Stephen Hawking
Page 36
10.Dennis Overbye, “The wizard of space and time.” Omni (February 1979): 45–107.
11.Hawking, A Short History.
6. MARRIAGE AND FELLOWSHIP
1.Hawking, A Short History.
2.Ibid.
3.John Boslough, Beyond the Black Hole: Stephen Hawking’s Universe. London: Fontana, 1985.
4.Appleyard, “Master of the Universe.”
5.Bob Sipehen, “The sky’s no limit in the career of Stephen Hawking.” West Australian (June 16, 1990).
6.20/20, ABC Television broadcast, 1989.
7.Ellen Walton, “A brief history of hard times.” Guardian (August 9, 1989).
8.Overbye, “The wizard of space and time.”
9.Michael Harwood, “The Universe and Dr. Hawking.” New York Times Magazine (January 23, 1983).
10.Dennis Overbye, Lonely Hearts of the Cosmos. Boston: Little, Brown, 1999.
8. THE BREAKTHROUGH YEARS
1.Jerry Adler, Gerald C. Lubenow, and Maggie Malone, “Reading God’s mind.” Newsweek (June 13, 1988).
2.Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time. London: Bantam, 1988.
3.Overbye, Lonely Hearts of the Cosmos.
4.Ibid.
5.Ian Ridpath, “Black hole explorer.” New Scientist (May 4, 1978): 307.
6.Boslough, Beyond the Black Hole, p. 25.
7.Timothy Ferris, “Mind over matter.” Vanity Fair (June 1984).
8.Overbye, Lonely Hearts.
9. WHEN BLACK HOLES EXPLODE
1.S. W. Hawking, B. Carter, and J. Bardeen, Communications in Mathematical Physics, 31 (1973): 161–170.
2.Hawking, A Brief History of Time, p. 105.
3.S. W. Hawking, Scientific American (January 1977): 34–40.
4.S. W. Hawking, Nature, 248 (1974): 30–31.
5.J. Taylor and P. Davies, Nature, 250 (1974): 37–38.
10. THE FOOTHILLS OF FAME
1.Hawking, My Experience with ALS.
2.Overbye, Lonely Hearts.
3.Ibid.
4.Alan Lightman and Roberta Brawer, Origins: The Lives and Worlds of Modern Cosmologists. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard, 1990, p. 406.
5.Harwood, “The Universe and Dr. Hawking.”
6.Overbye, Lonely Hearts.
7.Appleyard, “Master of the Universe.”
8.Ferris, “Mind over matter.”
9.Boslough, Beyond the Black Hole, p. 25.
10.Ferris, “Mind over matter.”
11.Walton, “A brief history of hard times.”
12.Ibid.
13.Appleyard, “Master of the Universe.”
14.Walton, “A brief history of hard times.”
15.Appleyard, “Master of the Universe.”
16.Ibid.
17.Ibid.
18.Ibid.
19.20/20, ABC Television broadcast.
20.Harwood, “The Universe and Dr. Hawking.”
21.Hawking, A Brief History of Time.
22.Appleyard, “Master of the Universe.”
23.Jeremy Hornsby and Ian Ridpath, “Mind over matter.” Sunday Telegraph Magazine (October 28, 1979).
24.Kitty Ferguson, Stephen Hawking, A Quest for the Theory of Everything. New York: Bantam, 1992.
25.Hawking, A Brief History of Time.
26.D. Page, “Hawking’s timely story.” Nature, 333 (1988): 742–743.
27.Hawking, A Brief History of Time.
28.Ibid.
29.Appleyard, “Master of the Universe.”
30.Overbye, Lonely Hearts.
31.Ibid.
11. BACK TO THE BEGINNING
1.Hawking, A Brief History of Time, pp. 140–141.
12. SCIENCE CELEBRITY
1.Cambridge Evening News (January 31, 1978).
2.Boslough, Beyond the Black Hole, p. 28.
3.Harwood, “The Universe and Dr. Hawking.”
4.Ibid.
5.Overbye, “The wizard of space and time.”
6.Shames, “Stephen Hawking: A thinking kind of hero.” 1988.
7.Sunday Telegraph Magazine.
8.Osman, “A master of the Universe.”
9.Colin Wills, “Triumph of mind over matter.” Sunday Mirror (September 4, 1988).
10.“The sky’s no limit in the career of Stephen Hawking.” West Australian (1989).
11.Ferris, “Mind over matter.”
12.Overbye, Lonely Hearts.
13.Ibid.
14.Shames, “Stephen Hawking: A thinking kind of hero.”
15.John Gribbin, In Search of the Big Bang. New York: Penguin, 1999, pp. 387–388.
13. WHEN THE UNIVERSE HAS BABIES
1.E. Fahri and A. Guth, Physics Letters, 183B (1987): 149–153.
