Bay of. See key word
Bazalgette, Joseph, 261
Bedouins, 22, 130
beer, 224, 253, 296, 471
Beijing, 88, 112, 115, 118, 120, 122, 124, 125, 444; air pollution and, 436; Olympics at, 443; water supply and, 434–35
Belgium, 164, 209
Belisarius, 93–94, 95
bellows, 107, 219, 224, 226
Benedict, St., 169
Bengal, 205, 259
Bengal, Bay of, 57
Berbers, 132
Berguardo Canal, 215
Bernard, St., 169
Bhakra Dam, 358
Bhopal disaster (1984), 426
Bhutto, Benazir, 428
Bible, 20, 33, 39, 41, 42, 44, 49, 50, 129
Big Country, The (film), 323
biofuels, 475, 476
biological cycles, 17
biological dead zones, 472
Birmingham (England), 220–21, 226, 251
Bismarck (battleship), 70, 233
Black, James, 219
Black Death, 179
black meteorite, 129, 130
Black Sea, 60, 66, 71, 72, 83, 92, 137, 158, 178, 179, 320; Constantinople and, 139, 141; Mediterranean link with, 137, 139, 408; North Sea transport link with, 82
Black September (1970), 405
Blackstone River, 281, 282
blast furnace, 170–71, 213, 224, 226
Bloomberg, Michael, 466–67
Blue Nile, 28, 183, 392, 394, 395, 396, 400, 495
boiled water, 252, 296, 428, 477
Bolivia, 371, 380
Bonneville Dam, 338, 339–40
books, 145, 170
Bosporus, 60, 66, 71, 72, 86, 92, 137, 139, 140, 141
Boston harbor, 280, 295
Boston Tea Party, 124, 270
bottled water, 380, 470
Boulder Canyon Project, 333–34
Boulder Dam. See Hoover Dam
Boulton, Matthew, 220–26, 229, 288
Boutros-Ghali, Boutros, 387, 391–92, 394, 395
Boyle, Robert, 218
Bramah, Joseph, 257
Braudel, Fernand, 134
Brazil, 13, 375
bridges, 165–66, 224–26, 229; steel cables and, 294
Bridgewater, Duke of, 214, 215, 216, 217
Bridgewater Canal, 214, 216–17, 290
Brindley, James, 216, 217
Britain, 37, 59, 82, 116, 160, 168, 174, 200–201, 203–10, 211–45, 226, 250, 269, 274, 280, 302, 388; canal network and, 214, 215, 216–17, 290, 293; cholera pandemics and, 259; colonies and (see American Revolution; India); Egypt and, 231, 237–40; failed attempted invasions of, 197, 199–200, 203–4, 208, 209–10; industrial growth rate of, 223; Opium Wars and, 124–25, 232, 304; primacy of, 232; sanitary revolution and, 250–51, 255–63, 441, 457; sea power of, 70, 152–53, 192, 199–200, 204–10, 211, 212, 232–33, 303, 305; Spanish ambitions and, 196, 197–200; steam engine and (see Industrial Revolution); U.S. sea power and, 303–4; U.S. treaties with, 276–77, 308; Voyages of Discovery and, 180, 186, 198–99, 206, 207; water resources of, 211–12, 245
Britain, Battle of (1940), 209–10
bronze, 47, 63, 69, 74, 174
Bronze Age, 33, 35, 47, 63, 64; barbarian waves and, 22–23; Chinese civilization and, 100, 101; Indus civilization and, 52
Brooklyn Bridge, 294, 466
Brown, Moses, 281
Bruges, 164, 173, 179
Brundtland, Gro, 356
Buddhism, 107, 109
bullion, 188–89, 196
Bunau-Varilla, Philippe, 312, 313, 314
Bureau of Reclamation (U.S.), 343–44, 351, 392, 454–55
Burgoyne, John, 270–73
Burma, 232, 269
Burns, Robert, 219
Burundi, 28, 396, 411
Bush, George W., 475
Byblos, 34, 65
Byron, Lord, 49
Byzantine Empire, 36, 37, 93–95, 110, 145, 158, 175; Islamic expansion and, 130–33, 137–41, 403; Venetian trade and, 177–78. See also Constantinople
