by Jay Chladek
Conrad, Charles “Pete,” 132, 133, 137–38, 137, 140
consortiums, space operation, 244–46. See also specific consortiums
Constellation program, 381–82, 442–43
contractors: AAP and, 114, 116; ISS and, 343; for MOL, 16; NASA and, 189–90; for Spacelab, 250, 251. See also specific contractors
control-moment gyros, 123–24, 220, 352, 411
Convair 990, 253–54
coolant systems, 157, 228, 328, 342
coolers, food and beverage, 433
corona, 130, 195
coronagraphs, 130
Corona satellites, 16, 28, 30, 53–55
cosmic rays, 14, 158, 196, 208, 347, 457
Cosmos 133, 63
Cosmos 140, 64
Cosmos 557, 149
Cosmos 1267, 229
Cosmos 1443, 232, 233–34
Cosmos 1669, 274
Cosmos 1686, 238–39, 272, 276
Cosmovision, 98–99
COSPAR. See International Committee for Space Research (COSPAR)
Cox, David, 450
CPSU. See Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU)
crashes, aircraft, 22–24, 36
Creamer, Timothy “T. J.,” 348, 445, 446–48, 449, 450–52, 454–55
Crew Environment Translation Aid carts, 383
Crews, Albert, 21, 22, 35
crew transfers, 18–19, 24–26, 37, 55, 64, 184
Crimea, 465
Crippen, Robert, 21, 22, 34, 35, 37, 131
cruise missiles, 41–45, 48
crystal growth, 263, 264, 291
Cuban Missile Crisis, 59
Cubelab-2, 453
Culbertson, Frank, Jr., 362, 363–64, 364, 365
Cunningham, Walter, 121–22
Curbeam, Robert, 359, 398
CVT. See Concept Verification Test (CVT)
CZ-2F rockets, 461
DACT. See Disposable Absorption Containment Trunk (DACT)
data recorders, 260, 378
debris avoidance, 462
Defense Language Institute (DLI), 310–11, 408
defense systems, 10, 57
dehydrated food, 128, 433, 434
Deloffre, Bernard, 251
Delta attitude-control computer, 232, 233
Delta IV rocket, 37
Denmark, 244
Department of Defense (DOD): funding and, 15, 16, 32, 109; MOL and, 34; NRO and, 33; space shuttle program and, 37, 304, 356
descent modules, Soyuz: launch routine and, 447–48, 449; original series of, 65, 69, 102–3, 104–5, 107, 162, 166–67; Shenzhou and, 461; TMA series of, 387, 390, 425–26; TM series of, 292, 293, 332–33
Destination Mir, 353
Destiny laboratory module, 359, 361, 389, 389, 417
De Winne, Frank, 436, 438, 441–42
Dextre, 424, 451, 459
Dezhurov, Vladimir, 315, 316, 317, 318, 362, 365
Diamont rockets, 244
direct ascent, 13
Discovery, 347; STS-60 and, 313; STS-63 and, 314; STS-64 and, 324; STS-91 and, 340; STS-92 and, 352; STS-96 and, 349; STS-102 and, 359–60; STS-105 and, 362; STS-114 and, 391–93; STS-116 and, 398; STS-119 and, 437; STS-120 and, 415, 416, 418–20, 424; STS-121 and, 394–95; STS-124 and, 429, 430; STS-128 and, 440–41; STS-131 and, 452–54; STS-133 and, 455–56
Disney, Walt, 8
Disposable Absorption Containment Trunk (DACT), 401
Dobrovolsky, Georgi, 83, 90–92, 95–96, 95, 98–100, 102–3, 105–6
Dobrynin, Anatoly, 200
docking: androgynous, 182, 185, 187; ASTP and, 180, 181–84, 185–90, 197–98, 201–2; at ISS, 344–45, 358; at Salyut, 69–71, 77; at Salyut 6, 208–9, 212–13, 215–16, 220, 225; at Salyut 7, 229, 237; at Skylab, 123, 125, 138, 142, 143; of Soviet space crafts at Mir, 273, 273, 277, 287, 289–90, 293, 320–21, 329–30, 332–33; Soyuz 10–11 and, 86–87, 88, 96; of space shuttles at Mir, 308, 313–14, 317, 318–19. See also docking module(s); Kurs rendezvous and docking system
