by Neil Hanson
Proposed increase of wages, 28 December 1585, SP clxxxv 33 II; Ralegh, op. cit., iv, ch 2, sect 4; Lloyd, Seaman, p. 27; Neil Hanson, The Custom of the Sea, p. 40; James Humphries, Orders to be Used in King’s or Queen’s Majesties Ships; Nathaniel Boteler, Boteler’s Dialogues, pp. 17–18.
M. Christy (ed.), The Voyages of Captain Luke Foxe and Captain Thomas James, vol. I, p. 11; Boteler, op. cit., p. 43; Joan Druett, Rough Medicine, pp. 142–3.
Boteler, op. cit., p. 65; Lloyd, Seaman, p. 43; SP cviii 35; BL ADD MSS 12, 505, f. 241; SP ccviii 18.
Peter Kemp, The British Sailor, p. 4; Howard to Burghley, 8 April 1588, SP ccix 78; Drake to the Council, 30 March 1588, SP ccix 40.
Howard to Walsingham, 1 February 1588, SP ccviii 46; SPD ccviii 31; Howard to Walsingham, 7 April 1588, CSPD ccix 74; Howard to Walsingham, 10 March 1588, CSPD ccix 15 and I.
CHAPTER NINE:
The Advantage of Time and Place
William Camden, Annales; Richard Harvey, An Astrological Discourse; Garrett Mattingly, The Defeat of the Spanish Armada, p. 167; Bertrand T. Whitehead, Brags and Boasts, pp. 17–18.
James Lea, A True and Perfect Description of a Strange Monster Born in the City of Rome in Italy, pp. 6–9; Advices from London, 1 April 1588, CSPS iv 254; Bernardino de Mendoza to the King, 25 February 1588, CSPS iv 226; Bernardino de Mendoza to the King, 19 December 1587, CSPS iv 184.
Advices from London, 28 March 1588, CSPS iv 246; Advice sent to Don Martin de Idiaquez, 1588, CSPS iv 191; Sir George Carey to Walsingham, SPD clxxix 36.
Howard to Walsingham, 7 April 1588, SP ccix 74; Sir William Wynter to the Principal Officers, 28 February 1588, SP ccviii 85; William Hawkins to John Hawkins, 17 February 1588, SP ccviii 72; Howard to Burghley, 21 February 1588, SP ccviii 79; Howard to Burghley, 29 February 1588, SP ccviii 87.
Howard to Burghley, 9 March 1588, SP ccix 9; CSPD ccxlii 21; SPD ccviii 6; Howard to Burghley, 29 February 1588, SP ccvii 87; Drake to the Council, 30 March 1588, SP ccix 40; Narrative of Petruccio Ubaldini, in C. Christopher Lloyd (ed.), The Naval Miscellany, vol. 4; Extract from intercepted letter, SPD clxxxiii 28.
Drake to the Queen, 13 April 1588, SP ccix 89; John Hawkins to Walsingham, 1 February 1588, SP ccviii 47.
Drake to the Queen, 13 April 1588, CSPD ccix 89; Advices from London, 17 October 1587, CSPS iv 155; William Monson, Naval Tracts, vol. 1, 161; SPD ccviii 22; Howard to Burghley, 13 April 1588, BM Harl. MS 6994, 120; Drake to the Queen, 28 April 1588, SP ccix 112; RCHM 5th Report p. 578 (papers of Weymouth & Melcombe Regis Corporation); Advertisements from Rouen, SP ccix 127; extracts of letters written from Lisbon, SP ccx 20.
Bernardino de Mendoza to the King, 25 February 1588, CSPS iv 225; Howard to Walsingham, 15 June 1588, SP ccxi 26; Howard to Walsingham, 14 June 1588, CSPD ccxi 18; Howard to Walsingham, 9 March 1588, SP ccix 12; Howard to Walsingham, 10 March 1588, SP ccix and I; Thomas Fenner to Walsingham, 3 March 1588, SP ccix 6; Seymour to Walsingham, 10 March 1588, SP ccix 18; Lindsay Boynton, The Elizabethan Militia, p. 153.