Cabot, John, 180, 186
Cádiz, 65, 174, 199, 208
Caesar, Julius, 72, 75, 80, 81, 82, 88, 338
Cairo, 30, 37, 144, 148, 387
Calcutta, 205, 259
Calicut, 120, 151, 190, 193
California, 330, 333–36, 341, 452–53; agriculture and, 326, 333, 341–42, 346–47, 352, 353, 452–59, 462, 472; aqueducts of, 324(map), 454; Gold Rush and, 85, 299–300; migrants to, 300, 342, 344; state water bank of, 456–57; water engineering and, 323, 335–36, 341–42; water productivity and, 457–59; water sharing compact and, 336, 350, 454–55, 456
California, Gulf of, 332
California Water Project, 342
caliphate, 130, 132, 133, 142–43, 146
Camdessus, Michel, 486
camel caravans, 2, 58, 60, 128–31, 134–36, 138, 144, 153, 154, 184; ship capacity vs., 194; Silk Roads and, 108–9
Campbell, Jane, 477
Campbell, Joseph, 17
Canada, 180, 186, 198, 205, 271, 274, 276, 277, 304; freshwater stock of, 13, 375; hydroelectricity and, 286
Canal du Midi, 214–15, 216, 289, 488
canals, irrigation, 42, 44, 46, 48, 51, 52, 103–5, 143, 147; insect-bearing disease and, 251–52; as remnants of lost societies, 55, 326
canals, transport, 2, 3, 25, 32, 41, 164, 476, 487–88; Europe and, 82, 201, 214–17, 293; lock innovations and, 113, 119, 122, 164, 215–16, 316, 317; steam railroads superseding, 229; United States and, 267, 287–94, 295, 344. See also specific canals
cancers, 354
Candragupta, 57
cannon, 151, 152, 157, 171, 197, 226; significance of, 192, 193
Canton, 88, 105, 124, 194
Cape Horn, 300, 308
Cape of Africa, 186, 190
Cape of Good Hope, 187, 202
Cape Verde Islands, 185, 190
capitalism. See market economy
caravel, 181–82, 187
carbon dioxide emissions, 478
cargo ships, 163, 178, 230. See also container shipping
Caribbean Sea, 196, 198, 209, 272, 273, 302, 306–8; U.S. power and, 277, 278, 280, 303, 314
Carnegie, Andrew, 219
Carolingians, 94
Carson, Rachel, 354, 357
Cartagena, 79
Carthage, 65, 70, 76, 77–79, 91, 174, 184
casks, 195, 259
cast iron, 1, 106–7, 116, 169, 170–71, 212; steam power and, 219, 224, 226, 476
catapult, naval, 81, 138
Catskills aqueduct, 297, 460
Caucasus Mountains, 47, 132
Cauvery Dam, 231
cedar, 34, 35, 65
cement, 261, 291
Central America, 25, 180, 188. See also Panama Canal; specific countries
central Asia, 22, 49, 60, 484; Alexander the Great and, 72–73; Aral Sea disaster and, 377, 445; giant dam and, 359, 483; invasions of, 117, 118, 146; Islam and, 126, 137; landscape of, 11; Silk Roads and, 58, 99(map), 108–9
centralized state: China as, 97, 102–3, 105, 106, 123, 125, 172, 423, 437; free market vs., 110, 197, 204, 261; giant dam projects and, 327–28, 338–39, 358; Spain as, 197–98. See also communism; hydraulic societies
Central Pacific Railroad, 300
Central Valley (Calif.), 323, 326, 341–42, 346–47; overpumping in, 348; state-set water price for, 457
Cervantes, Miguel, 153
cesspools, 256–57, 258
Ceylon, 120, 121, 194, 202
Chad, 416
Chad, Lake, 378
Chadwick, Edwin, 258, 259
Chagres River, 310, 316, 317
chamber pots, 254
Champagne region fairs, 173
Champa rice, 115, 360
Champlain, Lake, 304
