by Neil Hanson
Hawkins to Burghley, 12 September 1588, SP ccxvi 18; Henry Whyte to Walsingham, 8 August 1588, SP ccxiv 43; Sir Julian Stafford Corbett, Drake and the Tudor Navy, ii, p. 234; Certain Advertisements out of Ireland, p. 132.
Duke of Medina-Sidonia to the Duke of Parma, 7 August 1588, CSPS iv 371; PRO Pipe Office Accounts, 2223; Relation of Medina-Sidonia, in John Knox Laughton, State Papers Relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, II, 354–70.
Advices of the Fleets sent from Rouen, 11 August 1588, CSPS iv 385; Alexander McKee, From Merciless Invaders, p. 168; Nathaniel Boteler, Boteler’s Dialogues, p. 313; Considerations Touching a War with Spain, p. 92; Henry Whyte to Walsingham, 8 August 1588, SP ccxiv 43.
Richard Tomson to Walsingham, 30 July 1588, SP ccxiii 67; Relation of Medina-Sidonia, in Laughton, op. cit., II, 354–70; Advices of the Fleets sent from Rouen, 11 August 1588, CSPS iv 385v.
Lord H. Seymour to the Queen, 1 August 1588, SP ccxiv 2; Richard Tomson to Walsingham, 30 July 1588, SP ccxiii 67; Advices of the Fleets sent from Rouen, 11 August 1588, CSPS iv 385; Howard to Walsingham, 29 July 1588, SP ccxiii 64; Robert Cecil to Lord Burghley, 30 July 1588, SP ccxiii 66; Sir H. Palavicino’s Relation, SP ccxv 77.
Sir H. Palavicino’s Relation, SP ccxv 77; Richard Tomson to Walsingham, 30 July 1588, SP ccxiii 67; Narrative of Petruccio Ubaldini, in C. Christopher Lloyd (ed.), The Naval Miscellany, vol. 4.
McKee, op. cit., p. 173; Relation of Medina-Sidonia, in Laughton, op. cit., II, 354–70; Narrative of Petruccio Ubaldini, op. cit., vol. 4.
Matthew Starke’s Deposition, 11 August 1588, SP ccxiv 63–4; Lord H. Seymour to the Queen, 1 August 1588, SP ccxiv 2; Wynter to Walsingham, 1 August 1588, SP ccxiv 7; Sir H. Palavicino’s Relation, SP ccxv 77.
Wynter to Walsingham, 1 August 1588, SP ccxiv 7; Statement made by the Purser Pedro Coco Calderon, 24 September 1588, CSPS iv 439; Howard to Walsingham, 8 August 1588, SP ccxiv 50.
McKee, op. cit., p. 182; Statement made by the Purser Pedro Coco Calderon, 24 September 1588, CSPS iv 439; Narrative of Petruccio Ubaldini, op. cit., vol. 4; Relation of Medina-Sidonia, in Laughton, op. cit., II, pp. 354–70.
Relation of Medina-Sidonia, in Laughton, op. cit., II, pp. 354–70; Relation of Proceedings, BM Cotton, Julius F.x. 111–17; McKee, op. cit., p. 186; Diary of the Expedition to England, 21 August 1588, CSPS iv 402.
Statement made by the Purser Pedro Coco Calderon, 24 September 1588, CSPS iv 439; Advices of the Fleets sent from Rouen, 11 August 1588, CSPS iv 385.
David A. Thomas, The Illustrated Armada Handbook, p. 150; Relation of Medina-Sidonia, in Laughton, op. cit., II, pp. 354–70; Wynter to Walsingham, 1 August 1588, SP ccxiv 7.
CHAPTER SIXTEEN:
A Wonderful Fear
Advices of the Fleets sent from Rouen, 11 August 1588, CSPS iv 385; Drake to Walsingham, 29 July 1588, SP ccxiii 65; Howard to Walsingham, 29 July 1588, SP ccxiii 64.
