Recaptured Africans

by Fett, Sharla M. ;

  ———. “Rev. Mr. Crummell on the Congo Recaptives.” African Repository 37, no. 10 (October 1861): 312–13.

  Curry, Thomas. Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme Court of Louisiana. Vol. 12. New Orleans: Benjamin Levy, 1839.

  Curtin, Philip D., ed. Africa Remembered: Narratives by West Africans from the Era of the Slave Trade. Long Grove, Ill.: Waveland Press, 1967.

  Dalzel, Archibald. The Kingdom of Dahomey: An Inland Kingdom of Africa. London: Spilsbury and Snowhill, 1793.

  “Death of John McNevin: A Man Who Sketched Battle Pictures in Two Wars.” Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 1 March 1894.

  Delany, Martin. Blake; or, the Huts of America. Edited by Floyd J. Miller. Reprint, Boston: Beacon Press, 1970.

  “Dr. Rainey, ‘Father of Bridge,’ Glad Life-Work Is Completed.” Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 12 June 1909, 38.

  Douglass, Frederick. The Claims of the Negro, Ethnologically Considered. Rochester: Lee, Mann and Co., 1854.

  ———. “Freedom in the West Indies: An Address Delivered in Poughkeepsie, New York, on 2 August 1858.” In The Frederick Douglass Papers. Series 1, Speeches, Debates and Interviews, edited by John W. Blassingame, 3:214–42. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985.

  ———. “Slavery and the Limits of Nonintervention: An Address Delivered in Halifax, England, on 7 December 1859.” In The Frederick Douglass Papers. Series 1, Speeches, Debates and Interviews, edited by John W. Blassingame, 3:276–88. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985.

  Drake, Richard, and Rev. Henry Byrd West. Revelations of a Slave Smuggler: Being the Autobiography of Capt. Rich’d Drake, an African Trader for Fifty Years. New York: Robert M. De Witt, 1860.

  Eisami, Ali. “Ali Eisami Gazirmabe [1850].” In Africa Remembered: Narratives by West Africans from the Era of the Slave Trade, edited by Philip D. Curtin, 199–216. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1967.

  Equiano, Olaudah. The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African. 1789. Documenting the American South, University Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2001, http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/equiano1/equiano1.xhtml. Accessed 12 February 2016.

  Ethiop. “The Anglo-African and the African Slave Trade.” Anglo-African Magazine 1, no. 9 (September 1859): 283–86.

  ———. “What Shall We Do with the White People?” Anglo-African Magazine 2, no. 2 (February 1860): 41–45.

  “Extracts from Letters Respecting the Capture of the Slave Ship ‘Pons.’” HC10-12179. Quaker Broadsides Collection, Haverford Special Collections, Haverford College, Haverford, Mass., http://triptych.brynmawr.edu/cdm/search/searchterm/HC10-12179. Accessed 24 January 2016.

  Fairhead, James, Tim Geysbeek, Svend E. Holsoe, and Melissa Leach, eds. African-American Exploration in West Africa: Four Nineteenth-Century Diaries. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2003.

  Foote, Andrew H. Africa and the American Flag. New York: Appleton, 1854.

  Forbes, Frederick E. Dahomey and the Dahomans: Being the Journals of Two Missions to the King of Dahomey, and Residence at His Capital, in the Years 1849 and 1850. 2 vols. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1851.

  ———. Six Months’ Service in the African Blockade, from April to October, 1848, in Command of H.M.S. Bonetta. London: Richard Bentley, 1849.

  Forty-Second Annual Report of the American Colonization Society with the Proceedings of the Board of Directors and the Society: January 18, 1859. Washington, D.C.: C. Alexander, 1859.

  Forty-Seventh Annual Report of the American Colonization Society with the Proceedings of the Annual Meeting and of the Board of Directors and the Society: January 19, 1864. Washington, D.C.: Colonization Society Building, 1864.

  Fowler, L. N. “Phrenological Developments of Joseph Cinquez, Alias Ginqua.” American Phrenological Journal and Miscellany 2 (1840): 136–38.

  Garnet, Henry Highland. The Past and the Present Condition, and the Destiny, of the Colored Race. Troy, N.Y.: J. C. Kneeland, 1848.

  Guannu, Joseph Saye, ed. The Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents of Liberia: From Joseph Jenkins Roberts to William Richard Tolbert, Jr., 1848 to 1976. Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press, 1980.

  “Highly Interesting from the Gulf.” Chicago Press and Tribune, 8 June 1860.

  House Special Committee on Slavery and the Slave Trade. Report of Special Committee of the House of Representatives of South Carolina on So Much of the Message of His Excellency Gov. Jas. H. Adams. Charleston, S.C.: Walker, Evans & Co., 1857.