Howard to Burghley, 23 May 1588, SP ccx 28; A. M. Hadfield, Time to Finish the Game, p. 95; Howard to Walsingham, 14 June 1588, SP ccxi 18; Advices from London, 21 May 1588, CSPS iv 300.
Howard to the Council, 22 June 1588, SP ccxi 45; Howard to Walsingham, 14 June 1588, SP ccxi 18; Howard to Burghley, 28 May 1588, SP ccx 35; Howard to Burghley, 28 May 1588, SP ccx 36; Howard to Walsingham, 13 June 1588, SP ccxi 17; Lawrence Stone, “The Armada Campaign of 1588,” p. 123.
Walsingham to Howard, 9 June 1588, SP ccxi 8; Howard to Walsingham, 15 June 1588, SP ccxi 26; Advertisement of the Spanish fleet, 23 June 1588, SP ccxi 47; Considerations by Fenner, 14 July 1588, SP ccxii 10.
Bernardino de Mendoza to the King, 24 July 1588, CSPS iv 353; John Knox Laughton, State Papers Relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, I, lxi; Bernardino de Mendoza to the King, 5 April 1587, CSPS iv 61; Howard to Walsingham, 19 June 1588, SP ccxi 37.
Memorandum by Drake, 4 July 1588, SP ccxii 9; Howard to the Council, 22 June 1588, SP ccxi 45; Howard to Walsingham, 22 June 1588, SP ccxi 46; Howard to Walsingham, 22 June 1588, SP ccxi 46; Howard to the Queen, 23 June 1588, SP ccxi 50.
Considerations by Fenner, 14 July 1588, SP ccxii 10; Seymour to Walsingham, 12 July 1588, SP ccxii 34; Howard to Walsingham, 13 July 1588, SP ccxii 42.
Thomas Cely to Burghley, 17 July 1588, SP ccxii 57; Howard to Walsingham, 17 July 1588, SP ccxii 60; Estimate of Charges, CSPD ccxii 61 I; Thomas Fenner to Walsingham, 17 July 1588, SP ccxii 62; Hawkins to Walsingham, 31 July 1588, SP ccxiii 71; Seymour to Walsingham, 18 July 1588, SP ccxii 64; Burghley to Walsingham, 19 July 1588, SP ccxii 66.
CHAPTER 10:
A Bad Place to Rest In
Relation of Medina-Sidonia, in John Knox Laughton, State Papers Relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, II, 354–70; Duke of Medina-Sidonia to the King, 30 July 1588, CSPS iv 358; News out of France, 18 August 1588, SP ccxv 30, L.
Duke of Medina-Sidonia to the King, 30 July 1588, CSPS iv 358; Relation of Medina-Sidonia, in Laughton, op. cit., II, 354–70; William Bourne, quoted in Kenneth R. Andrews, The Elizabethan Seaman, p. 259; Nathaniel Boteler, Boteler’s Dialogues, p. 30.
Relation of Medina-Sidonia, in Laughton, op. cit., II, 354–70; Duke of Medina-Sidonia to the King, 30 July 1588, CSPS iv 359; Wynter to Walsingham, 27 July 1588, SP ccxiii 49; Admiral Juan Martinez de Recalde to the King, 11 July 1588, CSPS iv 340.
Don Pedro de Valdes to the King, 21 August 1588, SP ccxv 36; Examination of Don Pedro de Valdes, 4 August 1588, SP ccxiv 22; Laughton, op. cit., II, 302n; Relation of Medina-Sidonia, in Laughton, op. cit., II, 354–70.
William Monson, Naval Tracts, vol. 1, pp. 152–73; R. N. Worth, Calendar of the Plymouth Municipal Records, pp. 128, 135, 214; A Brief Abstract of Accidents, SP ccxiv 42; Worth, op. cit., p. 214; Richard Carew, Survey of Cornwall.