docking module(s): ASTP and, 184, 186, 192, 194, 195, 197–98, 201, 202; Mir and, 318–19, 321; Pirs, 362, 364–65, 443, 454, 459; Poisk, 443–44
DOD. See Department of Defense (DOD)
Donatello MPLM, 360, 455
Dorian satellites, 30, 33, 37, 56
Dornier Systems, 250
DOS-1 space station. See Salyut
DOS-2 space station, 147–49, 154
DOS-3 space station, 149, 150, 157
DOS-4 space station. See Salyut 4
DOS-6 space station. See Salyut 7
DOS-7 space station. See Mir space station
DOS-8 Russian Service Module, 341
DOS program, 76, 182. See also Salyut program
Douglas Aircraft Company, 16, 17
Douglas Aviation, 114
Dragoneye, 439
Dragonfly (Burroughs), 306, 323, 324, 331
Dragon spacecraft, 439, 443, 445, 453, 463, 466
Drew, Alvin, 455
drogues, 65, 86, 103, 138, 182, 186, 202–3, 213
Dryden, Hugh, 175, 177
dry lab, 120–21
Dubucq, Pierre, 36
Dunbar, Bonnie, 267, 309
Duque, Pedro, 389–90
Dyna-Soar space plane, 15–16
Dyomin, Lev, 156–57
Dzhanibekov, Vladimir, 214, 215, 228, 231, 236, 237–38
Early Ammonia Servicer units, 399, 410, 412
Earth landing system (ELS), 202
Earth-orbit rendezvous, 13
Echo II communications satellites, 177
EDO. See Extended Duration Orbiter (EDO)
educator-astronauts, 413, 437, 452
EECOM. See Electrical, Environmental, and Consumables Manager (EECOM)
EGIL. See Electrical, General, Instrumentation, and Life Support (EGIL)
Eisenhower, Dwight, 11, 33, 109, 176
ELDO. See European Launcher Development Organization (ELDO)
Electrical, Environmental, and Consumables Manager (EECOM), 134
Electrical, General, Instrumentation, and Life Support (EGIL), 134–35
electrolysis, 428
electrophoresis, 196–97, 232
ELS. See Earth landing system (ELS)
embryonic development experiments, 98, 168, 222, 291
EMUs. See extravehicular mobility units (EMUs)
Endeavour, 347, 372, 454, 459; STS-88 and, 343–45; STS-89 and, 339; STS-97 and, 358–59; STS-100 and, 360–61; STS-108 and, 365; STS-111 and, 366; STS-113 and, 367; STS-118 and, 410, 412–13; STS-124 and, 423–24; STS-126 and, 431, 432; STS-127 and, 439, 440; STS-130 and, 451; STS-134 and, 456, 457–58
Energia, 287, 311; commercialization of, 301–2, 322; ISS and, 342–43, 350, 387; LHX-LOX rockets of, 280, 286; Mir funding and, 354; Salyut program and, 152, 173, 271; Shuttle-Mir Program and, 303, 305–6, 308, 329, 336, 338
Engins Matra, 250
England, 42, 243–44, 296–97
England, Anthony, 265
Environmental Control Life Support System departments, 428
Era structure, 284–85
ERNO, 250, 251
ESA. See European Space Agency (ESA)
escorts for astronauts’ families, 373–75
ESRO. See European Space Research Organization (ESRO)
ethylene glycol, 79, 328
Europa rocket boosters, 244, 245
European Launcher Development Organization (ELDO), 244, 245–46
European Space Agency (ESA), 246, 281, 302, 304; ATVs and, 390, 425; ISS and, 308, 341, 366, 389, 423, 442; Spacelab and, 247, 248–51, 252–53, 254–56, 269
European space efforts, 243–46, 284–85. See also European Space Agency (ESA)
