by Paul Ortiz
Niles Weekly Register (Baltimore), on fears of slave insurrections/rebellions, 25
Noguera, José Gabriel Condorcanqui, 12
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 164
North Carolina: Latinx organizing in, 171–72; slave revolts, 21; Smithfields Foods strike, 170, 176, 179
Northerners, economic dependence on slavery, 23, 62
North Star, 60. See also Frederick Douglass’ Paper
NWFA. See National Farm Workers’ Association (NFWA)
Obama, Barack: elections of, role of non-white vote, 163, 175, 177; speech on immigration reform, 181–82
O’Dell, Jack, 53
Oregon: Negro Exclusion Law, 58–59; organization as a white homeland, 58
Orren, Karen, 119
Padilla, Ezequiel, 144
Padilla, Gilbert, 152
Padilla, Maria, 173
Padmore, George, 111
Paine, Thomas, 15
Palmer, A. Mitchell, 128
Panama, US infiltration of, 111, 114
Parker, Theodore, 61
Parker, William, 157
Parsons, Lucy Gonzalez, 119
Partido Independiente de Color (Cuba), 102
Patriotic Union of Haiti, 111, 113
Pennsylvania Freeman, on the slave trade, 24
Pensacola, Florida, charter, revocation of, 91
Perera, Gihan, 177
Pérez, Louis A., Jr., 98
Perkinson, Robert, 121
Peru: rebellion against Spanish rule, 12; US exploitation of, 114
Pétion, Alexandre, 28, 30
Philadelphia Tribune, on Wilson’s Haiti policy, 106
Philippines: and the Spanish American War, 100–104; US exploitation of, 108, 110; US export of segregation to, 101. See also Filipinos
Phillips, Wendell, 61, 70
Pittsburgh Courier, on US intervention in Nicaragua, 105–6
Plácido (Gabriel de la Concepción Valdés), 69–70
Plan de San Diego, 122
police violence: LAPD and the Watts rebellion, 157; and racial profiling, 180. See also mass incarceration
Polk, James, 47
Poor People’s Campaign, 158–59
poor whites: exploitation of racist fears, 21, 126–27; racializing of the labor market, 203n45. See also labor organizing/unions; race riots; racial capitalism
Porter, Eduardo, 168
Preece, Harold: on the Act of Chapultepec as law in the US, 146; on response to slave rebellion in Texas, 49; white terrorist attacks on, 149
prison, imprisonment. See mass incarceration; vagrancy statutes
Provisional Government of Oregon, 58–59
public schools, segregation in, 166, 181
Puebla, Mexico, defense of against French, 64–65
Puerto Rico: impoverishment of workers in, 102, 123–24, 242n125; markers of self-identity in, 9; profitability of sugar industry, 102; US control over, 101–2; US export of segregation/peonage to, 101–2
Quarles, Benjamin, 17–18
“quasi-free Blacks,” 205n72
race riots, 55, 128, 130, 132
racial capitalism: and business arguments in favor of race-based segregation, 90, 93, 155, 169; costs of sustaining and expanding, 60; and the exploitation of agricultural workers, 120–22, 133; and the exploitation of poor whites, 126; and the Fourteenth Amendment, 38; race tax, Oregon, 59 in Spanish and American colonial enterprises, 208–9n3; and the suppression of African American organizing efforts, 135–38; and wage inequality, 125–26, 142, 150, 155, 179; wealth generated by slavery, 3, 12–13, 31, 42, 62–63, 203n45, 207n96. See also corporations/corporate imperialism; Jim Crow/Juan Crow segregation; slavery/enslaved people; voter suppression; white supremacy
racism/racial prejudice: definition, 132; racial profiling, 180
Rainbow Coalitions, 159–61
A Raisin in the Sun (L. Hansberry), 149
Ramírez, Francisco P.: challenges to slavery/white supremacy, 56–57; El Clamor Público, 5, 50; on Confederate support for French invasion of Mexico, 65; on the importance of slavery in US history, 5
Randolph, A. Philip: emancipatory
internationalist perspective, 113, 128; as labor organizer, 140–41; speech during March on Washington, 156
Randolph, Marvin, 178
Ranier, A. C., 82
Reagan, Ronald, 162, 168
Reconstruction: and Black demands for citizenship rights, 71–72; erosion of gains from, 90; global perspective, 74–75. See also emancipatory internationalism; Jim Crow/Juan Crow segregation; white supremacy
“Red Scare.” See Communism, fear of
Remington, B. F., 49
reparations for slavery, 115, 188
Republic of Mexico. See Mexico
Republic Windows and Doors, Chicago, sit-down strike at, 176–77
Richmond Enquirer, on US annexation of Cuba, 49