Darell to Burghley, 22 July 1588, SP ccxiii 2; James Humphries, Orders to be Used in King’s or Queen’s Majesties Ships; H. J. Moule, Descriptive Catalogue of the Charters . . . of Weymouth, vi. 39, pp. 157–8.
Boteler, op. cit., p. 24; Joan Druett, Rough Medicine, pp. 18–19.
Alexander McKee, From Merciless Invaders, p. 49; Zelia Nuttall (ed.), “New Light on Drake,” pp. 323–39.
Howard to Walsingham, 21 July 1588 (o.s.), SP ccxii 80.
Sampson’s Advices from England, 14 February 1587, CSPS iv 19; The new confidant’s advices from England, 28 July 1587, CSPS iv 132.
G. S. Thompson, “Twysden Papers,” p. 78; Jack Davies Jones, “The Isle of Wight and the Armada,” p. 11; Lindsay Boynton, The Elizabethan Militia, p. 133.
Relation of Medina-Sidonia, in Laughton, op. cit., II, 354–70; Boteler, op. cit., pp. 292–3, 304; extracts from the “General Orders” issued by the Duke of Medina-Sidonia, May 1588, CSPS iv 293; Statement made by the Purser Pedro Coco Calderon, 24 September 1588, CSPS iv 439; Howard to Walsingham, 21 July 1588, SP ccxii 80.
Colin Elliott, Discovering Armada Britain, p. 47; McKee, op. cit., pp. 88–9; Boteler, op. cit., pp. 293–4.
CHAPTER ELEVEN:
The Greatest Navy that Ever Swam upon the Sea
R. N. Worth, Calendar of the Plymouth Municipal Records, p. 128.
Pedro de Valdes to the King, 15 and 19 July 1588, AGS GA 225/55–6; Duke of Medina-Sidonia to the King, 28 May 1588, CSPS iv 301; Considerations Touching a War with Spain, p. 90; William Camden, Annales, vol. iii, p. 411; BL Sloane MS 262/66; “Emanuel Fremoso, a Portingal,” Examinations of Spanish Prisoners, 12 September 1588, SP ccxvi 17.
Note of Certain Plunder, SP ccxv 78; Nathaniel Boteler, Boteler’s Dialogues, pp. 274–5; Pipe Roll Declared Accounts [1588] 2225; SP Reports of Survey, 25 September 1588.
Boteler, op. cit., pp. 292–3; Relation of Proceedings, BM Cotton, Julius F.x. 111–17; Relation of Medina-Sidonia, in John Knox Laughton, State Papers Relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, II, 354–70; Statement made by the Purser Pedro Coco Calderon, 24 September 1588, CSPS iv 439.
James Hum
phries, Orders to be Used in King’s or Queen’s Majesties Ships; Colin Martin, “Incendiary Weapons from the Spanish Armada Wreck La Trinidad Valencera, 1588”; N.A.M. Rodger, The Safeguard of the Sea, p. 205; Michael Apps, The Four Ark Royals, p. 21.
A. D. Burnell (ed.), The Voyage of John Huyghen van Linschoten, pp. 268–9.
H. J. Moule, Descriptive Catalogue of the Charters . . . of Weymouth, vi. 48, p. 162; Acts of the Privy Council xv, 288; A. H. Dodd, Elizabethan England; SP 12/209, 49; Jack Davies Jones, “The Isle of Wight and the Armada,” p. 7.
A Brief Abstract of Accidents, SP ccxiv 42; Colin Martin and Geoffrey Parker, The Spanish Armada, p. 148; Boteler, op. cit., p. 298.
Relation of Proceedings, BM Cotton, Julius F.x. 111–17; Statement made by the Purser Pedro Coco Calderon, 24 September 1588, CSPS iv 439; Relation of Medina-Sidonia, in Laughton, op. cit., II, 354–70.
Statement made by the Purser Pedro Coco Calderon, 24 September 1588, CSPS iv 439; Relation of Medina-Sidonia, in Laughton, op. cit., II, 354–70.
