Coyote America
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Index
Abbey, Edward, 179
Absaroka National Forest, 140
Acme Corporation, 240–242
Adams, Charles C., 117, 122–123
adaptation, study of, 117
adaptive success, of coyotes, 5, 35–36, 104–107, 148
aerial gunning, 174–176
agriculture, invention of, 218
Albright, Horace, 138
Algonquin Provincial Park, 224
Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge, 224
altitude-based life zones, 122
American Bison Society, 118
American Game Conference, 125
American Great Plains, 25–26, 53–54
animal extinctions on, 84, 94
Little Ice Age and, 219
American Museum of Natural History, 125
American Society of Mammalogists, 122, 145
on predators, 109, 122–125, 134–135
American West explorers, 54–57, 59–68, 76
de Angulo, Jaime, 235
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), 170
Animal Communities in Temperate America (Shelford), 117
Animal Damage Control Act (1931), 114, 116, 121, 136
origin of, 109, 134
proposed length of, 145
repeal of, 166
signing of, 135
wake of, 140
Animal Damage Control Act (1972), 166
passage of, 167
Animal Damage Control Bill
opposition to, 134
passage of, 135
Animals I Have Known (Seton), 103
animism, 27, 29
APHIS. See Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
archpredator, coyote as, 114, 116, 134, 141, 144
Artemis, 27
Audubon, John James
Canis rufus, 215
paintings of, 74–75
on prairie wolf, 74
Audubon Society, 118
Aztecs
animal fascination of, 10
coyotes and, 9–10, 48
deities of, 10
Bailey, Vernon, 95, 122, 125
on Canis rufus, 215
on coyotes, 96
mass-extermination techniques of, 100
Baird, Spencer, 64
balance of nature, 117–118
Goldman on, 124
Muir on, 108
niches and, 119
predators and, 120
white Americans and, 139
See also nature
Barton, Benjamin Smith, 60
Bartram, William, 214
behavioral reproductive barriers, 225
behavioral trait evolution
in animals, 91
in coyotes, 107–108, 128
in humans, 39
Bekoff, Marc, 19, 93
Bering land bridge migration, 32–33
Beuys, Joseph, 234, 246
Big Bend National Park, 148
Bigfoot (gray wolf), 113
biocentrism, 154–155, 161
“A Biotic View of Land” (Leopold), 154
Bird, Isabella, 78
biso
n
in deep South, 219
slaughter, 84, 86
Bison Peak Pack, 132
See also coyotes
Blackfeet, 25
Blanc, Mel, 240
Blue Mars (Robinson), 245
Bodmer, Karl, 68
fame of, 66
paintings of, 63, 65
Boone and Crockett Club, 118
bovine evolution, 6
Brautigan, Richard, 236
Breck, Stewart, 193, 202
on urban coyotes, 203–204
Brooks Range, 5
Bryce National Park, 148
Buchanan, James, 109
Buck, Marcus, 206
Bureau of Biological Survey, 113, 133
bait stations, 98–99
coyote characterization by, 144
extermination policy of, 135
funding for, 95–97, 109
Grinnell, J., and, 123–125
hunters employed by, 97–98
justification for, 96–97
mission statement of, 95
Murie, O., on, 147
policies of, 118
predator control through, 95
scientist relations with, 144
success of, 103
See also Fish and Wildlife Service
Bureau of Ethnology, 234
Burroughs, John, 108
Cain, Stanley, 164
Canidae, 26, 214
evolution of, 30–31
canids, 120
ancestral, 3
evolution of, 29–31, 211, 221
mating strategies of, 105
North American lineage of, 225–226
purity of, 222–224
canines
morality and, 93
See also wild canines
Canis anthus, 60
Canis armbrusteri, 33
Canis aureus, 32, 60
Canis chihliensis, 33
Canis dirus, 33
Canis edwardii, 31
coyotes coexistence with, 32
fossil evidence of, 32
Canis frustror, 67–68
Canis latrans, 32, 75
Say on, 58–60
See also prairie wolf
Canis latrans frustror, 68
Canis latrans orcutti, 34
Canis lepophagus, 30–32
Canis lupus, 26, 33
Canis lycaon (Northeastern wolf), 6, 216, 226
Canis niger, 214
Canis rufus (red wolf), 6, 214, 226
Audubon rendering of, 215
Bailey on, 215
as hybrid, 215–216, 219
See also red wolf
Canyonlands National Park, 148
Carhart, Arthur, 156
on poisons, 157–158
Carley, Curtis, 222–223
carrying capacity, 105, 133, 148
Carson, Kit, 50
Carson, Rachel, 156–157
on poison, 158–159
Carson National Forest, 94
Carter, Jimmy, 170
Carter, Robert, 83
Central America, coyotes in, 4
Chaco City, 10
Chauvet Cave, 33
Chico, the Misunderstood Coyote (Disney), 186
Chihuahuan desert, 4
Chisholm, Jesse, 85
Christianity, 27
Chuck Amuck (Jones), 239
cities, as ecosystems, 193, 204–205
Civilian Conservation Corps, 95
Clark, William, 95, 109
animals observed by, 54–55
explorations of, 54
journals of, 191
Clavijero, Francisco Javier, 58
Clements, Frederick, 117
The Clever Coyote (Young, S.), 147
Climax conditions, 117
Clovis hunting culture, 115
Clovis people, 25
Colville, 25
Commerce of the Prairies (Gregg), 69–70, 73