Rios, Gerard, 164
Rivera, Diego, 143
Roberts, John, Jr., 179–80
Robinson, Cedric, 13–14, 200n12
Rock, John S., 55–56
Rockman, Seth, 206n78
Rockville, Maryland, treatment of runaways in, 26
Rodriguez, Jorge, 174
Rodriguez, Luz, 172
Rojas, Albert, 154
Romero, Danny, 7
Roosevelt, Franklin, 135, 137, 140–41
Roosevelt, Theodore, 98
Ross, Fred, 152
Ruiz, Vicki L., 138
runaways, escapees. See antislavery activism and resistance
Russian Revolution, 128
Sacramento Daily Union: on financial costs of expanding slavery in into South and West, 60; on the mechanisms of racial capitalism, 42
Saint-Domingue (Haiti), insurrection of enslaved peoples on, 20–21
Samuel Proctor Oral History Program, University of Florida, 211n45
Sánchez, Marta E., 10
Sanderson, J. B., 72
Sandino, Augusto César, 113–14, 146, 185–86
San Francisco Herald, on El Clamor Público, 57
San Martin, José de, 109
Savannah Tribune, on costs of Cuban War of Independence to Spain, 83–84
Saxton, Alexander, 54
Schomburg, Arturo Alfonso, 17
Schuyler, George S., 114–15, 233n92
scientific racism, 59
Scott, Julius, 20
Scott, Tyree, 160–61
Scottron, Samuel R., 79
Second Mississippi Plan, 84
Seminole Wars: First Seminole War, 36; Second Seminole War, 43
Sensenbrenner, Jim, 170
Seward, William, 66
Sheats, W. M., 227n17
Shelley v. Kraemer, 148
Sherman, John, 67–68
Siege of Cuautla, Mexico, 34
Skaggs, William H., 91
slavery/enslaved people: colonial disenfranchisement of nonwhites, 13–15, 201n16; as core issue in US history, 3, 12; in Cuba, 76–78; efforts to reestablish in Latin America, 49; expansion of in the US, 38–39, 41–42, 47–48, 60; as force for white unity, 55–56; in Mexico, 34, 40, 64–66; and racializing of the labor force, 20, 22–24, 42; 203n45; reparations for, 115, 188; and separation from families, 24; struggles against after the Civil War, 71–72, 74–75, 90; support for in Northern states and Territories, 57, 62; understanding of market value as slave, 50–51; wealth generated by, 3, 12–13, 31, 42, 62–63, 203n45, 207n96. See also American Revolution; antislavery activism and resistance; corporations/corporate imperialism; Jim Crow/Juan Crow segregation; racial capitalism; white supremacy
Smith, J. McCune, 51
Smith, Moranda, 136, 141
Social Darwinism, 119
Somerset v. Stewart, 14
South Carolina: Bagging and Manufacturing Company strike, 134–36; and colonial disenfranchisement of nonwhites, 201n16; support for Cuban independence in, 75–76, 80, 82
South Carolina Gazette: “Letter from London,” 14; slave sale adver
tisements, 13
Southern Farmers’ Alliance, 91–92
Spanish-American War, 98, 101
Stevenson, Bryan, 180
Stewart, Henry, 24
Still, Charity, 24
Stride Toward Freedom (King), 156
student activism: DREAM activists/Dream Defenders, 182–83; Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 156; support for grape boycott, 154
Suarez, Bernardo Ruiz, 116–17
Sunbelt states: agribusiness, 120–22; availability of cheap labor in, 90, 125–26; defined, 225n85; disenfranchisement of African American and Latinx workers, 225n85; “guest worker” programs, 151–52; union suppression in, 141, 149. See also Western states
Taft-Hartley Act, 141
Tapia, Danae, 175
Taylor, Ralph H., 123
Tejanos: defined, 56; land seizures and forced displacement, 57, 121–22; role in rescuing runaway slaves, 60–61. See also Texas
Ten Years’ War. See Cuban War for Liberation Texas: escaped, runaway slaves from in Mexico, 48–49; slavery in, 42; slave rebellions in, 49; Texas Rangers, 121–22; US annexation of, 44, 46–47, 60
Thomas, Neval, 103–4
Thomas, Piri, 160–61
Thompson, Charles D., Jr., 2
Thompson, Ralph, 140
Thurman, W. B., 72
Times-Union (Florida): on the importance of law and order, 119–20; on white business supremacy, 90
Toombs, Robert, 63–64
Torres, Carmelita, 122
Tourgeé, Albion W., 89–90
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 54, 56
Trist, Nicholas, 48
Trotter, William Monroe, 102
Trump, Donald, 169, 183–84
“The Truth About the United States” (Martí), 95–96
Tubman, Harriet: background and activism, 66–68; escape, 24; skills honed by, 67. See also antislavery activism and resistance
Tulsa, Oklahoma, race riot, 130
Turner, Henry McNeal, 65–66
UN Charter, 147–48