Robert Cecil to Lord Burghley, 30 July 1588, SP ccxiii 66; Sir H. Palavicino’s Relation, SP ccxv 77; Richard Tomson to Walsingham, 30 July 1588, SP ccxiii 67; Fenner to Walsingham, 4 August 1588, SP ccxiv 27.
Richard Tomson to Walsingham, 30 July 1588, SP ccxiii 67; Emanuel Francisco, Examinations of Spanish Prisoners, 12 September 1588, SP ccxvi 17; Statement made by the Purser Pedro Coco Calderon, 24 September 1588, CSPS iv 439; Joan Druett, Rough Medicine, p. 10.
The States of Zeeland to the Queen, SP Holland lvi; Alexander McKee, From Merciless Invaders, p. 193; Report of Deserters, 3 August 1588, SP Holland lvi.
The States of Zeeland to the Queen, 6 August 1588, SP Holland lvi; A Brief Abstract of Accidents, SP ccxiv 42; Borlas to Walsingham, 3 August 1588, SP Holland lvi; James Humphries, Orders to be Used in King’s or Queen’s Majesties Ships; Seymour to Walsingham, 4 August 1588, SP ccxiv 26; J.C.A. Schokkenbroek, “Wherefore Serveth Justin,” p. 108.
A. M. Hadfield, Time to Finish the Game, p. 149; Willoughby to Walsingham, 3 August 1588, SP Holland lvi; Duke of Parma to the King, 10 August 1588, CSPS iv 380.
Diary of the Expedition to England, 21 August 1588, CSPS iv 402; David Howarth, The Voyage of the Armada, p. 186; Relation of Medina-Sidonia, in John Knox Laughton, State Papers Relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, II, 354–70.
Statement made by the Purser Pedro Coco Calderon, 24 September 1588, CSPS iv 439; Robert Milne-Tyte, Armada, p. 102; Relation of Medina-Sidonia, in Laughton, op. cit., II, 354–70; Howard to Walsingham, 7 August 1588, SP ccxiv 42v; S. Daultrey, “The Weather of North-west Europe during the Summer and Autumn of 1588,” p. 124.
Relation of Proceedings, BM Cotton, Julius F.x. 111–17; Hawkins to Walsingham, 31 July 1588, SP ccxiii 71; Resolution at a Council of War, 1 August 1588, BM Addl MS. 33740 f. 6.
Seymour to Walsingham, 1 August 1588, SP ccxiv 3; Robert Cecil to Lord Burghley, 30 July 1588, SP ccxiii 66; Wynter to Walsingham, 1 August 1588, SP ccxiv 7; Relation of Medina-Sidonia, in Laughton, op. cit., II, 354–70.
Relation of Medina-Sidonia, in Laughton, op. cit., II, pp. 354–70; Statement made by the Purser Pedro Coco Calderon, 24 September 1588, CSPS iv 439; Colin Martin and Geoffrey Parker, The Spanish Armada, pp. 209–10; Interrogation of Peter O’Carr, CSPI, 226–9; Francisco de Cuellar, A Story of the Spanish Armada, p. 19.
Relation of Medina-Sidonia, in Laughton, op. cit., II, 354–70; Francisco de Cuellar’s account, p. 19; Statement made by the Purser Pedro Coco Calderon, 24 September 1588, CSPS iv 439.
Relation of Proceedings, BM Cotton, Julius F.x. 111–17; Fenner to Walsingham, 4 August 1588, SP ccxiv 27.
Howard to Walsingham, 8 August 1588, SP ccxiv 50; Fenner to Walsingham, 4 August 1588, SP ccxiv 27; Drake to Walsingham, 10 August 1588, SP ccxiv 65; Howard to Walsingham, 7 August 1588, SP ccxiv 42; Relation of Proceedings, BM Cotton, Julius F.x. 111–17; Bernardino de Mendoza to the King, 4 September 1588, CSPS iv 419; R. N. Worth, Calendar of Plymouth Municipal Records, p. 19; Considerations Touching a War with Spain, p. 92.
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN:
The Rags Which Yet Remain
John de Licornio, Examinations of Spanish Prisoners, 12 September 1588, SP ccxvi 17; Statement made by the Purser Pedro Coco Calderon, 24 September 1588, CSPS iv 439; CSPI, cxxxvii, 1, II.