2.Hawking, A Brief History of Time, p. 137.
14. A BRIEF HISTORY OF TIME
1.“Book news.” Bookseller, October 21, 1988.
2.Ibid.
3.Boslough, Beyond the Black Hole, p. 26.
4.Ibid., p. 27.
5.Leonore Fleischer, “Talk of the trade.” Publishers Weekly (January 15, 1985).
6.Walton, “A brief history of hard times.”
7.“Top city scientist taken to hospital.” Cambridge Evening News (August 17, 1985).
8.Walton, “A brief history of hard times.”
9.Ibid.
10.Ferguson, Stephen Hawking: A Quest for the Theory of Everything.
11.“Book news.” Bookseller (October 21, 1988).
12.Ibid.
13.Ibid.
14.Ibid.
15.Charles Oulton, “Cosmic writer shames book world.” Sunday Times (August 1988).
16.Ibid.
17.“Book news.” Bookseller.
18.Denise Housby, Cambridge Evening News (August 30, 1988).
19.John Maddox, “The big bang book.” Nature, 335 (1988): 267.
20.Simon Jenkins, “A dance to the music of imaginary time.” Sunday Times (August 28, 1988).
21.Maddox, “The Big Bang book.”
22.“Up and down the city road.” Independent Magazine (April 27, 1991).
23.Letters page, Independent Magazine (May 4, 1991).
24.Ibid.
25.Jenkins, “A dance to the music of imaginary time.”
15. THE END OF PHYSICS?
1.Stephen Hawking, Newsweek (June 13, 1988).
2.M. Green, Scientific American (September 1986): 44–49.
16. FAME AND FORTUNE
1.Tim Verney, “Top cash prize for brilliant city academic.” Cambridge Evening News (January 21, 1988).
2.Alan Kersey, “Musical tribute to brave professor.” Cambridge Evening News (June 1989).
3.Hawking, A Brief History of Time.
4.David Gritten, “A brief movie of time.” Sunday Correspondent (1990).
5.Ibid.
6.James Delingpole, “Limelight.” Evening Standard (June 27, 1990).
7.Nigel Hawkes, “Defying the gravity of physics.” The Times (October 27, 1990).
8.Pauline Hunt, “Glittering triumph of an inspiring family.” Cambridge Evening News (July 19, 1988).
9.Osman, “A master of the Universe.”
10.Appleyard, “Master of the Universe.”
11.Ibid.
17. A BRIEF HISTORY OF TIME TRAVEL
1.John Gribbin, In Search of the Edge of Time. New York: Penguin, 1999.
2.Kip Thorne, Black Holes and Time Warps. New York: Norton, 1994.
3.See also John and Mary Gribbin, Richard Feynman: A Life in Science. London: Viking, 1997.
4.Stephen Hawking, The Illustrated Brief History of Time, London: Bantam, 1996. This is much more than its title implies, being in effect a completely new book, which is much more accessible than the original.
5.Kip Thorne, Black Holes and Time Warps, p. 521.
18. STEPHEN HAWKING: SUPERSTAR
1.Robert Crampton, “Intelligence Test.” The Times Magazine (April 8, 1995).
2.John Turney, The Guardian (November 10, 2001).
3.Evening Standard (April 2, 1993).
5.Ibid. (April 21, 1994).
6.Express (July 1, 1994).
7.Sun (March 30, 1993).
8.Nigel Hawkes, The Times (July 3, 1992).
9.Robin Mckie, The Observer (October 21, 2001).
10.Bryan Appleyard, “Master of a Narrow Universe.” Independent (October 13, 1993).
11.Reuters, Toronto Star (September 30, 2001).
12.Robert Crampton, “Intelligence Test.” The Times Magazine (April 8, 1995).
13.Radio Times (February 1996).
14.Ben MacIntyre, “Hawking Backs Gore as Leader for 21st Century.” The Times (August 10, 2000).
15.Guardian (March 27, 1997).
16.Daily Mail (July 6, 1995).
17.Evening Standard (September 16, 1995).
18.Daily Express (October 30, 1995).
19.Evening Standard (September 16, 1995).
19. GOD AND THE MULTIVERSE
1.John Gribbin, In Search of the Multiverse. New York: Wiley, 2010.
2.http://www.hawking.org.uk/quantum-cosmology-m-theory-and-the-anthropic-principle.html
3.Leonard Susskind, The Cosmic Landscape. New York: Back Bay Books, 2006.
4.Ian Stewart and Edwin Abbott, The Annotated Flatland. Basic Books, 2002.
5.Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow, The Grand Design. London: Bantam, 2010.
6.Ibid., note ii.
7.Vol. D73, page 123527. Available online at arXiv:hep-th/0602091v2.