Statement made by the Purser Pedro Coco Calderon, 24 September 1588, CSPS iv 439; David A. Thomas, The Illustrated Armada Handbook, p. 136; Pedro de Valdes to the King, 21 August 1588, SP ccxv 36; information supplied by Warrant Officer Ken Connor.
Pedro de Valdes to the King, 21 August 1588, SP ccxv 36; A Brief Abstract of Accidents, SP ccxiv 42; Statement made by the Purser Pedro Coco Calderon, 24 September 1588, CSPS iv 439; Relation of Medina-Sidonia, in Laughton, op. cit., II, 354–70; William Monson, Naval Tracts, vol. 2, p. 303.
Relation of Medina-Sidonia, in Laughton, op. cit., II, 354–70; Pedro de Valdes to the King, 21 August 1588, SP ccxv 36; Statement made by the Purser Pedro Coco Calderon, 24 September 1588, CSPS iv 439.
William Laird Clowes, The Royal Navy, p. 569; G. Holles and A. C. Wood, Memorials of the Holles Family 1493–1656, p. 89; Alexander McKee, From Merciless Invaders, p. 61.
Howard to Walsingham, 21 July 1588, SP ccxii 80; Drake to Seymour, 21 July 1588, SP ccxiii 82.
CHAPTER TWELVE:
The Heavens Thundered
Relation of Proceedings, BM Cotton, Julius F.x. 111–17; Petition of the Captain, Master and Lieutenant of the Margaret and John of London, (?) 11 August 1588, SP ccxiii 89.
Relation of Proceedings, BM Cotton, Julius F.x. 111–17; Richard Hakluyt, Principal Navigations; Pedro de Valdes to the King, 21 August 1588, SP ccxv 36; George Cary to Walsingham, 29 August 1588, SP ccxv 67; Sir John Gilberte and George Cary to the Council, 27 July 1588, SP ccxiii 42.
Requisition for powder and shot, 24 July 1588, SP ccxii 59 I; Cary to Walsingham, 29 August 1588, SP ccxv 67; Sir John Gilberte and George Cary to Walsingham, 26 July 1588, SP ccxiii 42; Advices from London, 21 August 1588, CSPS iv 400; Bernardino de Mendoza to the King, 20 August 1588, CSPS iv 396; Cary to Walsingham, 27 August 1588, SP ccxv 69.
Kenneth R. Andrews, Elizabethan Privateering, p. 6; Eugene L. Rasor, The Spanish Armada of 1588; R. B. Wernham, After the Armada, p. 114; Michael Oppenheim, Introduction to William Monson, Naval Tracts, vol. 1, p. 35; Sir Walter Ralegh, History of the World, IV, 2, 4; Bernardino de Mendoza to the King, 19 April 1587, CSPS iv 72.
John Cummins, Francis Drake, p. 186; Matthew Starke’s Deposition, 11 August 1588, SP ccxiv 63–4; Douglas Bell, Elizabethan Seamen, p. 219; Howard to Sussex, (?) 22 July 1588, BM Cott MS Otho E. ix, 185; Pedro de Valdes to the King, 21 August 1588, SP ccxv 36.
Drake to Walsingham, 31 July 1588, SP ccxiii 73; Articles for Examination of Prisoners, SP ccxiv 16.
Matthew Starke’s Deposition, 11 August 1588, SP ccxiv 63–4; Relation of Medina-Sidonia, in John Knox Laughton, State Papers Relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, II, 354–70; Statement made by the Purser Pedro Coco Calderon, 24 September 1588, CSPS iv 439; Relation of as much as can be ascertained of the occurrences on the Spanish armada, 4 October 1588, CSPS iv 449; Relation of Proceedings, BM Cotton, Julius F.x. 111–17; William Camden, Annales, vol. iii, p. 412; Trenchard and Hawley to the Council, 24 August 1588, SP ccxv 49.