Charlemagne, 94, 138, 141, 160, 168
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 188–89, 196, 309
Charles Martel, 141
Charles River, 283
Char
leston, 272, 280, 295
Chelsea Waterworks Company, 256
chemical pollutants, 353–55, 439–40. See also fertilizers
Cheng Ho, 120, 122, 190
Cheng-kuo Canal, 103
Chen-tseung, 115
Chesapeake Bay, 270, 272, 273, 293
Chicago, 263–64, 267, 293, 295
child labor, 222, 282, 494
China, ancient/medieval, 14, 24, 25, 82, 83, 92, 96–125, 132; centralization and, 102–3, 105, 106, 172; decline/restoration of, 110–11, 119–25; disparate hydrological regions of, 97, 101–2; golden age of, 97, 104, 111, 113–17, 123, 126; Grand Canal’s unification of, 2, 97, 111, 112–14, 164; innovation and, 103, 106, 114, 116–17, 123, 144, 145, 146, 171–72, 178; inward turn of, 97, 106, 121–24, 154; major rivers of (see Yellow River; Yangtze River); Mongol conquests of, 117–19, 146; Roman parallels with, 105, 110; silk making and, 107–8, 116, 170; Silk Roads and, 58, 99(map), 108–9, 132; sustainable population of, 133; trade with, 58, 137, 150, 194
China, modern, 411, 417–19, 430–47; communism and, 125, 172, 265, 357–59, 423, 437; disparate hydrological regions of, 375–76, 378, 430, 431, 436–37, 443; drinking water precautions in, 252; economic growth of, 418, 420, 431, 437; opening of trade with, 124–25, 232, 304; per capita water use in, 430; water diplomacy and, 482, 483; water engineering and, 357–59, 417, 418, 430–39, 442–46, 478; water scarcity challenge and, 5, 430–47, 482; water violence and, 371, 380
Chinatown (film), 334
Ch’in dynasty, 102–5, 106, 111, 215
Chinese philosophy, 17, 100–101, 103, 252, 442, 445
chlorination, 263
cholera, 236, 371; pandemics of, 249, 252, 258–60, 261, 296, 297; vaccine for, 262
Christianity, 18, 152, 160; early divisions in, 138; Ethiopia and, 28, 393, 394; European civilization and, 72, 141, 157, 158; Islam and, 129, 132, 137–38, 141–42; Roman Empire and, 109, 140, 394; Spanish reconquest and, 148, 187. See also Protestantism; Roman Catholic Church
Chü-tang, 119
Chyulu Hills, 493–95
Cilicia, 63, 80
Circus Maximus, 84
Cistercian order, 169
cisterns, 56, 139, 143, 253
cities: Alexander the Great founding of, 74; ancient hydraulic systems and, 52, 54, 63, 75, 85–87; beginnings of, 19–20, 37; bridges and, 165–66; cholera pandemics and, 259; civilizing influence of, 41; ecosystems of, 264; Europe and, 160, 164; Islamic world and, 134, 143, 144; market economy and, 166–67; Mesopotamia and, 41, 44, 45, 48; populations (1800) of, 88; port trade and, 113, 164, 468; sanitary revolution and, 249–65, 488; sanitation hazards in, 87–88, 249–51, 254, 353; United States and, 294–99, 323; water productivity and, 456, 460–67; waterside sites of, 25, 41; water supply for, 20, 48, 85–87, 139, 224–25, 253, 254–55, 261, 263–64, 296–97, 424–25, 457, 487; water underpricing and, 378–79, 442, 452–53. See also specific cities
citizen-farmer, 76
Civil War, American, 304–5
Clairvaux Abbey, 169
Claudius, Emperor, 83, 91
Claudius, Appius, 86–87
Clean Water Act (1972), 356, 475
