by Jay Chladek
Kitmacher, Gary, ed. Reference Guide to the International Space Station. NASA SP-2006-557. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2006.
Launius, Roger D. Space Stations: Base Camps to the Stars. Old Saybrook CT: Konecky and Konecky, 2003.
Linenger, Jerry M. Letters from Mir. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003.
—. Off the Planet. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000.
Lord, Douglas R. Spacelab: An International Success Story. NASA SP-487. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1987.
Mullane, Mike. Riding Rockets: The Outrageous Tales of a Space Shuttle Astronaut. New York: Scribner, 2006.
Peebles, Curtis. Guardians: Strategic Reconnaissance Satellites. Presidio, 1987.
Scott, David, and Alexei Leonov. Two Sides of the Moon. With Christine Toomey. New York: Thomas Dunne, 2004.
Stafford, Thomas P. We Have Capture: Tom Stafford and the Space Race. With Michael Cassutt. Washington DC: Smithsonian Books, 2002.
Interviews and Personal Communications
Anderson, Clayton C. Interview by Jay Chladek. 16 July 2008. Johnson Space Center, Houston TX.
—. Interview by Jay Chladek. 6 April 2011. Johnson Space Center, Houston TX.
Anderson, Susan H. Interview by Jay Chladek. 16 July 2008. Johnson Space Center, Houston TX.
Ashby, Jeffery S. Interview by Jay Chladek. 8 October 2008. Omaha NE.
Cassidy, Christopher J. Interview by Jay Chladek. 22 October 2009. Johnson Space Center, Houston TX.
Creamer, Timothy J. Interview by Jay Chladek. 16 July 2008. Johnson Space Center, Houston TX.
—. Interview by Jay Chladek. 6 April 2011. Johnson Space Center, Houston TX.
Dake, Jason R. Interview by Jay Chladek. 21 October 2009. Johnson Space Center, Houston TX.
Kloeris, Vickie L. Interview by Jay Chladek. 21 October 2009. Johnson Space Center, Houston TX.
Melroy, Pamela A. Interview by Jay Chladek. 15 July 2008. Johnson Space Center, Houston TX.
Parazynski, Scott E. Interview by Jay Chladek. 15 July 2008. Johnson Space Center, Houston TX.
Petit, Donald R. Interview by Jay Chladek. 6 April 2011. Johnson Space Center, Houston TX.
Tani, Daniel M. Interview by Jay Chladek. 16 July 2008. Johnson Space Center, Houston TX.
Thomas, Andy S. W. Interview by Jay Chladek. 22 October 2009. Johnson Space Center, Houston TX.
Walheim, Rex J. Interview by Jay Chladek. 22 October 2009. Johnson Space Center, Houston TX.
Whitson, Peggy A. Interview by Jay Chladek. 16 July 2008. Johnson Space Center, Houston TX.
Other Sources
Bamford, James. “Astrospies.” Nova, directed by Andreas Dirr and Scott Willis, aired 12 February 2008. Boston: WGBH Boston for PBS, 2008. DVD, 56 min.
Columbia Accident Investigation Board Report. Vol. 1. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2003.
Columbia Crew Survival Investigation Report. NASA SP-2008-565. Houston TX: Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, 2008.
Congressional Staff Briefing on the Soyuz Launch Abort of April 5 1975. 29 May 1975. Box 1231, no. 132469. ASTP Program Series. Johnson Space Center History Collection, University of Houston–Clear Lake.
Exchange of Remarks between the President and ASTP Astronauts. 18 July 1975. Box 1232, no. 133075. ASTP Program Series. Johnson Space Center History Collection, University of Houston–Clear Lake.
Fullerton-Smith, Jill. “Terror in Space.” Nova, aired 27 October 1998. Boston: WGBH Boston for PBS, 2000. Videocassette (VHS), 60 min.
Kalina, Jon, and Gary Lang. “The Human Factor.” Mars Rising, directed by Michael Jorgensen, aired 21 October 2007. Montréal: Galafilm Productions, in association with Discovery Channel Canada, 2010. DVD.
Oral History Interview with Thomas P. Stafford about ASTP/Skylab. 12 April 1976. Box CD-S, no. 480974. ASTP Program Series. Johnson Space Center History Collection, University of Houston–Clear Lake.
Skylab Experiments. Vol. 3, Materials Science. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1973.
Skylab Experiments. Vol. 4, Life Sciences. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1973.
Skylab Experiments. Vol. 5, Astronomy and Space Physics. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1973.
Skylab Experiments. Vol. 6, Mechanics. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1973.
Skylab Experiments. Vol. 7, Living and Working in Space. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1973.
SL 1/2 Final EVA Checklist and Change “A.” Box 626. Skylab Series. Johnson Space Center History Collection, University of Houston–Clear Lake.