competition, evolution and, 34
Compound 1080. See sodium fluoroacetate
Connolly, Guy, 148
Continental Divide, 119
Control Methods Lab, 124
Corbin, Ben, 92
cosmopolitan species, coyotes as, 5–6
Coues, Elliott, on coyotes, 117, 179
A Country Coyote Goes Hollywood (Disney), 187
Coyoacan (religious coyote cult), 9
Coyote (Native American god), 28
appeal of, 236
consciousness, 234, 243–245, 247
creation myth, 21–22
death rationale, 45–48
early mythologies of, 37
emergence of, 25
genre, 235
as human avatar, 37, 237, 248
human nature myth, 22–24, 42–44
Jung on, 27
Kitchell on, 245
as literary character, 38
selfishness parable, 44–45
Snyder on, 236
story functionality, 41–42
universality of, 41–42
See also Old Man America
Coyote, Peter, 184, 236
Coyote, Wile E., 237–240
identification with, 241–242
plight of, 241
“Coyote and His Knee” (Wichita), 22–24
“Coyote and the Frog People” (Kalapuya), 44–45
“Coyote and the Shadow People” (Nez Perce), 46–48
coyote control, 141, 169
end of in national parks, 139–140
evolutionary colonizing mechanisms and, 108, 148
in Glacier National Park, 100–101
kill count, 147
livestock industry and, 142–143
methods of, 88, 145–147
nonlethal, 175–177
population effects of, 143
program results, 223
sentiment favoring, 138–139
sheepmen on, 102, 142–143
sterilization, 175–177
in Texas Hill Country, 147–148
during WWII, 145
Young, J., on, 174–175
See also predator control
Coyote Extermination Act, 109
Coyote Nation (Mitchell, P.), 243
coyote pelts
fur trade and, 85
Lewis on, 85
Ruxton on, 85
coyote power, Navajos on, 49–50
coyotes, 54, 230, 247
adaptive success of, 5
ancestor of, 26–27
anecdotal stories of, 233–234
as archpredator, 114, 116, 134, 141, 144
Aztecs and, 9–10, 48
Bailey on, 96
behavioral trait evolution of, 107–108, 128
biased predation evidence of, 136
bounties on, 87–88, 96, 152, 184
Bureau of Biological Survey on, 144
C. edwardii coexistence with, 32
canine competition with, 191–192
in Central America, 4
changing pronunciation of, 71–73
close encounters, 1–2
colonization behavior of, 7–8, 108
as cosmopolitan, 5–6
Coues on, 117
cultural transmission among, 106–107
dentition of, 36
eradication of, 115–116, 141
evolution of, 3, 26, 34–35, 105–107, 132–134, 148
extermination war against, 7, 16, 88, 144–145, 162
fission-fusion in, 104–106, 108
genetic analysis of, 26–27
Goldman on, 109, 125, 134, 137
gray wolves and, 65–66, 125–126, 214, 217–218
Grinnell on number slaughtered, 86
habitat range of, 2–5, 7–8, 61, 101–102, 107, 196
hearing in, 106
Hernandez on, 57–58
history of, 14
howling melodies, 81–83
humans and, 2–3, 6, 9, 14–15, 27, 191–194, 204–205, 209
Hyde on, 28
/>
in Indian myth, 116
Indian observations of, 14–15
individuality of, 115, 177–178
introduction of, 3
jackals and, 29, 63–64
lack of sympathy for, 138–139
in Lamar Valley, 132
Leopold on, 139
Lewis on, 55–57
litter size, 7, 105
in Mexico, 4
Mills on, 117
mimicry of, 18
Mitchell, T., attacked by, 209–210, 227
Muir on, 108
in New York City, 11–12
nineteenth-century traveler references to, 190–191
as omnivorous generalists, 35, 137
origin of term, 69, 71
political ideology and, 16–17
as political topic, 173–174
population levels, 139–140, 248
as predators, 114
primary diet of, 137, 140–141
pronghorn antelope and, 184
pronunciation and, 16–17
public opinion of, 15–17
Pueblo Indian rock art, 50
pup survival rates, 197
resiliency of, 15, 103–105, 108, 228–229
rodent control by, 83–84
role of, 20
romanticizing, 113
Ruxton on, 73
as scavengers, 131–132
scorched-earth policy against, 102–103
Seton on, 104
sheep and, 143
sheepmen on, 87
Smith on, 107, 126–128
as social, 35–36
as source of confusion, 15
southward movement of, 4
speed of, 132
sport-hunting, 182–183
stereotype of, 75–79, 84
survival of, 101–102
territory extension for, 145
Twain on, 76–78
vision in, 106
war on, 153
wariness of, 106–108
wolves and, 113–114, 126–130, 133–134, 215
in Yellowstone National Park, 127–129, 139–140, 148
See also Bison Peak Pack; prairie wolf; Rick Creek coyote; urban coyotes; Western coyote
Coyote’s Journal, 235–236
The Coyote’s Lament (Disney), 151–152, 186
Coyotism, 27, 42
disorder in, 49
power available through, 49–50
West Coast, 235
See also religions
coyotl, 4, 9–10, 58
origin of term, 70–71
See also coyotes
Coyotlinahual (coyote sorcerer), 10
Coyotlinauatl (coyote god), 10
coywolf, 210–211, 224, 227
Crabtree, Bob, 133
Crania Americana (Morton), 222
Crows, 25
Crystal Creek pack, 130
Curwood, James Oliver, 92
Custis, Peter, 60
Darling, Ding, 144
Darwin, Charles, on dogs, 92
Davis, Mike, 199