Sir H. Palavicino’s Relation, SP ccxv 77; “Emanuel Fremoso, a Portingal,” Examinations of Spanish Prisoners, 12 September 1588, SP ccxvi 17; Duke of Medina-Sidonia to the King, 21 August 1588, CSPS iv 401; J. L. Anderson, “Climatic Change, Sea-Power and Historical Discontinuity,” pp. 13–23; S. Daultrey, “The Weather of North-west Europe during the Summer and Autumn of 1588,” p. 116.
“Pier o Carr, A Fleming,” Examinations of Spanish Prisoners, 12 September 1588, SP ccxvi 17; “Emanuel Fremoso, a Portingal,” Examinations of Spanish Prisoners, 12 September 1588, SP ccxvi 17; Statement made by the Purser Pedro Coco Calderon, 24 September 1588, CSPS iv 439; “Emanuel Francisco,” Examinations of Spanish Prisoners, 12 September 1588, SP ccxvi 17.
“Emanuel Fremoso, a Portingal,” Examinations of Spanish Prisoners, 12 September 1588, SP ccxvi 17; Statement made by the Purser Pedro Coco Calderon, 24 September 1588, CSPS iv 439; G. Fenton to Burghley, 28 October 1588, CSPI cxxxvii 49; William Thornber, Traditions of the Foreland of the Fylde.
David Howarth, The Voyage of the Armada, p. 207; Lord Deputy and Council to the Privy Council, 10 September 1588, CSPI cxxxvi, 32; Sir J. Popham to Burghley, 10 September 1588, SP Ireland cxxxvi 34; Interrogation of Peter O’Carr, CSPI, 226–9; Account of Marcos de Arambaru, in W. Spotswood Green, “Armada Ships on the Kerry Coast,” pp. 263–9; CSPI cxxxvi 24; Certain Advertisements out of Ireland, p. 134v.
Account of Marcos de Arambaru, in W. Spotswood Green, op. cit., pp. 263–9; Evelyn Hardy, Survivors of the Armada, p. 147; George Cumberland to Walsingham, 29 October 1588, Clifford family papers, HMC 3rd Report, p. 37.
Juan de Saavedra to the King, 4 October 1588, CSPS iv 447; Pedro de Igueldo to the King, 4 October 1588, CSPS iv 448; Pedro de Igueldo to Bernardino de Mendoza, 7 October 1588, CSPS iv 453; Pedro de Igue
ldo to Bernardino de Mendoza, 8 October 1588, CSPS iv 454; Hardy, op. cit., p. 41.
John de Courcy Ireland, “Ragusa and the Spanish Armada,” pp. 251–62; Marolin de Juan, Pilot General of the Armada, 27 December 1588, CSPS iv 494; Robert Stenuit, Treasures of the Armada.
Francisco de Cuellar, A Story of the Spanish Armada, pp. 20–1; G. Fenton to Burghley, 28 October 1588, CSPI cxxxvii 49; Sean Spellissy, The History of Galway: City and County, p. 229.
Secretary G. Fenton to Burghley, 19 September 1588, CSPI cxxxvi 48; Sir Richard Bingham to the Lord Deputy, quoted in Robert Milne-Tyte, Armada, p. 137; CSPI cxxxvi 27; CSPI cxxxvi; CSPI cxxxvi 38; CSP, Carew MSS, 1588, 675; James Hardiman, History of Galway; Norris to Walsingham, 18/19 September 1588, CSPI, 26, 28.
CSPI cxxxvi 29.I; Geo. Woodloke to Mr. Alexander Brywer, Mayor of Waterford, 13 September 1588, CSPI cxxxvi 37; CSPI 12 September 1588, p. 40; Alexander Brywer, Mayor [of Waterford], to Walsingham, 13 September 1588, CSPI cxxxvi, 37.
Statement of Juan de Nova, 21 January 1589, CSPS iv 502; Examination of Prisoners, 13 October 1588, SP Ireland cxxxvii 15; Pa. Fox to Walsingham, 26 September 1588, CSPI cxxxvi 51.