  ———. Report of the Minority of the Special Committee of Seven, to Whom Was Referred So Much of His Late Excellency’s Message, No. 1, as Relates to Slavery and the Slave Trade. Columbia, S.C.: Steam Power Press Carolina Times, 1857.

  Howe, Henry. Life and Death on the Ocean: A Collection of Extraordinary Adventures. Cincinnati: Henry Howe, 1855.

  Hoyt, W. B. Land of Hope: Reminiscences of Liberia and Cape Palmas. Hartford, Conn.: William J. Fox and Henry B. Hoyt, 1852.

  H.R. Ex. Doc. No. 7, African Slave Trade. 36th Cong., 2nd Sess. (1861), 1–648.

  Hunt, James. The Negro’s Place in Nature. New York: Van Evrie, Horton and Co., 1864.

  Imhoff, Rev. Alex. J. The Life of Rev. Morris Officer, A.M. Dayton, Ohio: United Brethren Publishing House, 1876.

  “Is the Plan of the American Union under the Constitution Anti-Slavery or Not?: A Debate between Frederick Douglass and Charles Lenox Remond in New York, New York, on 20, 21 May 1857.” In The Frederick Douglass Papers. Series 1, Speeches, Debates and Interviews, edited by John W. Blassingame, 3:151–62. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985.

  Jacobs, Harriet A. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl Written by Herself. Edited by Jean Fagan Yellin. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987.

  Jefferson, Thomas. Notes on the State of Virginia. Boston: Wells and Lily, 1829.

  Key of the Gulf, 14 July 1860.

  “The Key West Africans.” Constitution, 17 July 1860, 83.

  Koelle, S. W. Polyglotta Africana; or a Comparative Vocabulary of Nearly Three Hundred Words and Phrases, in More Than One Hundred Distinct African Languages. London: Church Missionary House, 1854. Sierra Leone: Foourah Bay College, The University College of Sierra Leone, 1963.

  Laman, K. E. Grammar of the Kongo Language. Translated by Elin Wikander. New York: Christian Alliance, 1912.

  Law, Robin, and Paul Lovejoy, eds. The Biography of Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua: His Passage from Slavery to Freedom in Africa and America. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2007.

  Levien, Douglas A. The Case of the Slaver Echo. Albany, N.Y.: Week, Parsons & Company, 1859.

  “Liberated Africans.” Religious Intelligencer, 31 January 1824, 549–51.

  Lindsly, Harvey. “Differences in the Intellectual Character of the Several Varieties of the Human Race.” Southern Literary Messenger 5, no. 9 (September 1839): 616–20.

  Lindsly, Webster. “Dreadful Sufferings Caused by the Slave Trade.” African Repository 37, no. 4 (April 1861): 108–12.

  Livingstone, David. Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa. London: J. Murray, 1857.

  Lugenbeel, J. W. “Authenticity of Captain Canot.” Home Journal, 7 October 1854.

  ———. Sketches of Liberia: Comprising a Brief Account of the Geography, Climate, Productions, and Diseases, of the Republic of Liberia. 2nd ed. Washington, D.C.: C. Alexander, 1853.

  Manning, Edward. Six Months on a Slaver. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1879.

  Mayer, Brantz. History of the War between Mexico and the United States, with a Preliminary View of Its Origin. New York: Wiley and Putnam, 1848.

  ———. Mexico: Aztec, Spanish, and Republican. Vol. 1. New York: C. A. Alvord, 1850.

  ———, ed. Captain Canot, or Twenty Years of an African Slaver, Being an Account of His Career and Adventures on the Coast, in the Interior, on the Shipboard, and in the West Indies. New York: Appleton, 1854.

  McCord, Louisa Susanna. “Diversity of the Races: Its Bearin
g Upon Negro Slavery.” Southern Quarterly Review 3, no. 6 (April 1851): 392–419.

  McCune Smith, James. “Civilization: Its Dependence on Physical Circumstances,” Anglo-African Magazine 1, no. 1 (January 1859): 5–17.

  McCune Smith, James, and John Stauffer, eds. The Works of James McCune Smith: Black Intellectual and Abolitionist. New York: Oxford, 2006.

  “Modern Algiers.” Harper’s Weekly, 4 December 1858, 772–73.

  Morton, Samuel George. Crania Americana; or, a Comparative View of the Skulls of Various Aboriginal Nations of North and South America. Philadelphia: J. Dobson, 1839.

  Mullaly, John. The Laying of the Cable; or the Ocean Telegraph. New York: Appleton, 1858.

  Nesbit, William. “Four Months in Liberia: Or African Colonization Exposed.” 1855. In Liberian Dreams: Back-to-Africa Narratives from the 1850s, edited by Wilson Jeremiah Moses, 79–126. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998.