European Space Research Organization (ESRO), 244–46
Evans, Norvin C. “Bud,” 27
Evans, Ronald, 191, 195
EVAs. See extravehicular activities (EVAs)
EVA Skills Development Program, 405–7
Ewald, Reinhold, 325, 328
; “excess eleven” scientist-astronauts, 122
exercise, onboard: to prepare for donning space suits, 401; on Salyut, 81–82, 97–98, 154, 158, 160–61, 165; on Skylab, 127–28
Expedite the Processing of Experiments to Space Station (EXPRESS), 444, 453, 458
experiments: of Apollo program, 110; of ASTP, 195–97; on ISS, 389–90, 439, 453–54, 466; on Mir, 280, 281, 282, 284; on Salyut, 70–71, 80, 82, 98, 101; on Salyut 3–7, 155, 163, 168, 207–8, 212, 222, 274–75; of Shuttle-Mir Program, 315–16; on Skylab, 127–31; Spacelab and, 258, 260–61, 262, 264, 266, 268; STS-107 and, 372–73
Explorer 1, 11
Extended Duration Orbiter (EDO), 372
external tanks (ETs), 241, 379–81, 391, 392, 393–94, 455, 458
extravehicular activities (EVAs): handholds and, 210, 219, 230, 349; ISS construction and, 345, 349, 351–52; ISS Expedition 1 and, 359, 360; ISS Expedition 3 and, 361–65; ISS Expedition 4 and, 365–66; ISS Expedition 5 and, 367; ISS Expedition 6 and, 382–83; ISS Expedition 8 and, 390; ISS Expedition 9 and, 390; ISS Expedition 10 and, 390; ISS Expedition 11 and, 392–93; ISS Expedition 13 and, 395; ISS Expedition 14 and, 397–99; ISS Expedition 15 and, 410–11, 412, 413; ISS Expedition 16 and, 417–20, 422, 423–24, 432; ISS Expedition 17 and, 429–30; ISS Expedition 18 and, 431–32, 437; ISS Expedition 20 and, 439–40, 441; ISS Expedition 21 and, 443–44; ISS Expedition 23 and, 451, 453; ISS Expedition 25 and, 456, 458, 460; ISS Expedition 26 and, 456, 458, 460; ISS Expedition 27 and, 456, 458, 460; Mir EO-2–EO-4, 277, 278, 280, 281, 282, 284–85; Mir EO-5 and EO-6, 291–92, 293–94, 295–96, 297; MOL and, 19; Salyut and, 210, 212–13, 219–20, 224–25, 234–35, 236, 274–75; Shuttle-Mir Program and, 320, 322, 331, 337, 339; Skylab and, 125, 135, 138, 140, 142; Soyuz and, 64, 69; Spacelab and, 254; space suits and, 172, 210, 399–405; staged, 365, 383, 399, 410, 432; training for, 405–7
extravehicular mobility units (EMUs), 210; about, 399–405, 400, 403, 466; carbon dioxide and, 440; EVA training and, 339, 406; ISS and, 362, 365, 382; tools of, 404–5
Eyharts, Léopold, 338, 339, 414, 423
F-1 engines, 51, 113
Falcon rockets, 439
Faris, Muhammed, 278–79
Farkas, Bertalan, 226
Fast Reaction Experiments Enabling Science Technology, Applications, and Research (FREESTAR), 372
fecal collection, 77, 126, 427
fecal samples, 129
Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, 12
Feoktistov, Konstantin, 72–74, 73, 107, 181, 182, 183, 228
Ferguson, Chris, 459
Fi-103 cruise missiles, 42–43
Fili factory, 76, 342
Filipchenko, Anatoly, 70, 191, 197
film in space, 28–29, 30, 56–57, 123, 155, 157, 172, 385. See also photography
Fincke, Michael, 390, 430, 438
Finley, John, 21, 22, 35
fires: on Apollo 1, 116–17; on Columbia, 261; danger of, 19; on Mir, 326–28, 340; on Salyut, 99–100; Soyuz and, 64, 234
FirstLab, 453
Flade, Klaus-Dietrich, 302
Fletcher, James, 123