Gilberte to the Council, 29 July 1588, SP ccxiii 59; Inventory of the San Salvador, SP ccxv 49, III; Trenchard and Hawley to the Council, 24 August 1588, SP ccxv 49; Lawrence Stone, “The Armada Campaign of 1588,” p. 135; John Thoms to Howard, 15 November 1588, SP ccxviii 24; Relation of Medina-Sidonia, in Laughton, op. cit., II, 354–70.
Seymour to the Council, 27 July 1588, SP ccxiii 50; Wynter to Walsingham, 27 July 1588, SP ccxiii 49; Seymour to the Council, 23 July 1588, SP ccxiii 12; Seymour to the Council, 27 July 1588, SP ccxiii 50.
Valentine Dale to the Earl of Leicester, 17 June 1588, CSPS iv 314; King to the Duke of Medina-Sidonia, 1 April 1588, in C. Christopher Lloyd (ed.), The Naval Miscellany, vol. 4, p. 15; Duke of Medina-Sidonia to the Duke of Parma, 1 August 1588, CSPS iv 360; Relation of Proceedings, BM Cotton, Julius F.x. 111–17.
A Brief Abstract of Accidents, SP ccxiv 42; Narrative of Petruccio Ubaldini, in Lloyd (ed.), op. cit., vol. 4; F. J. Furnivall (ed.), Robert Laneham’s Letters.
Relation of Medina-Sidonia, in Laughton, op. cit., II, 354–70; Duke of Medina-Sidonia to Hugo Moncada, 2 August 1588, CSPS iv 362; Narrative of Petruccio Ubaldini, op. cit., vol. 4; Relation of Proceedings, BM Cotton, Julius F.x. 111–17.
Relation of Medina-Sidonia, in Laughton, op. cit., II, 354–70; A Brief Abstract of Accidents, SP ccxiv 42; Statement made by the Purser Pedro Coco Calderon, 24 September 1588, CSPS iv 439; Colin Martin and Geoffrey Parker, The Spanish Armada, p. 155.
A. M. Hadfield, Time to Finish the Game, p. 125; Sir George Carey to the Earl of Sussex, 25 July 1588, SP ccxiii 40; Relation of Medina-Sidonia, in Laughton, op. cit., II, 354–70; Duke of Medina-Sidonia to the Duke of Parma, 4 August 1588, CSPS iv 364; N.A.M. Rodger, “Broadside Gunnery,” pp. 310–14; Supplementary Secret Instructions to the Duke of Medina-Sidonia, 1 April 1588, CSPS iv 252.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN:
A Terrible Value of Great Shot
Colin Martin, Shipwrecks of the Spanish Armada; Arthur Nelson, The Tudor Navy, pp. 148–9; Relation of Medina-Sidonia, in John Knox Laughton, State Papers Relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, II, 354–70; Robert Milne-Tyte, Armada, p. 72.
Palavicino to Walsingham, 24 July 1588, SP ccxiii 19; Burghley to Walsingham, 19 July 1588, SP ccxii 66; Reasons why the Spaniards should attempt the Isle of Wight, SP ccx 47.
Wynter to Walsingham, 1 August 1588, SP ccxiv 7; Howard to (?) Sussex, 22 July 1588, BM Cotton, MS Otho E. ix, f. 185b.
Relation of Proceedings, BM Cotton, Julius F.x. 111–17; Relation of Medina-Sidonia, in Laughton, op. cit., II, 354–70; Diary of the Expedition to England, 21 August 1588, CSPS iv 402.
Relation of Medina-Sidonia, in Laughton, op. cit., II, 354–70; Statement made by the Purser Pedro Coco Calderon, 24 September 1588, CSPS iv 439.
Relation of Proceedings, BM Cotton, Julius F.x. 111–17; Sir George Carey to the Earl of Sussex, 25 July 1588, SP ccxiii 40; Sir George Carey to the Earl of Sussex, 25 July 1588, SP ccxiii 40.