Cleopatra, Queen, 81, 82, 89
Clermont (steamboat), 230, 288, 290
Cleveland, 293, 477
climate change, 10–11, 14, 162, 179, 212–13; civilization collapses and, 32, 45, 55; ecosystem reengineering and, 377–78; Nile potential effects of, 398–99; rainfall decline and, 456; seasonal patterns and, 446; U.S. Far West and, 351. See also global warming
climate cycles, 378
Clinton, De Witt, 290–92, 481
clipper ships, 300
Clive, Robert, 205
Cloaca Maxima, 76, 89
clocks, 74, 116–17, 146
coal, 116, 213, 216–17. See also mining; steam engine
Coca-Cola, 380, 424, 469
Code of Hammurabi, 46
coffee, 252
cog (boat), 163, 178–79
coke, 213
Cold War, 37, 389, 392, 412; Suez Crisis and, 239–41; U.S. sea power advantage and, 320. See also Soviet Union
Collins, Robert, 397
Colombia, 300, 310, 312–15
colonies, 203, 209, 243; American Revolution and, 269–70; as raw materials source, 223, 231; Scramble for Africa and, 238–39; sea power advantage and, 204, 205, 206
Colorado, 326, 456
Colorado River, 98, 267, 287, 326, 327, 330, 335–37, 339, 345, 361, 390, 414, 433, 475; course of, 331–32; flow diminishment of, 351–52, 454, 456, 457; flow velocity of, 332; litigation over, 349–50; storage buffer and, 422; urban water supply and, 455; water rights and, 323, 336, 349–51, 452–56
Colorado River Compact, 336, 350–51, 452–56
Columbia River, 28, 292, 323, 332; giant dams and, 338–41; salmon fishery collapse and, 352–53
Columbus, Christopher, 180, 181, 186, 187–88, 189
command economy, 110, 172–73, 264–65, 437, 481
Commercial Revolution (Middle Ages), 163–66, 173
commodities market, 71
communism, 125, 423, 437; giant dams and, 357, 358. See also China, modern; Cold War; Soviet Union
compass, 114, 178
Concord River, 283
concrete, 85, 287
Confucianism, 102, 106, 123, 431, 442, 445
Confucius, 100
Congo River, 28, 275, 374
Constantine I, Emperor, 86, 92, 139, 140, 177, 394
Constantinople, 108, 145; as Byzantium, 66, 72, 139; crusaders’ sacking of, 141, 177; defenses of, 138–41; Islamic failed attacks on, 131, 137–38, 140–42, 149, 177; as Istanbul, 88; Ottoman capture of, 139, 141, 151, 192; Roman capital’s transfer to, 92, 93, 139–40; Roman water system of, 86, 139, 253; strategic position of, 137, 139; Venice and, 141, 176, 177
Constitution, USS, 303–4
container shipping, 229, 318–19, 361, 468, 476, 482, 488
contaminated water. See water pollution
coolants, 17, 245, 287, 294, 432, 470, 477
cooperative basin initiatives, 400
copper, 35, 63, 101
Cordoba, 134, 144, 145
corn, 10, 25, 188, 434; hybrid American, 360
corn ethanol, 398, 475, 476
Cornwall, 63, 217, 218
Cornwallis, Charles, 206, 270, 272–73
corvée labor. See forced labor
cotton, 48, 222, 223, 283; Soviet ecosystem reengineering and, 377–78. See also textile manufacture
cotton gin, 283
cradle civilizations, 11, 15–23, 65; common features of, 24, 488
Crapper, Thomas, 257–58
Crassus, 80
creation stories, 17, 39, 67
Crete, 35, 62, 63–64, 70
Crimea, 66, 71
Crist, Charlie, 462
Crompton, Samuel, 222
crop modification, 360, 373, 381, 480
crop rotation, 162
Croton Aqueduct, 296–97, 460; second, 297