Spacelab Data Handbook. ESA BR-14. Paris: ESA Scientific and Technical Publications Branch, 1983.
Technical Letter Report, Quick Look Evaluation Space Shuttle Orbiter Ninth Orbital Flight, Descent Phase, AFFTC. January 1984. Box 8. Shuttle Series, STS-9 Documents. Johnson Space Center History Collection, University of Houston–Clear Lake.
von Braun, Wernher. Space Superiority as a Means for Achieving World Peace. Washington DC: Business Advisory Council, 1952. Published form of presentation given in Washington DC, 17 September 1952.
Index
Page numbers refer to the print edition.
Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
AAP. See Apollo Applications Program (AAP)
Aaron, John, 135
Abbey, George, 307, 376
Abrahamson, James, 21, 22, 36
Acaba, Joe, 437
Acton, Loren, 265
Adams, Michael J., 21, 23–24
Advanced Biological Research System (ABRS), 450–51
AEG Telekfunken, 250
Aeritalia, 250
Aerospace Research Pilot School (ARPS), 20–22, 36, 323
Afanasyev, Sergey, 60, 61, 74, 75, 77
Afanasyev, Viktor, 295–96, 297, 353, 365
Afghanistan, 282, 283, 298
Agat camera systems, 56–57, 62, 155, 172
Airborne Science/Spacelab Experiments System Simulation (ASSESS), 253–54
airlock modules and systems: ASTP and, 183–84, 190; for Mir, 290, 294, 295; Pirs, 362, 364–65, 390, 459; Quest, 362, 365, 382–83, 401, 402; for Skylab, 119, 119, 123, 125–26, 136, 139; for Spacelab, 250, 254
Akiyama, Toyohiro, 295
Aksyonov, Vladimir, 207, 226
al-Assad, Bashar, 278
Alcatel Alenia Space, 423
Aldrin, Buzz, 66
Aleksandrov, Aleksandr, 233, 234–35, 278, 279, 281
The All-American Boys (Cunningham), 122
“all-up” testing, 110
Almaz space stations, 2; cancellation of, 271; design and early development of, 53–59, 57, 61–62, 63, 65, 71; legacy of, 172–73; Salyut and, 72–74, 75–77, 79, 80, 81, 148; Salyut 3 and, 154–57, 155; Salyut 4 and, 157–67, 159; Salyut 5 and, 155, 167–70, 171–73
Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS), 457–58, 463–64
Ames Research Center, 253
ammonia coolant systems, 342, 399, 410, 412, 441, 455
AMSU. See Astronaut Maneuvering Stability Unit (AMSU)
Amundsen, Roald, 467
Anderson, Alice, 420–21
Anderson, Clay: about, 408, 409, 410; Dan Tani and, 422; Expedition 23 and, 452–53; as NASA escort, 373–75; NEEMO and, 415; STS-117 and 118 and, 407, 410–11, 412–13; STS-120 and, 414, 416, 420–21
Anderson, Mike, 370, 371, 374
Anderson, Susan, 408, 410
André-Deshays, Claudie, 322, 365
androgynous docking, 182, 185, 187
Andropov, Yuri, 298
animals in space, 129, 168, 207, 222, 263, 264, 372
Ansari, Anousheh, 398
Antarctica, 158, 467
antisatellite weapons system (ASAT), 47, 462
APAS docking systems, 207, 293, 308, 317, 318, 344
Apollo 1, 116–17
Apollo 8, 32, 65,
66
Apollo 9, 24, 135
Apollo 11, 66, 120–21, 178
Apollo 13, 418
Apollo 15, 24
Apollo 17, 123, 132
Apollo 18, 123
Apollo 19, 123
Apollo 20, 123
Apollo Applications Program (AAP): Apollo telescope mount and, 115–16; background and overview of, 109–12; change to Skylab program from, 121–23; funding and official status of, 117–18; wet lab origins of, 112–15; wet to dry lab change of, 118–21, 119. See also Skylab program
Apollo CSMs: AAP and, 113, 116, 119, 124, 132; ASTP and, 186, 189–90; Skylab and, 175
Apollo program: air pressure and, 183; background and overview of, 12–13, 32; crew selection for, 132; funding and development for, 34, 109, 113, 115. See also Apollo Applications Program (AAP); Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP)
Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP), 201; background of, 175–81; crew of, 188, 190–92, 192, 194; docking plan of, 185–87; experiments of, 195–97; initial discussions of, 181–85; language barrier and, 192–93; launch, mission, reentry, and recovery of, 199–204; legacy of, 204–5; official agreement and plan for, 188–89; orbital altitude for, 189; public affairs and, 188, 199, 200; relationships and, 193–95, 194; safety concerns and measures for, 197–99
Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM): AAP and, 115–16, 119, 119, 120; Skylab and, 123, 124, 125, 129–30, 135, 136, 141
Applications Technology Satellite 6 (ATS-6), 200
Aquarius, 414–15
Ares rockets, 442–43
Argon computers, 225, 226, 228, 289, 387
Ariane space launchers, 246, 251, 269, 390, 425
Armstrong, Neil, 24, 66, 179
Arnold, Richard, 437
ARPS. See Aerospace Research Pilot School (ARPS)
artificial gravity, 6, 8, 207–8, 267
Artsebarsky, Anatoly, 296, 297, 302
Artyukin, Yuri, 155
ASAT. See antisatellite weapons system (ASAT)
Ashby, Jeff, 345–46
ASSESS. See Airborne Science/Spacelab Experiments System Simulation (ASSESS)
Association for Space Explorers, 166
ASTP. See Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP)
ASTRO-1, 268–69
astronaut class names, 409–10
Astronaut Maneuvering Stability Unit (AMSU), 145
astronauts: European, 252–53; of MOL, 20–24, 22, 34–36; organization of NASA corps of, 252; selection of, 111–12. See also specific astronauts
“Astrospies,” 23, 27, 28, 56, 57, 168, 169, 171–72
Atkov, Oleg, 235, 237
Atlantis: hail damage to, 407; ISS construction and, 347; STS-66 and, 314; STS-71 and, 317–19, 319; STS-76 and, 320; STS-79 and, 322; STS-81 and, 324; STS-84 and, 331; STS-98 and, 359; STS-101 and, 349–50; STS-104 and, 362; STS-106 and, 351; STS-110 and, 365–66; STS-112 and, 367; STS-115 and, 397; STS-117 and, 411; STS-122 and, 423; STS-129 and, 444–45; STS-132 and, 454; STS-135 and, 458–61
Atlas missiles, 7, 10, 12
Atlet suits, 161
ATM. See Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM)
atmosphere, Earth’s, 116–17, 158, 163–64, 176, 196, 321–22, 462
atomic bombs, 9
ATS-6, 200
attitude control: for ISS, 348; for Mir, 318, 336; for MOL, 19; for Salyut 7, 232, 238; for Skylab, 123–24, 146
Aubakirov, Toktar, 302
Australia, 146, 244, 354
Automated Transfer Vehicles (ATVs), 390, 425, 459
Avdeyev, Sergei, 352–53, 393
Baikonur Cosmodrome, 155, 302–3, 346, 445, 462
Balandin, Aleksandr, 292, 293–95
ballistic missiles, 10. See also intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
ballistic reentries, 48, 102, 414, 426
ballpoint pens, 389–90
bar codes, 434, 436
Barratt, Michael, 436, 437, 441–42, 443–44
Bartoe, John-David, 265
bathrooms in space, 77, 126, 154, 427–29
Baturin, Yuri, 361
Baudry, Patrick, 231, 284
Bean, Alan, 132, 141, 142, 143, 191
Beggs, James, 303
Belgium, 244, 281
Bella, Ivan, 353
Bell Telephone of Belgium, 250
Beregovoy, Georgi, 69, 181
Berezovoy, Anatoly, 231, 232
Beria, Lavrentiy, 42–43, 44
Beria, Sergei, 43–44
Berlin Wall, 299
beverages, 266–67, 433
bicycle ergometers, 127–28, 131, 160, 230, 441
Bignier, Michel, 251
Biostack III, 196
Birykova, Lyudmila, 92
Black Arrow, 243
Blagonravov, Anatoly, 175, 177, 178, 179
Blaha, John, 309, 322–24
blood samples, 98, 129, 196, 315
Bluford, Guion, 267
Bobko, Karol “Bo,” 21, 22, 34, 35, 131
bodily waste, 17, 77, 123, 131, 143, 401, 427–28
Boeing, 37, 343
Bonestell, Chesley, 8, 9
Bowen, Stephen, 431, 432, 455
Bowersox, Ken, 367, 375, 383–84, 388
Brand, Vance, 190, 192, 200, 201, 202–5, 268–69
Brazil, 393, 444
Brezhnev, Leonid, 59, 60, 75, 298
Bridges, Roy, Jr., 265
Brown, Dave, 370, 371
“Bubble War,” 385
Buchli, James, 267
Buck Island, 27
Budarin, Nikolai, 317, 318, 319, 339, 367, 375, 383, 388
Bulgaria, 281
Buran shuttle program, 165, 236, 279, 280, 293, 303, 308
Burbank, Dan, 463
Burlingame, Charles “Chic,” 364
Burroughs, Bryan, 306, 323, 324, 331
Bursch, Dan, 365
Bush, George H. W., 304–5
Bush, George W., 381
Bushuyev, Konstantin, 72, 74, 184
Bykovsky, Valery, 64, 207, 220
Byrd, Richard, 467
