Justice for All
Page 82
23 Author interview with Earl Warren, Jr., Jan. 25, 2004 (by telephone).
24 Robert Kenny, “My First Forty Years in California Politics” (unpublished manuscript, on file at BL, University of California, Berkeley).
25 Undated note, state archives, attorney general campaign files (original draft in file 286); see also Leo Katcher, Earl Warren: A Political Biography, p. 109.
26 Kenny, “My First Forty Years in California Politics.”
27 Memoirs, p. 126.
CHAPTER 6. PROGRESSIVE
1 William T. Sweigert, “The Legend of the Earl of Warren,” included in oral history interview with Sweigert, Administration and Ethics in the Governor’s Office and the Courts, California, 1939-1975.
2 Memoirs, p. 128. Also oral history interview with Walter P. Jones, Bee Perspectives of the Warren Era, pp. 43-44.
3 Memoirs, p. 128.
4 Santa Barbara News-Press, Jan. 4, 1939.
5 Memoirs, p. 166.
6 Los Angeles Times, Jan. 6, 1939.
7 Santa Barbara News-Press, Jan. 5, 1939.
8 Warren daily calendar, state archives, pregubernatorial papers, calendars.
9 Ibid.
10 Los Angeles Times editorial, Jan. 4, 1939.
11 Robert Burke, Olson’s New Deal for California, p. 50.
12 Burke, Olson’s New Deal, p. 54.
13 Santa Barbara News-Press, Jan. 7, 1939.
14 Los Angeles Times, Jan. 8, 1939; see also AP reports.
15 Burke, Olson’s New Deal for California, p. 55.
16 Los Angeles Times, Jan. 9, 1939.
17 Santa Barbara News-Press and Los Angeles Times, Jan. 8, 1939.
18 Mooney statement from St. Luke’s Hospital, Feb. 24, 1939, state archives, attorney general papers, William Knowland file.
19 Los Angeles Times, Jan. 8, 1939.
20 Santa Barbara News-Press, Jan. 8, 1939.
21 Santa Barbara News-Press, Jan. 10, 1939.
22 Los Angeles Times, Jan. 10, 1939.
23 Santa Barbara News-Press, Jan. 24, 1939.
24 Executive session of the Warren Commission, Dec. 5, 1963, p. 44.
25 “The Iconography of Hope: The 1939-1940 New York World’s Fair” (tape-recorded message), April 30, 1939.
26 Warren letter to California district attorneys and sheriffs, July 6, 1939, state archives, attorney general papers, gambling file.
27 Warren letter to S. M. Haskins, Dec. 27, 1938, state archives, attorney general papers, gambling file.
28 Warren letter to John J. Jerome, March 14, 1939, state archives, attorney general papers, gambling file.
29 Memoirs, p. 131.
30 Oral history interview with Warren Olney III, Law Enforcement and Judicial Administration in the Earl Warren Era, p. 173.
31 Santa Barbara News-Press, July 29, 1939.
32 Oral history interview with Warren Olney III, Law Enforcement and Judicial Administration in the Earl Warren Era, p. 180.
33 Undated gambling ships’ memo, state archives, attorney general papers, gambling file.
34 Ibid.
35 Santa Barbara News-Press, Aug. 3, 1939.
36 Memoirs, pp. 136-37.
37 Warren telegram to Carl F. Rayburn, sheriff of Riverside County, Jan. 3, 1941, state archives, attorney general office papers, gambling file.
38 David M. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, p. 425.
CHAPTER 7. DUEL FOR POWER
1 William Sweigert, “The Legend of the Earl of Warren,” included in oral history interview with Sweigert, Administration and Ethics in the Governor’s Office and the Courts, California, 1939-1975.
2 Author interview with Virginia Warren, May 31, 2004.
3 This reconstruction of events that day comes from clips and correspondence in the state archives, Warren personal papers, letters of condolence (1940) file.
4 Helen MacGregor telegram to Everett Mattoon, May 2, 1940, state archives, Warren attorney general papers, memoranda file.
5 Mattoon letter to MacGregor, May 3, 1940, state archives, Warren attorney general papers, memoranda file.
6 Decoto letter to Warren, May 3, 1940, state archives, Warren personal papers, letters of condolence file.
7 Warren personal papers, letters of condolence file, state archives.
8 Author interview with Robert Warren, Dec. 11, 2003.
9 Warren speech to Temple Sinai, Oct. 31, 1941, original draft prepared by Herbert Wenig. These comments are included in Warren’s revisions, state archives, attorney general papers, Brandeis file.