Sir R. Bingham to Fitzwilliam, 21 September 1588, SP Ireland, cxxxvii, 1, I; Sir R. Bingham to the Queen, 3 December 1588, CSPI cxxxix 2; CSPI cxxxvi 45; CSP, Carew MSS, 1588, 669.
CSP, Carew MSS, 1588, 18, 669; Sir R. Bingham to the Queen, 3 December 1588, CSPI cxxxix 2; Sir R. Bingham to Fitzwilliam, 21 September 1588, SP Ireland, cxxxvii, 1, I; Lord Deputy Fitzwilliam to Burghley, 16 September 1588, CSPI cxxxvi 39; Lord Deputy Fitzwilliam to Walsingham, 28 October 1588, CSPI cxxxvii 48; CSPI 1588–92, p. 93; Hardiman, op. cit.; Spellissy, op. cit., p. 46.
John Knox Laughton, State Papers Relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, II, 219; Lord Deputy and Council to the Privy Council, 18 October 1588, SP Ireland cxxxvii 25; Milne-Tyte, op. cit., p. 124; James Melvill, The Autobiography and Diary of James Melvill.
De Cuellar, op. cit., pp. 23–39.
CSPS iv p. 641; Milne-Tyte, op. cit., p. 149; Dr. Charles Smith, History of Kerry.
APCE, xvi, 273; Paula Martin, Spanish Armada Prisoners, pp. 75–6; Anthony Ashley to the Council, 12 November 1588, SP ccxviii 14; Acts of the Privy Council, XVI, 328–9, 357, 373–4; R. N. Worth, Calendar of the Plymouth Municipal Records, p. 129.
Cary to the Council, 5 November 1588, SP ccxviii 4; Cary to the Council, 14 October 1588, SP ccxvii 22; Cary to the Council, 6 October 1588, SP ccxvii 10; Cary to the Council, 14 October 1588, SP ccxvii 21; David A. Thomas, The Illustrated Armada Handbook, p. 41.
Statement of Gonzalo Gonzales del Castillo, 9 March 1592, CSPS iv 609; Acts of the Privy Council, 18 January 1590.
Alderman Radcliff to Walsingham, 27 August 1588, SP ccxv 60; Letter from London, 24 September 1588, CSPS iv 437; Advices from London, 25 September 1588, CSPS iv 440; Cary to Walsingham, 29 August 1588, SP ccxv 67.
Pedro de Valdes to the King, 21 August 1588, SP ccxv 36; Tomson’s Statement, 8 September 1588, SP ccxvi 9; Pedro de Valdes to Walsingham, 8 September 1588, SP ccxvi 10; CSPF 1589–90, 355; Statement of Gonzalo Gonzales del Castillo, 9 March 1592, CSPS iv 609.
Martin, op. cit., p. 85; Bernardino de Mendoza to the King, 21 January 1589, CSPS iv 501.
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN:
The Disease Uncured
Howard to Walsingham, 8 August 1588, SP ccxiv 50; Reports of Survey, September 1588, SP ccxx; A Survey of the Navy, 28 September 1588, SP ccxvi 40; Sir H. Palavicino’s Relation, SP ccxv 77; Howard to Walsingham, 8 August 1588, SP ccxiv 50.
Sir F. Drake to the Queen, 8 August 1588, SP ccxiv 47.
Drake to Walsingham, 10 August 1588, SP ccxiv 65; Drake to Walsingham, 8 August 1588, SP ccxiv 48; Walsingham to Burghley, 9 August 1588, Harleian MS 6994, f. 140.
Henry Whyte to Walsingham, 8 August 1588, SP ccxiv 43; William Monson, Naval Tracts, vol. 1, 152–73; Sir Thomas Heneage to Walsingham, 9 August 1588, SP ccxiv 53; Walsingham to the Lord Chancellor, 8 August 1588, Harleian MS 6994, f. 138v.