Cabana, Bob, 345–46, 375
Caidin, Martin, 179
Caldwell-Dyson, Tracy, 452
Camarda, Charlie, 392
camera systems: of Almaz/Salyut, 55–57, 62, 97, 99, 155, 158, 207–8, 209, 212; of ASTP, 200; of Don Pettit, 384–85; of MOL, 29–30, 29, 33; of Skylab, 130, 131; in space helmets, 402, 404; space shuttles and, 372–73, 391. See also specific camera systems
Canada, 360, 424
Canadarm 2 RMS, 360
Canadian Space Agency, 319, 341, 397, 438
cannon systems, onboard, 57, 157
carbon monoxide, 100, 340
Carl Zeiss Jena, 207
Carr, Gerald P., 132, 144
Carter, Sonny, 406
Cassidy, Christopher, 430, 440, 466
caulking guns, 405
CBMs. See Common Berthing Mechanisms (CBMs)
center of mass, 287, 293, 411
Central Committee, Soviet, 44, 59, 61
Central Design Bureau of General Machine Building (TSKBEM): about, 61, 62, 152; leadership of, 71, 74, 150–51, 152; Salyut and, 71–72, 74, 75–76, 149–51
Central Design Bureau of Machine Building (TSKBM), 61–62, 71, 76, 154, 342
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 14
Centre national d’etudes spatiales (CNES), 231, 251, 262, 284, 302, 332, 365, 366
Chaffee, Roger, 116–17
Challenger: disaster of, 268, 356, 373, 413; STS-6 and, 257; STS-51B and, 263–64; STS-51F and, 264–66; STS-61F and, 267–68
Chamitoff, Greg, 430, 431, 432
Chandra X-Ray Observatory, 349
charcoal beds, 340
Chawla, Kalpana, 370, 371
Chelomei, Vladimir Nikoleyevich, 40; Almaz and, 53–55, 71, 148; ballistic missiles and, 45, 46–47; childhood and education of, 39–41; Dmitry Ustinov and, 50, 150–51, 173; final projects and death of, 271–72; other designs of, 47–48; post–Nikita Khrushchev, 59–60, 61, 63, 67; Proton and, 50–53, 54; pulse-je
t technology and, 41–43, 44; Salyut and, 74, 75–77; submarine-based cruise missiles and, 44–45
Chelyuskin, 83
Chernenko, Konstantin, 298
Chernobyl nuclear disaster, 275
Chertok, Boris, 72–74, 84, 86, 88
Chiao, Leroy, 390, 391
China, 63, 162, 298, 388, 461–62
Chrétien, Jean-Loup, 231, 284–85
CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
circadian rhythm cycle, 99
Citron, Bob, 370
Clark, Jonathan, 370
Clark, Laurel, 370, 371, 378–79
Clifford, Michael, 320
Clinton, Bill, 306–7
closed-loop system, 427
CNES. See Centre national d’etudes spatiales (CNES)
Coca-Cola, 266–67
cola wars, 266–67
COLBERT. See Combined Operation Load Bearing External Resistance Treadmill (COLBERT)
Colbert, Stephen, 441
Cold War, 2, 8–9, 243
Collier’s, 8
Collins, Eileen, 314, 392
color video, 209, 226
Columbia, 258–61, 268–69, 349. See also Columbia disaster
Columbia Accident Investigation Board Report, 381
Columbia disaster: astronauts’ families and, 373–75; crew and mission of, 369–73, 371; debris from, 376–77; Hemphill TX and, 369; investigation and aftermath of, 376–81; ISS Expedition 6 and, 375–76, 382
Columbus laboratory, 415, 423
Combined Operation Load Bearing External Resistance Treadmill (COLBERT), 440–41
Comet Kohoutek, 145, 152
Comet Lovejoy, 463
command and control computers, 37, 249–50, 347–49
command and service module (CSM), Apollo, 116, 119, 124–25, 138–39, 142, 186, 195
commercialization: of ISS, 361–62; launch boosters and, 53, 246, 269; of Mir, 301–3, 322, 353–54; NanoRacks and, 453; Soyuz and, 465; SpaceX and, 439, 443
common attach system, 444
Common Berthing Mechanisms (CBMs), 344–45, 451
communications: ASTP and, 198, 200; Echo II satellite and, 177; intelligence and surveillance and, 31; ISS and, 345, 357, 363; Salyut and, 80, 149–50; Shuttle-Mir Program and, 303, 313, 324–25; Spacelab and, 256–57, 267
Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), 39, 282, 299
Concept Verification Test (CVT), 253
Congress, U.S.: AAP and, 117–18; ASTP and, 195, 198–99; Dennis Tito and, 361; MOL and, 32; NASA and, 109, 176, 307; space shuttle program and, 241, 245–46, 337, 381, 458