10 Derek Shearer, “A True Homegrown Radical,” included in “Carey McWilliams, The Great Exception,” a collection of tributes to McWilliams. “Front-man” comes from Carey McWilliams, “Warren of California,” New Republic, Oct. 18, 1943.
11 Lloyd Ray Henderson, “Earl Warren and California Politics,” p. 114.
12 Associated Press reports, June 14-26, 1940.
13 Warren letter declining to endorse another candidate for judicial position, April 29, 1935, state archives, Warren personal papers, “A” file.
14 Warren appointment books, July 2, 1940, state archives, Warren attorney general office papers, calendars.
15 Radin letter to McWilliams, July 24, 1940, UCLA, McWilliams papers, Warren file.
16 G. Edward White, Earl Warren: A Public Life, pp. 63-65.
17 Warren calendars, March 26-July 22, 1940, state archives, attorney general papers, appointment books.
18 Santa Barbara News-Press, July 23, 1940.
19 Warren Olney III, Law Enforcement and Judicial Administration in the Earl Warren Era, p. 78.
20 Citizens’ letter to Commission on Qualifications, July 25, 1940, UCLA, McWilliams papers, Warren file.
21 Robert Gordon Sproul, memo to file, Dec. 31, 1940, BL, Sproul papers, Special Problems file.
22 Warren manuscript on file at BL.
23 Mrs. George Alberts letter to Warren, Nov. 3, 1939, state archives, attorney general papers, King-Ramsay-Conner file.
24 Warren letter to Mrs. George Alberts, Nov. 13, 1939, state archives, attorney general papers, King-Ramsay-Conner file.
25 Minutes of the Advisory Pardon Board meeting, April 30, 1940, state archives, attorney general office papers, King-Ramsay-Conner file.
26 Warren statement, Oct. 16, 1940, state archives, attorney general office papers, King-Ramsay-Conner file.
27 Olson letter to Warren, Oct. 17, 1940, state archives, attorney general papers, King-Ramsay-Conner file.
28 Warren letter to Olson, Oct. 18, 1940, state archives, attorney general papers, King-Ramsay-Conner file.
29 Los Angeles Times, Nov. 28, 1941.
30 Warren statement, Nov. 27, 1941, state archives, attorney general office papers, King-Ramsay-Conner file.
31 Los Angeles Times, Jan. 17, 1941.
32 See, for instance, the transcript of the Sept. 11, 1941, meeting of the office’s Board for Civil Protection, state archives, attorney general papers, Office of Civilian Defense file.
33 Robert E. Burke, Olson’s New Deal for California, pp. 193-94. See also coverage in the Los Angeles Times, the Santa Barbara News-Press, and other papers from January 1942.
34 Warren letter to Farnham Griffiths, April 7, 1941, state archives, Warren personal papers, Bohemian Club, 1941-53 file.
35 Knowland letter to Warren, Sept. 26, 1941, state archives, personal papers, William Knowland file.
CHAPTER 8. “THE BEST PEOPLE OF CALIFORNIA”
1 Ex Parte Mitsuye Endo, 323 U.S. 283 (1944).
2 Toyosaburo Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944).
3 Author interviews with Earl Warren, Jr., and Robert Warren.
4 Author interview with Robert Warren, March 12, 2004.
5 “Civilians Urged to Keep Calm,” Los Angeles Times, Dec. 8, 1941.
6 Interview with Earl Warren, Jr., Feb. 19, 2004.
7 Greg Robinson, By Order of the President, p. 75.
8 Oakland Tribune, Dec. 8, 1942.
&nbs
p; 9 Oral history interview with Helen MacGregor, A Career in Public Service with Earl Warren, p. 136.
10 Ibid., p. 138.
11 Author interview with Robert Warren, March 12, 2004.
12 See National Archives letter to Amelia Fry, Earl Warren Oral History Project, Nov. 30, 1971, contained in Japanese-American Relocation Reviewed, vol. 1, Exodus.
13 See, among others, Morton Grodzins, Americans Betrayed, p. 19.
14 Santa Barbara News-Press, Jan. 4, 1942, quoting Taki Asakura.
15 Los Angeles Times, Jan. 3, 1942.
16 Sacramento Bee, Jan. 5, 1942 (excerpted in Lawson Fusao Inada, ed., Only What We Could Carry, p. 15).
17 Quoted in Wartime Exile, p. 105.
18 Los Angeles Times editorial, Jan. 23, 1942.
19 Los Angeles Times, Jan. 22, 1942.
20 Grodzins, Americans Betrayed, p. 39.
21 Los Angeles Times, Jan. 25, 1942. The Times ran the full text of the report in its Sunday paper that morning.
22 Los Angeles Times editorial, Jan. 28, 1942.
23 Los Angeles Times, Jan. 29, 1942. Brackets indicate language that was printed in McLemore’s column in other papers but edited from it in the Times.