crusaders, 141, 152, 160, 177, 178
Ctesibius, 74
Cuba, 307
Cummings, Alexander, 257
cuneiform, 37
“Curse of Akkad, The,” 45
Cuyahoga River, 356
cynobacteria, 439, 440
Cyprus, 35, 62, 63, 152, 458
Cyrus the Great, 50–52, 67
Damascus, 132, 142, 170
dams, 25, 38, 296; Amsterdam and, 201; Assyria and, 47–48; China and, 105, 431; Johnstown collapse of, 327; Mediterranean societies and, 63–64; Persia and, 51, 143; world’s first recorded, 31
dams, giant, 3, 26, 237–38, 267, 286–87, 321, 323, 327–39, 343–44, 349–53, 390–91, 481, 488; costs/benefits of, 357–61, 420, 438–39; end to global era of, 420–21; environmental impact of, 352–57, 361–62, 373, 378, 389, 390, 397, 417, 419, 433, 439, 491; movements against, 420, 450; world building boom of, 357–60, 408–9, 417–20. See also specific dams
Dandolo, Enrico, 141, 17
7
Dante Alighieri, 176
Danube River, 28, 82, 91, 111, 138, 158, 160, 230, 292
Darby, Abraham, 213, 222
Dardanelles, 139, 140, 141, See also Hellespont
Darfur, 371
Darius I, 36, 51, 67
date palms, 39, 128, 135
David, King, 49
D-day landings (1944), 320
DDT, 262, 354
Dead Sea, 20, 401
deforestation, 14, 212, 280; China and, 116, 435, 439; ecosystem effects of, 43, 56
Delaware River, 288, 332; New York aqueduct and, 298, 460, 464–65; Washington’s crossing of, 270–71
Delphic oracle, 67–68
Demirel, Süleyman, 410–11
democracies: American Revolution and, 273; Britain and, 204, 250; favorable water profiles of, 449; freshwater/sanitation delivery by, 264–65; government role in, 251, 261; India and, 419–20, 421; Jeffersonian view of, 274; public infrastructure development and, 165; Venice and, 94–95, 177; water court and, 148, 485; water productivity and, 448; water scarcity responses and, 380–81, 474–86; Western civilization’s rise and, 157–58, 162, 172
dengue fever, 251, 371
Deng Xiaoping, 437
desalinization, 4–5, 13, 381, 407–8, 414, 415, 458–60, 480; drawback of, 460; energy costs of, 477–78
desert, 10, 11, 14, 22, 27, 32; Islamic world and, 126, 128, 134–35, 136, 153; U.S. Far West and, 322–23; water supply and, 4–5. See also camel caravans
desertification, 362, 435, 440
Detroit, 260
dhow, 132, 135–36, 183, 190, 193
Diamond, Jared, 493
“diamond-water paradox,” 379
diarrhea, 251, 259, 371
Diaz, Bartholomew, 187, 190
Dickens, Charles, 250, 284
diesel fuel, 347
dikes, 25, 26, 38, 42, 105, 146; Netherlands and, 196, 478; Yellow River and, 436
Diocletian, Emperor, 92
diplomacy, water, 410, 412; alliances and, 482–83
disease, 18, 52, 94, 110, 140, 176, 179, 495; germ theory of, 251, 262, 316–17; miasmatic theory of, 249, 258, 260; mosquito and, 54, 94, 115, 251–52, 262, 278; New World and, 188; New York epidemics and, 296; Panama Canal project and, 310, 316–17; sewage and, 249, 258–59, 425; Suez Canal project and, 236; Water Have-Nots and, 371. See also specific diseases
disinfectants, 263
Disraeli, Benjamin, 236, 237, 250, 261
distilleries, 252–53, 459
ditches, 38, 42, 100
Diu, Battle of (1509), 193
divine ruler, 24, 31, 42, 45–46, 102
Doldrums, 185
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