8.Almost equally irritatingly, those ill-informed commentators often pronounce the word “bosun”; it should be bo-zon.
9.Frank Close, The Infinity Puzzle. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
10.Quoted by Kitty Ferguson, in Stephen Hawking. London; Transworld, 2011.
20. THE TOPSY-TURVY UNIVERSE OF A GLOBAL ICON
1.Judy Bachrach, “A Beautiful Mind, an Ugly Possibility.” Vanity Fair (June 2004): 6.
2.Marlow Stern, “The Other Side of Stephen Hawking: Strippers, Aliens, and Disturbing Abuse Claims.” The Daily Beast (June 11, 2014).
3.Christian Gysin, “Nurse claims Hawking’s Wife Is Abusing Him.” Daily Mail (June 22, 2004).
4.Ibid.
5.Judy Bachrach, “A Beautiful Mind, an Ugly Possibility.”
6.Ibid.
7.BBC News (January 20, 2004), staff writer.
8.“Stephen Hawking to Divorce Second Wife.” Daily Mail (October 19, 2006), staff writer.
9.BBC News (October 6, 2004), staff writer.
10.BBC News, “Hawking in Space! (sort of)” (April 27, 2007), staff writer.
11.Ibid.
12.BBC News, “Hawking Plans Zero-gravity Flight” (March 1, 2007), staff writer.
13.Irene Klotz, “Hawking: Space Is Our Future.” BBC News (April 26, 2007).
14.Sheryl Stolberg, “Obama Gives Medal of Freedom to 16 Luminaries,” New York Times (August 12, 2009).
15.BBC News, “Hawking to Get Medal of Freedom” (July 30, 2009), staff writer.
16.BBC News, “Stephen Hawking Slideshow Transcription” (October 1, 2009).
17.Robert Matthews, “Stephen Hawking Fears Prejudice Against Fundamental Research Threatens the Future of Science in Britain,” CAM: The University of Cambridge Alumni Magazine (Michaelmas Term 1995): 12.
18.Michael White, The Fruits of War: How Military Conflict Accelerates Technology. London: Simon and Schuster, 2005.
19.BBC News, “Stephen Hawking: God Did Not Create Universe” (September 2, 2010), staff writer.
20.Alastair Jaimieson, “Baroness Greenfield Criticizes ‘Taliban-like Stephen Hawking.’” The Telegraph (September 8, 2010).
21.Dwight Garner, “Many Kinds of Universes, and None Require God.” The New York Times Books of the Times (September 7, 2010).
22.Judy Bachrach, “A Beautiful Mind, an Ugly Possibility.” p. 7.
23.Hannah Stephenson, The Belfast Telegraph online (March 25, 2015).
24.Alok Jha, “Stephen Hawking Marks 70th Birthday With Speech to Leading Cosmologists.” The Guardian (January 9, 2012).
25.Michelle Roberts, “Defying the Odds of Medicine.” BBC News: Health (January 8, 2012).
26.Ibid.
27.Katherine Harmon, “How Has Stephen Hawking Lived Past 70 with ALS?” Scientific American (January 7, 2012).
28.Terrence McCoy, “How Stephen Hawking Has Survived So Long with ALS.” The Sydney Morning Herald (February 25, 2015).
29.Alok Jha, “Stephen Hawking Marks 70th Birthday With Speech to Leading Cosmologists.”
30.Fergus Walsh, “Stephen Hawking: Why I Support Assisted Dying.” BBC News: Health (July 16, 2014).
31.R. Albert Mohler Jr., “Professor Stephen Hawking at 70.” Christian Post (January 9, 2012).
32.“Stephen Hawking Speaks Out About Assisted Suicide.” BBC News: Health (September 17, 2013), staff writer.
33.Angela Lambert, The Independent (August 23, 1994).
34.Marlow Stern, “The Other Side of Stephen Hawking: Strippers, Aliens, and Disturbing Abuse Claims.” The Daily Beast (June 11, 2014).
35.David Freeman, “Stephen Hawking Frequents Sex Club In California: Report.” The Huffington Post (February 28, 2012).
36.Rory Cellan-Jones, “Stephen Hawking Warns Artificial Intelligence Could End Mankind.” BBC News: Technology (December 2, 2014).
37.Claudia Dreifus, “Life and the Cosmos, Word by Painstaking Word: A Conversation with Stephen Hawking.” The New York Times, Science Section (May 9, 2011): 1.
38.Genevieve Hassan, “Eddie Redmayne Admits Fear Over Stephen Hawking Role.” BBC News: Entertainments and Arts (September 8, 2014).
39.Ramin Settoodeh, “How Eddie Redmayne Became Stephen Hawking in ‘The Theory of Everything.’” Variety (October 28, 2014).
40.“Eddie Redmayne: Eddie Redmayne’s Hawking Embarrassment.” Loaded (March 8, 2015).