  Nott, J. C., and Geo. R. Gliddon. Types of Mankind: Or, Ethnological Researches, Based Upon the Ancient Monuments, Paintings, Sculptures, and Crania of Races, and Upon Their Natural, Geographical, Philological and Biblical History. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo, 1854.

  “On the Capture, by a United States Vessel, of the Spanish Ship Fenix, with African Slaves on Board, Communicated to the House of Representatives, January 18, 1831.” American State Papers: Naval Affairs, 3: 865–71.

  Park, Mungo. Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa. Edited by Kate Ferguson Marsters. 1799. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2000.

  Pennington, J. W. C. “An American Slave in England, London.” Liberator, 18 October 1849.

  ———. “The Great Conflict Requires Great Faith.” Anglo-African Magazine 1, no. 11 (November 1859): 343–45.

  ———. “Instructions of the Executive Committee to Mr. and Mrs. Wilson.” Union Missionary Herald 1, no. 2 (February 1842): 65–72.

  ———. “Intelligence from Jamaica. Kingston, Ja., Feb. 12th, 1846.” Christian Contributor & Free Missionary 3, no. 16 (18 June 1846): 62.

  ———. “A Letter from Rev. Dr. Pennington.” Frederick Douglass’ Paper, 6 April 1855.

  ———. A Narrative of the Events from the Life of J. H. Banks, An Escaped Slave, From the Cotton State, Alabama, in America. 1861. Documenting the American South, University Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2000, http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/penning/penning.xhtml. Accessed 17 January 2016.

  ———. “Report on Colonization, Colored National Convention, 6–8 July 1853, Rochester, NY.” In Minutes of the Proceedings of the National Negro Conventions, 1830–1864, edited by Howard Holman Bell, 47–57. New York: Arno Press & New York Times, 1969.

  ———. “A Review of Slavery and the Slave Trade.” Anglo-African Magazine 1, no. 5 (May 1859): 93–96.

  ———. “The Self-Redeeming Power of the Colored Races of the World.” Anglo-African Magazine 1, no. 10 (October 1859): 314–20.

  ———. “Slave Trade—Wildfire, and the Message of the 19th of May, 1860.” The World, 13 July 1860, 6.

  ———. A Two Years’ Absence, or a Farewell Sermon Preached in the Fifth Congregational Church. Hartford: H. T. Wells, 1845.

  ———. “Why the Guilty Slavers Are Never Punished as Pirates, as They Should Be.” World, 20 July 1860, 6.

  Pennington, James W. C. The Fugitive Blacksmith: Or Events in the History of James W. C. Pennington, Pastor of a Presbyterian Church, New York, Formerly a Slave in the State of Maryland, United States. 1849. Documenting the American South, University Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2001, http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/penning49/penning49.xhtml. Accessed 17 January 2016.

  ———. A Text Book of the Origin and History, &C. &C. of the Colored People. Hartford: L. Skinner, 1841. Detroit: Negro History Press, 1969.

  “A Precedent.” Pittsfield Sun, 30 September 1858.

  Rainey, Thomas. Ocean Steam Navigation and the Ocean Post. New York: Appleton, 1858.

  Senate Ex. Doc. No. 150, Information Relative to the Operations of the United States Squadron on the West Coast of Africa. 28th Cong., 2nd Sess. (1845), 1–414.

  “The Sixth Annual Report of the American Society for Colonizing the Free People of Color of the United States.” North American Review, January 1824, 40–90.

  “The Slaver Kibby and Her Captain.” Times-Picayune, 8 August 1860.

  “The Slave Trade in Alabama.” Daily Evening Bulletin, 7 August 1860.

  Southard, Samuel L. “Documents. From the Navy Department, Accompanying the President’s Message.” Niles National Register, 1 January 1825, 280.

  Spratt, L. W. The Foreign Slave Trade the Source of Political Power—of Material Progress, of Social Integrity, and of Social Emancipation to the South. Charleston, S.C.: Steam Power Press of Walker, Evans & Co., 1858.

  ———. Speech Upon the Foreign Slave Trade before the Legislature of South Carolina. Charleston, S.C.: Steam Power Press Southern Guardian, 1858.

  Still, William. The Underground Railroad. Philadelphia: Porter & Coates, 1872.

  “Still Another Slaver Captured.” Florida Peninsular, 2 June 1860.

  Thomas, Charles W. Adventures and Observations on the West Coast of Africa, and Its Islands. New York: Derby and Jackson, 1860.

  Thomes, William Henry. A Slaver’s Adventure on Land and Sea. Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1872.

  Twenty-Ninth Annual Report of the Mission Society of the Methodist Church. New York: Conference Office, 1848.