Alfred Rusbridge, Legend of “The Mound” at Selsey; Hawkins to Walsingham, 31 July 1588, SP ccxiii 71; Walsingham to Burghley, 26 July 1588, SP Otho E. ix f. 214; Sussex to Walsingham, 26 July 1588, SP ccxiii 40; Ed. Burnham to Walsingham, 25 July 1588, SP Holland, lv.
Relation of Proceedings, BM Cotton, Julius F.x. 111–17; A. L. Merson (ed.), The Third Book of Remembrance of Southampton 1514–1602, Vol. III, p. 54; David Cressy, “The Spanish Armada: Celebration, Myth and Memory,” p. 157; Extract from Papers of Sir A. Malet; Queen Elizabeth to the Lord Lieutenants, SP 12/212/64; John S. Nolan, “The Muster of 1588,” p. 394.
CHAPTER FOURTEEN:
Resolved There to Live and Die
Relation of Proceedings, BM Cotton, Julius F.x. 111–17; Wm Thomas to Burghley, 30 September 1588, SP Holland lvii; Nathaniel Boteler, Boteler’s Dialogues, p. 23.
Relation of Medina-Sidonia, in John Knox Laughton, State Papers Relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, II, 354–70; Peter Pierson, Commander of the Armada, p. 1
59; Richard Tomson to Walsingham, 30 July 1588, SP ccxiii 67; Borough to Walsingham, 28 July 1588, SP ccxiii 57.
Duro, La Armada Invencible, ii, 46; Relation of Medina-Sidonia, in Laughton, op. cit., II, 354–70; John Stow, The Annales or Generall Chronicles of England, p. 748.
Relation of Medina-Sidonia, in Laughton, op. cit., II, 354–70; Duke of Medina-Sidonia to the Duke of Parma, 6 August 1588, CSPS iv 368; Duke of Parma to the King, 31 January 1588, CSPS iv 209; J.C.A. Schokkenbroek, “Wherefore Serveth Justin,” p. 107.
Seymour to Walsingham, 20 July 1588, SP ccxii 69; H. O’Donnell, “The Requirements of the Duke of Parma,” p. 97; Duke of Parma to the King, 13 May 1588, CSPS iv 292; Garrett Mattingly, The Defeat of the Spanish Armada, p. 290.
Duke of Parma to the King, 22 June 1588, CSPS iv 319; Colin Martin and Geoffrey Parker, The Spanish Armada, p. 170; Duke of Parma to the King, 18 July 1588, CSPS iv 348; David Howarth, The Voyage of the Armada, p. 126.
Mattingly, op. cit.; Killigrew to Walsingham, 3 August 1588, SP Holland lviv; Council to Seymour, 28 July 1588, SP ccxiii 53; Relation of Medina-Sidonia, in Laughton, op. cit., II, 354–70; Lord H. Seymour to the Queen, 1 August 1588, SP ccxiv 2.
Relation of Medina-Sidonia, in Laughton, op. cit., II, 354–70; Mattingly, op. cit., p. 290; BL Sloane MS 262/62; Leicester to Walsingham, 26 July 1588, SP ccxiii 39.
Relation of Medina-Sidonia, in Laughton, op. cit., II, 354–70; Pierson, op. cit., p. 161; Duke of Medina-Sidonia to the Duke of Parma, 7 August 1588, CSPS iv 372 and 372n; Duke of Parma to the King, 8 August 1588, CSPS iv 374.
Robert Milne-Tyte, Armada, p. 74; Martin and Parker, op. cit.; Duke of Parma to the King, 10 August 1588, CSPS iv 380; Juan Manrique to Juan de Idiaquez, 11 August 1588, CSPS iv 384.
CHAPTER FIFTEEN:
The Hell-burners
Wynter to Walsingham, 1 August 1588, SP ccxiv 7; Statement made by the Purser Pedro Coco Calderon, 24 September 1588, CSPS iv 439; King to the Duke of Medina-Sidonia, 7 August 1588, CSPS iv 370.