24 Associated Press report, Jan. 28, 1942.
25 Grodzins, Americans Betrayed, p. 124.
26 Ibid., p. 125.
27 Dillon Myer, Uprooted Americans, p. 17.
28 Oral history interview with Herbert Wenig, Japanese-American Relocation Reviewed, p. 10; also oral history interview with Warren Olney III, Law Enforcement and Judicial Administration in the Earl Warren Era, pp. 223-25.
29 Memoirs, p. 145.
30 Arlington National Cemetery records, entries for John DeWitt, Calvin DeWitt, Calvin DeWitt, Jr., and Wallace DeWitt.
31 See, for instance, John Hersey, Manzanar, p. 16.
32 Roger Daniels, The Decision to Relocate the Japanese Americans, p. 14.
33 Stetson Conn, “The Decision of Evacuate the Japanese from the West Coast” (included in Command Decisions, p. 91).
34 Hersey, Manzanar, p. 30.
35 Final Report, Japanese Evacuation from the West Coast, 1942, p. 18.
36 Oral history interview with Tom Clark, Japanese-American Relocation Revisited, p. 3.
37 Hersey, Manzanar, p. 39.
38 Conn, “The Decision to Evacuate the Japanese from the West Coast” (Command Decisions, p. 95). It is not clear from DeWitt’s retelling of the conversation whether that characterization was his or Olson’s. In either case, DeWitt adopted it after speaking with Olson.
39 Greg Robinson, By Order of the President, p. 97. In keeping with DeWitt’s tendency to vacillate, even as he told Defense Department officials that he favored the evacuation he reported to the FBI that he supported removal of only male Japanese from the restricted areas. San Francisco Special Agent in Charge to Hoover, Feb. 3, 1942, FBI document number 62-65880-14x, Charns, Warren file, Folder 85.
40 Associated Press report, Jan. 30, 1942. The Los Angeles Times, on January 31, rendered this comment in slightly different words, though substantively the remarks were identical.
41 Los Angeles Times, Jan. 31, 1942.
42 Los Angeles Times, Feb. 3, 1942.
43 Los Angeles Times, Feb. 4, 1942.
44 Ibid.
45 FBI report 62-65880-14x, Charns, Warren file, Folder 85.
46 Warren testimony to Tolan Committee, report prepared by the Grower-Shipper Vegetable Association and submitted to Warren’s office, p. 11002.
47 Carey McWilliams, Prejudice, p. 87; also p. 127. In testimony before the Tolan Committee, some agricultural representatives estimated the Japanese significance in these markets more modestly, but their testimony seems suspect, as their mission was to convince the committee that exclusion would not much affect California’s agricultural output.
48 Grodzins, Americans Betrayed, p. 23.
49 Associated Press report, Jan. 22, 1942.
50 McWilliams, Prejudice, p. 127. Also Grodzins, Americans Betrayed, pp. 27-28.
51 The Associated Farmers courted Warren through the early years of his attorney general service, inviting him to speak at their annual conference a year before Pearl Harbor. When he accepted, the organization billed the speech as a major address by a friend who shared the association’s antagonism toward Olson. Warren, the announcement read, “is widely known for his leadership in fighting subversive activities. He has become nationally known as a fighter for law and order and clean government. Recently, he led the protest against the announced intention of Governor Olson to pardon the three communists who committed the brutal murder in the infamous Point Lobos case.” Associated Farmer newsletter, Nov. 25, 1940.
52 Warren speech to Associated Farmers, Dec. 2, 1940, state archives, attorney general papers, Associated Farmers file.
53 Warren testimony to Tolan Committee, Feb. 21, 1942, p. 10973 (Exhibit A).
54 Ibid., p. 10974 (Exhibit A).
55 Los Angeles Times, Feb. 3, 1942.
56 Oral history interview with Percy Heckendorft, Decision and Exodus, p. 5.
57 Los Angeles Times editorial, Feb. 13, 1942.
58 Biddle memo to FDR, Feb. 17, 1942, excerpted in Daniels, The Decision to Relocate the Japanese Americans , p. 49.
59 Grodzins, Americans Betrayed, p. 100.
60 Ibid., p. 97.
61 Leo Katcher, Earl Warren: A Political Biography, p. 144.
62 Warren Olney to John H. Keith, Feb. 3, 1942. Letter is contained in collection on preevacuation location of Japanese-Americans, BL.
63 Final Report, Japanese Evacuation from the West Coast, 1942, p. 9.
64 Ibid., p. 34 (from DeWitt’s Final Recommendation of the Commanding General, Western Defense Command and Fourth Army, Submitted to the Secretary of War, Feb. 14, 1942).