  Van Evrie, John H. Negroes and Negro Slavery; the First, an Inferior Race—the Latter, Its Normal Condition. Baltimore: John Toy, 1853.

  Vermilyea, L. H. The Slaver, the War, and around the World. Albany: Weed, Parsons and Company, 1867.

  Walker, David. “Walker’s Appeal, in Four Articles; Together with a Preamble, to the Coloured Citizens of the World.” 1830. Documenting the American South, University Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2001, http://docsouth.unc.edu/nc/walker/walker.xhtml. Accessed 25 January 2016.

  Walsh, Robert. Notices of Brazil in 1828 and 1829. London: Frederick Westly and A. H. Davis, 1830.

  Washington, Augustus. “Liberia as It Is, 1854.” 1854. In Liberian Dreams: Back-to-Africa Narratives from the 1850s, edited by Wilson Jeremiah Moses, 202–12. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998.

  Wiley, Bell I., ed. Slaves No More: Letters from Liberia, 1833–1869. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1980.

  Williams, Samuel. “Four Years in Liberia: A Sketch of the Life of the Rev. Samuel Williams with Remarks on the Missions, Manners and Customs of the Natives of Western Africa Together with an Answer to Nesbit’s Book.” 1857. In Liberian Dreams: Back-to-Africa Narratives from the 1850s, edited by Wilson Jeremiah Moses, 127–78. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998.

  Woodruff, J. Report of the Trials in the Echo Cases, in Federal Court, Charleston, S.C., April, 1859; Together with Arguments of Counsel and Charge of the Court. Columbia, S.C.: Steam-power Press of R. W. Gibbes, 1859.

  Wright, Joseph. “Joseph Wright of the Egba [1839, 1841].” In Africa Remembered: Narratives by West Africans from the Era of the Slave Trade, edited by Philip D. Curtin, 317–33. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1967.

  Secondary Sources

  Adderley, Rosanne Marion. “New Negroes from Africa”: Slave Trade Abolition and Free African Settlement in the Nineteenth-Century Caribbean. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006.

  Afolayan, Funso. “Kingdoms of West Africa: Benin, Oyo, and Asante.” In Africa, edited by Toyin Falola, 161–89. Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic Press, 2000.

  Akingbade, Harrison. “The Liberian Settlers and the Campaign against the Slave Trade, 1825–1865.” Africa: Rivista Trimestrale di Studi e Documentazione 38, no. 3 (September 1983): 339–68.

  Akpan, M. B. “Black Imperialism: Americo-Liberian Rule over the African Peoples of Liberia, 1841–1964.” Canadian Journal of African Studies 7, n
o. 2 (1973): 217–36.

  Alanamu, Temilola. “Indigenous Medical Practices and the Advent of CMS Medical Evangelism in Nineteenth-Century Yorubaland.” Church History and Religious Culture 93 (2013): 5–27.

  Alexander, Leslie M. African or American?: Black Identity and Political Activism in New York City, 1784–1861. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2008.

  Allen, Richard B. “Children and European Slave Trading in the Indian Ocean during the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries.” In Children in Slavery through the Ages, edited by Gwyn Campbell, Suzanne Miers, and Joseph C. Miller, 35–54. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2009.

  ———. “A Traffic Repugnant to Humanity: Children, the Mascarene Slave Trade and British Abolitionism.” Slavery and Abolition 27, no. 2 (August 2006): 219–36.

  Allen, William E. “Liberia and the Atlantic World in the Nineteenth Century: Convergence and Effects.” History in Africa 37 (2010): 7–49.

  Alpers, Edward A. “The Other Middle Passage: The African Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean.” In Many Middle Passages: Forced Migration and the Making of the Modern World, edited by Emma Christopher, Cassandra Pybus, and Marcus Rediker, 20–38. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007.

  Anbinder, Tyler. “Isaiah Rynders and the Ironies of Popular Democracy in Antebellum New York.” In Contested Democracy: Freedom, Race, and Power, edited by Manisha Sinha and Penny Von Eschen, 31–53. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007.

  Anderson, Richard, Alex Borucki, Daniel Domingues da Silva, David Eltis, Paul Lachance, Philip Misevich, and Olatunji Ojo. “Using African Names to Identify the Origins of Captives in the Transatlantic Slave Trade: Crowd-Sourcing and the Registers of Liberated Africans, 1808–1862.” African Studies Association 40, no. 1 (October 2013): 165–91.

  Apter, Andrew. “Yoruba Ethnogenesis from Within.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 55, no. 2 (2013): 356–87.

  Apter, Andrew, and Lauren Derby, eds. Activating the Past: History and Memory in the Black Atlantic World. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars, 2010.