Foale, Michael, 309, 312, 331–37, 389, 390
foam from external tanks, 379–81, 392, 394
Fokker VFW, 250
food in space, 216, 386; ASTP and, 201; ISS and, 433–36, 436; Salyut and, 230; Shuttle-Mir Program and, 315–16; on Skylab, 126, 128–29, 131, 143
Ford, Gerald, 200, 205
Form 24s, 323
Fossum, Mike, 394, 395, 429, 460
France, 231, 244, 262, 284, 339
Freedom, 303–5, 306–7
FREESTAR. See Fast Reaction Experiments Enabling Science Technology, Applications, and Research (FREESTAR)
From the Earth to the Moon (Verne), 5
Frutkin, Arnold, 181, 245
fuel: early Soviet rockets and, 47–48, 52; hypergolic, 18, 46, 47; pressurization systems, 221–22; and resupplying Salyut, 167, 208, 216, 220, 231, 234; for Skylab, 124–25; system repair and leak on Salyut 7, 234–36. See also refueling
fuel cells, 19–20, 124–25
Fuglesang, Christer, 398
Fullerton, Gordon, 21, 22, 35, 265
functional cargo block (FGB) nodes, 58, 62, 229, 341; Zarya, 342–43, 344–45, 349, 350, 351, 459
funding, 3; of AAP, 117–18; of Apollo program, 34, 109, 113, 115; DOD and, 15, 16, 32, 109; of Mir, 354; of MOL, 32, 33–34; of NASA, 109, 117–18, 306–7; of space shuttle, 241
furnace experiments, 168, 197, 215, 216, 230, 231–32, 237, 293
Furrer, Reinhard, 267
Gagarin, Yuri, 1, 12, 81, 84, 104, 446
Galileo II, 254
gap filler, 392–93
Garan, Ron, 429, 460–61
Garriott, Owen, 122, 127, 132, 141, 142, 252, 257–58, 259, 260, 430–31
Garriott, Richard, 430–31
Gemini 2, 24
Gemini 7, 82
Gemini 8, 24
Gemini program, 13, 16–20, 18, 24–28, 25, 32, 82, 109
Georgia, republic of, 438
Germany, 6–7, 43, 72, 299, 302. See also West Germany
Gerstenmaier, Bill, 320
Gibson, Edward, 129, 132, 144, 145, 252
Gibson, Robert “Hoot,” 317, 426
Gidzenko, Yuri, 355, 356, 357, 358, 360, 366
Giffords, Gabrielle, 456–57
Gilruth, Bob, 181, 182, 185
Glazkov, Yuri, 171–72
gloves, 210, 402, 406
Glushko, Valentin, 52, 152, 153, 286–87
glycol coolant, 228, 328, 342
Goddard, Robert, 6
Goddard Spaceflight Center, 444
Golden Fleece Awards, 198
Goldin, Daniel, 304–5, 306–7, 340, 361
Goodwin, Linda, 320
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 297, 298, 299, 305
Gorbatko, Viktor, 70, 171–72, 226–27
gravity, 5; artificial, 6, 8, 207, 267; effects of, on human body, 81, 454; experiments on zero, 168, 196–97, 207, 231, 237, 372, 385–86, 425; indicators of, 448; micro, 14, 268, 366, 372, 425; readapting to, 142, 161, 218, 285, 388; zero, 326, 435
grease guns, 432
Grechko, Andrei, 172, 173, 271
Grechko, Georgi, 160–61, 166, 212–14, 218, 238
Gregory, Fred, 262, 263
Griffin, Michael, 392
Grissom, Gus, 116–17
Grumman Aerospace, 116
Gubarev, Alexei, 83, 160–61, 216, 217, 218
Gürragchaa, Jügderdemidiin, 228
Hadfield, Chris, 319, 466
Haigneré, Claudie, 322, 365
Haigneré, Jean-Pierre, 302, 332, 352–53, 365
Haise, Fred, 146
Handler, Philip, 179–80
Hardy, George, 181, 182
Harmony node, 415, 416–17, 422, 423
Hartsfield, Henry, 21, 22, 34, 35, 267
Hawker Siddeley Dynamics, 250
heat plasma, 380
heat shields, 19, 24–26, 293, 439
helium, 19, 265, 458
helmets: EMU, 402, 404, 466; for MOL, 27; Orlan, 209
Helms, Susan, 360, 362