65 Warren testimony, p. 11009.
66 Ibid., p. 11012.
67 Ibid., p. 11011-12.
68 Halbert memo to Warren Olney, preevacuation location of Japanese-Americans, Feb. 18, 1942, Olney-Warren correspondence folder, BL.
69 Warren testimony, p. 11015.
70 Ibid., p. 11014.
71 McWilliams, Prejudice, p. 118.
72 Nellie Wang Balch and Donald Cruz, “Topaz: A Remembrance” (unpublished research paper), UCLA special collections, Edison Uno papers, Topaz file.
73 Lawson Fusao Inada, ed., Only What We Could Carry (testimony of Elaine Black Yoneda to the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, 1981), pp. 154-72.
74 Michi Nishimura Weglyn, Years of Infamy, p. 77.
75 McWilliams, Prejudice, p. 133.
76 Kiyoshi Hirabayashi v. United States, 320 U.S. 81 (1943).
77 Undated notes from Pearson interviews with Warren during a 1967 trip to Hawaii, Pearson papers, LBJ Library. This note can be dated to 1967, as it is written on the stationery of the Hotel Hana-Maui, where the Pearsons and Warrens stayed on their trip that summer.
78 Pacific Citizen, June 23, 1967 (reprint of Uno letter to Life, dated May 19, 1967).
79 Jerry Enomoto letter to Warren, May 18, 1969, UCLA special collections, Edison Uno papers, Warren file.
80 Pacific Citizen, April 25, 1969.
81 Ibid.
82 Author interview with Jesse Choper, Sept. 9, 2003.
83 San Francisco Examiner, April 23, 1970, one of many sources for the text of the letter.
84 Memoirs, p. 148.
85 Ibid., p. 149.
86 Oral history interview with Warren Olney III, Law Enforcement and Judicial Administration in the Earl Warren Era, p. 235.
87 Oral history interview with Carey McWilliams, Warren: Views and Episodes, p. 29d.
88 Warren letter to Jeffrey Warren, March 31, 1968, private collection.
CHAPTER 9. VICTORY
1 Warren speech to the Commonwealth Club, San Francisco, Jan. 29, 1943, state archives, gubernatorial papers, Speeches, Alpha File “C.”
2 Copy of proclamation in state archives, attorney general pa
pers, civil defense file. Also included is Warren staff analysis concluding that the proclamation was unconstitutional.
3 Oral history interview with Warren, Conversations with Earl Warren on California Government, p. 103.
4 See, for instance, Sweigert memo to Warren, Dec. 19, 1941, state archives, attorney general papers, civil defense file.
5 Oral history interview with Richard Perrin Graves, Theoretician, Advocate and Candidate in California State Government, p. 69.
6 Ibid., p. 70.
7 Robert E. Burke, Olson’s New Deal for California, p. 198.
8 Olson letter to DeWitt, Feb. 10, 1942, BL, Olson papers, DeWitt correspondence file.
9 Author interview with Virginia Warren, May 31, 2004.
10 Oral history interview with Jim Warren, The Governor’s Family, p. 31.
11 Author interview with Virginia Warren, May 31, 2004. The other children all echo this observation.
12 Oral history interview with Jim Warren, The Governor’s Family, p. 28.
13 Author interview with Earl Warren, Jr., Nov. 24, 2003.
14 Oral history interview with Adrian Kragen, Earl Warren: Views and Episodes, pp. 20-21b.
15 Appointment book for 1942, state archives, attorney general papers, daily calendars file.
16 Knowland letter to Warren, Sept. 26, 1941, state archives, attorney general papers, William Knowland file, 1941-1953.
17 Oral history interview with William Knowland, Earl Warren’s Campaigns, vol. 2 (this comment from the appended interview with James Bassett included in that volume).
18 See Knowland letters to Warren in March 1942, state archives, Warren personal papers, William Knowland file, 1941-53.
19 Oral history interview with Joseph B. Feigenbaum, Earl Warren’s Campaigns, vol. 2, p. 42a.
20 Appointment book, entry for April 4, 1942, state archives, attorney general papers, Warren calendars file.
21 Memoirs, p. 156.
22 Ibid.
23 Ibid.
24 Author interview with Robert Warren, March 12, 2004.
25 Oral history interview with Kragen, Earl Warren: Views and Episodes, p. 20b.
26 Curiously, Warren misremembered this date in his memoirs, saying he announced on April 10. Newspapers from the period make clear, however, that the actual date was April 9.
27 Associated Press report, April 9, 1942, carried in the Los Angeles Times, April 10, 1942.