Advices from England, 5 November 1588, CSPS iv 470; Intelligence from Calais, 31 August 1588, CSPS iv 412; Lord Deputy Fitzwilliam to Walsingham, 16 September 1588, CSPI cxxxvi 40; Walsingham to Burghley, 9 August 1588, Harleian MS 6994, f. 142.
Seymour to Walsingham, 17 August 1588, SP ccxv 24; Seymour to Walsingham, 19 August 1588, SP ccxv 34; Seymour to Walsingham, 20 July 1588, SP ccxii 69; Howard to Walsingham, 27 August 1588, SP ccxv 59.
Sir Walter Ralegh, History of the World, ii, p. 565 (1736 edn).
Arthur Nelson, The Tudor Navy, p. 148; Peter Kemp, The British Sailor, p. 1.
The States of Zeeland to the Queen, SP Holland lvi; Council of State of the United Provinces to the Lords of the Council, 8 August 1588, SP Holland lvi; Seymour to Walsingham, 1 August 1588, SP ccxiv 3; Seymour, Wynter and Palmer to the Council, 6 August 1588, SP ccxiv 59; Wynter to Walsingham, 1 August 1588, SP ccxiv 7.
Seymour to Walsingham, 17 August 1588, SP ccxv 24; Richard Tomson to Walsingham, 30 July 1588, SP ccxiii 67; Jack Davies Jones, “The Isle of Wight and the Armada,” p. 12.
Felix Barker, “If Parma Had Landed,” p. 37; Leicester to Walsingham, 22 July 1588, SP ccxiii 9; Advices from London, 1 April 1588, CSPS iv 254.
RCHM 5th Report, p. 138 (papers of the Dukes of Sutherland); Leicester to Walsingham, 26 July 1588, SP ccxiii 38; RCHM 3rd Report, p. 258 (papers of Whitehall Dodd); Leicester to Walsingham, 25 July 1588, SP ccxiii 27; Leicester to Walsingham, 26 July 1588, SP ccxiii 38.
David A. Thomas, The Illustrated Armada Handbook; Sir Thomas Wilford, A Military Discourse, pp. 23–4; R. B. Wernham, Before the Armada, p. 400; J. N. McGurk, “Armada Preparations in Kent,” p. 75; Duke of Parma to the King, 20 March 1588, CSPS iv 242.
“The Journal of Frederick, Duke of Wurtemberg, 1592”; Narrative of Petruccio Ubaldini, in C. Christopher Lloyd (ed.), The Naval Miscellany, vol. 4; Jasper Ridley, The Tudor Age, p. 293; Seymour to Walsingham, 7 August 1588, SP ccxiv 40.
John Stow, Survey of London; A. F. Pollard (ed.), Tudor Tracts, 1532–1588, pp. 493–6; David Cressy, “The Spanish Armada: Celebration, Myth and Memory,” p. 159; Alison Weir, The Life of Elizabeth I, p. 402.
Mary Hill Cole, The Portable Queen; Pollard (ed.), op. cit., p. 496; James Aske, Elizabetha Triumphans; Barker, op. cit., p. 39.
Ernest Straker, Wealden Iron, p. 59; Howard to Walsingham, 22 August 1588, SP ccxv 42–3; Drake to Walsingham, 22 August 1588, SP ccxv 46; Sir G. Carey to Lord Hunsdon, 22 August 1588, SP ccxv 37; Edward Wynter to Walsingham, 24 August 1588, SP ccxv 47; George Cumberland to Walsingham, 20 February 1589, in Thomas Dunham Whitaker, The History and Antiquities of the Deanery of Craven; Emanuel Francisco, Examinations of Spanish Prisoners, 12 September 1588, SP ccxvi 17.
Letter from London, 7 September 1588, CSPS iv 423; Cervantes, Dos Canciones inéditas; Secretary G. Fenton to Burghley, 18 September 1588, CSPI cxxxvi 47. I; Richard A. Gould (ed.), Shipwreck Anthropology, pp. 3–22.
Cressy, op. cit., p. 161; Norfolk Archaeology, 1847, pp. 9, 18; Bertrand T. Whitehead, Brags and Boasts, p. 151.
David Cressy, Bonfires and Bells, pp. 110–29.