Hemphill TX, 369, 376, 377–78
Henize, Karl, 265
Hermaszewksi, Mirosław, 219
Hermes space shuttle program, 284
Herres, Robert, 21–22, 22, 23, 36
H-II rockets, 442
Hobaugh, Charlie, 374
Hoshide, Akihiko, 429, 430
Howell, Jefferson, 376
HTV vehicles, 439, 442
Hubble Telescope, 33, 268, 349, 397
humidity, 79, 154, 165, 402, 428
Hurley, Doug, 459
Hurricane Dean, 413
Hurricane Katrina, 393–94, 458
Husband, Rick, 369–70, 371
hydrogen-alpha telescopes, 130
hydrogen bombs, 15, 51
Hydrolab, 210
hypergolic fuels, 18, 46, 47, 52, 261
hypergolic propellants unsymmetrical d
imethyl hydrazine (UDMH), 52
ICBMs. See intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
ICM. See Interim Control Module (ICM)
Igla rendezvous system: Mir and, 273, 277; Salyut and, 70–71, 85–86, 96, 156–57, 166, 170–71, 213, 233
IGY. See International Geophysical Year (IGY)
ILS. See International Launch Services (ILS)
IMAX cameras, 385
India, 235, 307–8
Institute of Electrical Welding, 236
Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of Japan, 429
Instrument Pointing System (IPS), 255, 262, 264–65, 266, 268
Inta, 250
Integrated Cargo Carrier, 349
intelligence gathering. See reconnaissance
intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), 16; Soviet, 11, 45–48, 50–51; U.S., 7, 10, 17–18, 24, 25, 37, 47, 350. See also specific types of missile
Intercosmos program: Mir and, 281, 282; Salyut and, 217, 217, 219, 220, 222, 226, 227, 228–29
Interim Control Module (ICM), 350
International Committee for Space Research (COSPAR), 175–76, 178, 179
International Geophysical Year (IGY), 176
International Launch Services (ILS), 343
International Programs Office, 176, 245
International Space Station (ISS), 389, 459; Alpha name of, 357–58; background and overview of, 308, 341–42, 466–67; coordinate system for construction of, 352; data transfer and, 347–49; Expedition 1 at, 355–60, 356; Expedition 2 at, 360–62; Expedition 3 at, 362–65; Expedition 4 at, 365–66; Expedition 5 at, 366–67, 414; Expedition 6 at, 367, 375–76, 382–88; Expedition 7 at, 386, 388; Expedition 8 at, 389–90; Expedition 9 at, 390; Expedition 10 at, 390–91; Expedition 11 at, 391–93; Expedition 12 at, 393–94; Expedition 13 at, 393–95, 398; Expedition 14 at, 397–99; Expedition 15 at, 399, 410–13; Expedition 16 at, 413–14, 415–20, 420, 422–26, 424, 432; Expedition 17 at, 414, 425, 428–30; Expedition 18 at, 430–33, 437; Expedition 19 at, 437–38, 439; Expedition 20 at, 436, 438–41; Expedition 21 at, 441–42, 443–45; Expedition 22–23 at, 442, 445, 448, 449–55; Expedition 26 at, 456–57; Expedition 27 at, 457–61; Expedition 30 at, 462–64, 463; Expedition 35 at, 466; food aboard, 433–36, 436; future of, 465–67; initial construction of, 308, 343–47, 349–52, 381–82; logbook of, 345–46; POCC and, 259; as a safe harbor, 381; tasks aboard, 449–50; Zarya FGB and, 342–43, 344–45, 349, 350, 351, 459
intra-vehicular activity (IVA), 291, 362
IPS. See Instrument Pointing System (IPS)
Isayev, Aleksei, 72, 101
Italian Space Agency (ASI), 359
Italy, 59, 244, 359
IVA. See intra-vehicular activity (IVA)
