Auschwitz-Birkenau (1944), 8

  Pasztejn, Sala: executed (1941), 1, 2 n. 3

  Patras: rescue of Jews in, 1

  Patria: tragedy of (1940), 1

  Patt, Roman: shot (1942), 1

  Pauvlavicius, Jan: saves Jews, 1

  Pavel, SS Sergeant: and his ‘deputy’, 1

  Pawia Street (Warsaw): the ‘daily victims’ of (1942), 1

  Pawiak prison (Warsaw): 1; the Day of Atonement in (1943), 2; Ringelblum’s last days in (1944), 3; women taken from, and shot, 4; further executions at, 5, 6

  Pearl Harbor: attacked, 1

  Pechersky, Alexander: leads a death camp revolt, 1

  Peiting: the moment of liberation at (1945), 1

  Peker, Meir: recalls fate of two escapees, 1

  Peltel, Feigele (Vladka Meed): recalls incidents during the deportations from Warsaw to Treblinka (1942), 1; and the death of an old woman in Warsaw (1942), 2; and the Germans’ ‘first blow’ (January 1943), 3; and the Warsaw uprising (April 1943), 4; and the death of Abrasha Blum, 5; and the death of seven fighters, 6; and a Jewess in hiding, 7; and Jews killed by Poles, 8; seeks her father’s grave, 9

  ‘People of Hope’, the: 1

  Perelman, Nachum: his testimony, 1, 2 n. 3

  Perelstein, Robert: dies (1943), 1

  Pereshike: ghetto at, 1

  Peretz, Dr Aharon: recalls events in the Kovno ghetto (1941), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; and the ‘children’s action’ (March 1944), 7; and the final deportation from Kovno (June 1944), 8

  Perl, Dr Gisella: an eye-witness at Auschwitz-Birkenau, 1

  Perl, Micheline: gassed (1942), 1

  Perl, Suzanne: gassed (1942), 1

  Persians: ‘once proud’, 1

  Peru: 1

  Pesker, Meir: and the liberation of Ebensee (1945), 1

  Pessah, Rabbi (of Volos): and the rescue of the Jews of Volos, 1

  Pétain, Marshal: revokes a protective law (1940), 1; and punitive camps in North Africa (1941), 2; rebuked (1942), 3

  Petlura, Simon: 1; murdered (1926), 2; his murder ‘avenged’ (1941), 3, 4

  Petrenko, Antonia: hides Jews, together with her sister Natalya, 1

  Pfannenstiel, SS Lieutenant-Colonel Professor Dr Wilhelm: at Belzec, 1, 2

  Phillipson, Alfred: an appeal on behalf of, 1

  Piaski: on the way to Belzec, 1, 2; on the way to Majdanek, 3

  Piasnica: euthanasia camp at (1939), 1, Piatigorsk: Jews of, killed (1942), 2

  Piatra Neamt (Rumania): anti-Jewish actions in (1937), 1

  Picasso, Pablo: the death of his godson (1944), 1

  Pilica: Jews tormented and killed in (1939), 1; Jews flee from (1942), 2; two Poles (one a child) shot for hiding Jews (1943), 3; Jewish Fighting Organization in, 4 n. 5

  Piller, SS Master-Sergeant Walter: at Chelmno, 1

  Pinsk: occupied by Soviet troops (1939), 1; reprisals at, in the first months of German occupation (1941), 2; mass murder in a village near (1942), 3

  Piotrkow: and the coming of war (1939), 1, 2, 3, 4; a ghetto established in (1939), 5, 6; an outrage in (1940), 7; forced labour from, 8; murder of Jewish Council members from (1941), 9; ‘might they not be spared?’, 10; an ‘action’ in (October 1942), 11, 12; fate of the ‘illegals’ in (November–December 1942), 13; a cemetery massacre in (1943), 14; two Jews try to return to, after liberation, 15; three Jews murdered in, after liberation, 16

  Piraeus: Jewish deportees assaulted at, 1

  Pisar, Samuel: recalls an underground hiding place, 1; recalls a deportation to Majdanek, 2; recalls the moment of his liberation, 3

&nb
sp; Pitrowski, Meir: at Chelmno, 1, 2, 3

  Pius XII, Pope: helps Jews in Rome, 1; opens Vatican sanctuaries to Jews, 2; his protest, 3

  Plaszow: Jews deported to, 1; a journey to, 2; a ‘final day of judgement’ at, 3; death and protection at, 4; rescue of deportees from, 5; liberation of a deportee from, 6; a deportee from, returns home, 7

  Plock: a deportation from (1941), 1

  Plonsk: an episode in (1940), 1; a deportation from (1942), 2

  Plotnicka, Chana: killed (1943), 1

  Plotnicka, Frumka: her courage, 1, 2; killed (1943), 3

  Pochep: murder of Jews of (1942), 1

  Podborodz: mass murder at (1941), 1

  Podklebnik (Podchlebnik), Michael: an eyewitness to deportation, 1; an eye-witness to mass murder, 2, 3, 4, 5

  Podolia: 1

  Pohl, SS Lieutenant-General: and Jewish ‘wealth’, 1

  Polack (a carpenter): shot (1941), 1

  Polak (a pharmacist): killed (1941), 1

  Polak, Josef: recalls the arrival of children at Theresienstadt, 1

  Poland: ‘terrible news from’ (1918), 1; and the Locarno Agreement (1925), 2; anti-Semitism in (1933), 3; Jews find refuge in (1934), 4; pogrom in (1936), 5; Jews of, seek refuge in Palestine (1936), 6; anti-Jewish legislation in (1936), 7; assaults on Jews in (1937), 8; further anti-Jewish riots in (1938), 9; Austrian Jews seek refuge in (1938), 10; Jews expelled from Germany to (1938), 11; Jews flee to, from Prague (1939), 12; British pressure on (1939), 13; German invasion of (1939), 14; and the ‘planned overall measures’ against Jews in (21 September 1939), 15; reports from, reach Geneva (1940), 16; and the German invasion of the former eastern provinces of (June 1941), 17; the first death camp, established by the Germans on the soil of (December 1941), 18, 19; and the ‘final solution’ welcomed by the General Government of, 20; Jewish girls travel through, 21, 22; and the German plan for the Jews of, revealed (June 1942), 23; the records of the destruction of Jews in, hidden for posterity (August 1942), 24; death penalty for hiding Jews in, 25; ‘resettlement’ in, and the Jews of Salonica, 26; Hitler on the Jews of (April 1943), 27; and the goods of the victims, sent to Germany from, 28; the remaining ghettos of, 29; and the fate of Jews in hiding in, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34; the ‘Goebbels calendar’ in, 35; and the fiery speech of a woman from (1943), 36; a report from, reaches London, (1943), 37; fate of a pre-war film star from (1944), 38; Jews from, at Vittel (1944), 39; soldiers from, on the Italian front, 40; and the coming of liberation, 41, 42, 43; and the ‘tainted luck’ of survival in, 44, 45; and the Jewish desire to ‘document the recent experiences in’, 46