Proclamation CSPD, 25 August 1588; Borough to Walsingham, 27 August 1588, SP cxxv 57; Harleian MS 168/180–5.
Monson, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 244; Hawkins to Burghley, 26 August 1588, SP ccxv 56; Hawkins to Burghley, 28 August 1588, SP ccxv 63v.
Howard to Walsingham, 29 August 1588, SP ccxv 66; Fenner to Walsingham, 4 August 1588, SP ccxiv 27; John Knox Laughton, State Papers Relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, II, 212 and 324–5, I, lxiv.
Burghley to Walsingham, 9 August 1588, SP ccxiv 54; Walsingham to Burghley, 9 August 1588, Harleian MS 6994, f. 142; Kenneth R. Andrews, The Elizabethan Privateers, p. 237; Howard to Walsingham, 8 August 1588, SP ccxiv 50; Howard to the Council, 22 August 1588, SP ccxv 41; Howard to Walsingham, 9 August 1588, SP ccxiv 61; Memorandum by Burghley, 12 August 1588, SP ccxv 3.
Lawrence Stone, “The Armada Campaign of 1588,” p. 125; Petition of A
nthony Potts, SP ccxvi 66; The Petition of the Captains &c., of Sandwich and Dover, SP ccxvi 67; Thomas Fleming to Burghley, 27 December 1588, SP ccxix 40; Allowance for Ships Burned, October, SP ccxvii 71; SP ccxvi 27.
Howard to Burghley, 10 August 1588, SP ccxiv 66; Howard to Walsingham, 25 August 1588, SP ccxv 55; Howard to the Queen, 22 August 1588, SP ccxv 40; Howard to the Council, 22 August 1588, SP ccxv 41.
PRO Lands MSS 144, f. 53; 73, f. 161; Hawkins to Walsingham, 6 September 1588, SP ccxvi 4; Petition of Sir J. Hawkins, 14 December 1588, SP ccxix 28.
Howard to Walsingham, 27 August 1588, SP ccxv 59; Howard to Burghley, December 1588, SP ccxix 23; Whitaker, op. cit.
Intelligence from Calais, 31 August 1588, CSPS iv 412; C. Christopher Lloyd, The British Seaman, pp. 23–4; Stone, op. cit., p. 125.
CSPD ccxxviii 10; John Guy, Tudor England; Calendar of Assize Records for Sussex, p. 234; CSPD ccxxix 21; Ridley, op. cit., p. 284; CSPD ccxl 59; CSPD ccxl 60.
Anonymous journal, quoted in T. E. Hartley (ed.), Proceedings in the Parliaments of Elizabeth I, Vol. 3, 1593–1601, p. 156.
Hartley (ed.), op. cit., pp. 144, 58–60; William Cobbett (ed.), Parliamentary History of England, pp. 863–6.
A. Hassell Smith and G. M. Baker (eds.), The Papers of Nathaniel Bacon; CSPD ccxliv 125; Egerton Papers, p. 161; CSPD, 5 October 1595.
Sir John Fortescue, History of the British Army, p. 151.
CHAPTER NINETEEN:
Vanished into Smoke
Richard Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, p. 397; Bernardino de Mendoza to the King, 24 September 1588, CSPS iv 436; King to Bernardino de Mendoza, 18 August 1588, CSPS iv 393.
Count de Olivares to the King, 26 September 1588, CSPS iv 441; Advices from Antwerp, 24 August 1588, CSPS iv 404; Advices from Dunkirk via Lille, 30 August 1588, CSPS iv 409; extract from Letter from Juan de Gamarra, 31 August 1588, CSPS iv 413.
Bernardino de Mendoza to the King, 4 September 1588, CSPS iv 419; extract from Letter from Juan de Gamarra, 31 August 1588, CSPS iv 413; Bernardino de Mendoza to the King, 4 September 1588, CSPS iv 419; Intelligence from Calais, 31 August 1588, CSPS iv 412; The current Duchess of Medina-Sidonia interviewed in Alan Ereira, Armada; Cervantes, Dos Canciones inéditas.