41.Tim Masters, “Eddie Redmayne Avoided Benedict Cumberbatch’s Hawking Film.” BBC News: Entertainment and Arts (December 9, 2014).
42.Tim Masters, “Theory of Everything Star Felicity Jones: Awards Are A Bonus.” BBC News: Entertainment and Arts (January 2, 2015).
43.Genevieve Hassan, “Eddie Redmayne Admits Fear Over Stephen Hawking Role.”
44.Angie Han, /FILM blog, “What Did Stephen Hawking Think of Theory of Everything?” (November 19, 2014).
45.Annie Price, “I’m Proud of You: Stephen Hawking’s Heartfelt Message After Eddie Redmayne Wins Oscar.” Express (February 23, 2015).
46.20/20, ABC Television broadcast.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank a number of people who, for one reason or another, helped to make this book happen: Mark Barty-King, Dr. Robert Berman, Maureen Berman, Roberta Bernstein, staff at the Cambridge County Library, Professor Brandon Carter, Marcus Chown, Michael Church, Virgil Clarke, Sami Cohen, Dr. Kevin Davies, Professor Paul Davies, Sue Davies, Fischer Dilke, Norman Dix, Dr. Fay Dowker, Professor George Efstathiou, Professor George Ellis, Peter Guzzardi, Professor Edward Harrison, Professor Stephen Hawking, David Hickman, Chris Holifield, Professor Maurice Jacob, Dr. David Lindley, Shirley MacLaine, Dr. John McClenahan, Ravi Mirchandani, Dr. Simon Mitton, Dr. Joseph Needham, Professor Don Page, Murray Pollinger, Colonel Geoffrey Pryke OBE, Professor Abdus Salam, Professor David Schramm, Professor Dennis Sciama, Lydia Sciama, Professor Paul Steinhardt, Rodney Tibbs, Professor Michael Turner, Dr. Tanmay Vachaspati, Professor Alex Vilenkin, Lisa Whitaker, and Nigel Wood-Smith. JG thanks the Alfred C. Munger Foundation for a contribution toward travel and other expenses.
INDEX
Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.
A
absolute space, 33, 37
absolute zero, 98, 169
acceleration, 28, 32, 38–39, 382
Albanian, 23
Albrecht, Andreas, 218, 325–327
Aldrin, Buzz, 396
Amis, Kingsl
ey, 11
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
complications of, 275–278
diagnosis of, 71–72
paralysis from, 189–190, 195, 367, 411
progression of, 408–409
research on, 228
stabilisation of, 224–225, 409
worsening of, 80–81
Appleyard, Bryan, 370–371
Armstrong, Neil, 118
At Home in France, 376
atomic motion, 98–99
B
baby universes, 244–259, 346–347
Bach, Johann Sebastian, 322
Back to the Future, 331, 353–354
background radiation, 101, 128–133, 136, 246
Bardeen, James, 145, 169
Barrow, John, 326, 370
Barty-King, Mark, 282–283, 289
Batchelor, George, 75
Beatles, 66, 118
Beckham, David, 395
Beethoven, Ludwig van, 11, 364
Bekenstein, Jacob, 145–146, 152, 168–169, 172, 176
Bell, Jocelyn, 126
Berman, Maureen, 57–58
Berman, Robert, 49–50, 57–58, 62, 64, 204–205, 225, 334
Beyond the Black Hole: Stephen Hawking’s Universe, 147
Big Bang cosmology, 131
Big Bang process, 95–101, 213–214, 217
Big Bang radiation, 101, 128–133, 136, 246
Big Bang theory, 41, 46, 86, 92–93, 95
Big Bang Theory, The, 396
“Big Crunch,” 213, 247, 251. See also Big Bang
black holes
discovering, 86–87
expanding universe and, 346–347
heart of, 159
horizon around, 92, 96, 123, 135, 159–168, 174–175, 210, 247, 252
naming, 87, 136
rotation of, 171–174
singularity theory and, 82–85, 90–94, 111, 134–137, 159–168
spacetime and, 83, 86–96, 135–136, 144, 164–166, 170, 253
study of, 27, 86–96
surface area of, 159–160, 164–166, 172–175, 206
Black Holes and Baby Universes, 361
Black Holes and Time Warps, 348
Blaine, David, 396
Blott, Barry, 22
Bohr, Niels, 209
Bondi, Hermann, 78, 83, 103–104
Boslough, John, 114, 147, 190
bosons, 386–388
Brahms, Johannes, 364
Branson, Richard, 397, 407
Brief History of Time, A, 4, 151, 172, 196, 216, 269, 271, 278, 284–297, 305, 310, 313, 316, 319–324, 327–334, 337–338, 342, 361–365, 369, 372, 396, 402–407, 418