UN Declaration of Human Rights, 8
Underground Railroad. See antislavery activism and resistance; Tubman, Harriet
unions, unionizing. See labor organizing/unions and specific unions and labor organizations
United Construction Workers, 160
United Farm Workers: and the farmworker movement, 9; response to King assassination, 4–5; union contracts, 155
United Farm Workers of Washington State, 9, 162
United Fruit Company, 106, 112, 149
universal identity politics, 160
Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA), 107–8, 111, 130
upward mobility, myth of universal access to, 151, 206n78
urban renewal/slum clearance projects, 167
US Border Patrol, 122, 132
US Constitution, protection of chattel bondage in, 19
US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), 178–79
US presidential elections, 165, 178. See also voter suppression; voting rights
vagrancy statutes: in Baltimore, 206n78; in California, 57; and profitability of commodities produced, 125; use of, to control African American workers, 123–25
Valdés, Gabriel de la Concepción (Plácido), 70, 77–78
Vargas, Julio, 179
Vargas, Zaragosa: on deportation of Mexican and Mexican American workers during the 1930s, 132; on low wages paid migrant miners, 216n25; on role of Tejanos in rescuing runaway slaves, 60; on the Texas Rangers’ role in collapse of Tejano ranching society, 121
Velasco, Pete, 153
Venezuela: Third Republic of, 28; US economic exploitation, 114
Vera Cruz, Philip, 153
Vesey, Denmark, 21–22
Vietnam War, 158
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, 164
Virginia: slave revolts, 21; slaves as volunteers for Britain during the American Revolution, 14–15
Virgin Islands, US intervention in, 113–14
voter suppression: Carnegie’s support for, 225–26n95; codification, rationales for, 91–92; during the colonial period, 201n16; and corporate power and control, 120, 165; and the disenfranchisement of African Americans, 57, 104, 201n16; and imperialism, 91, 94; role of US Supreme Court in promising, 179–80. See also Jim Crow/Juan Crow segregation; racial capitalism
voting rights: campaigns promoting in 1920s, 107; and the Civil War, 67–68, 70; Guinn v. United States, 129; importance, 104; voter registration efforts, 174, 178; Voting Rights Act of 1965, 179; Voting Rights Act of 2013, 179–80
wage equality: and fight for raising of the minimum wage, 182–83; and the Great American Strike, 172, 174–75; race-based discrimination and, 20, 22–24, 42, 125–26, 179, 203n45, 216n25; and women’s wages, 125–26. See also corporations/ corporate imperialism; Jim Crow/Juan Crow segregation; racial capitalism; slavery/enslaved people; white supremacy
Walker, William, 49
Walls, Josiah T., 82
Walters, Ronald, 162
War of 1812, 36, 63
War on Drugs, 167
Washington Bee, on links between US banks and invasions of Caribbean nations, 103
Watkins, Frances Ellen, 24, 29
Watkins, William, 24–27
Watkins’s Academy for Negro Youth, 27
Watts rebellion (Los Angeles), 157. See also race riots
Wells-Barnett, Ida B., 95–97
Western Anti-Slavery Society, Salem, Ohio, 207–8n99
Western Outlook (Oakland, CA), on US imperialism in the Global South, 105
Western states: discriminatory legislation, 58–59; expansion of slavery into, 39; union activism in, 162, 164; as a “white republic,” 54
Wheaton, J.H., 100–101
Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? (King), 6, 151
Whipper, William, 32
White, Garland H., 63–64
“The White Man’s Burden” (Kipling), 98
white supremacy: and fears about growing power of African Americans after World War I, 129–30; following the American Revolution, 19–21; J. Adams’s support for, 30; and rationales for the Spanish-American War, 98–99; and “scientific racism,” 59. See also emancipatory internationalism; Jim Crow/Juan Crow segregation; Ku Klux Klan; racial capitalism; slavery/enslaved people; voter suppression
Williams, George Washington, 66
Williams, Jakobi, 160
Williams, William Appleman, 53, 94
Wines, Michelle, 162
Winston, Robert, 93–94
women: labor organizing by during the New Deal, 134–36; leadership role, 221n29; role during the Cuban War for Liberation, 99; wages paid to, 125–26; and women’s rights, 144, 148
working class: and anti-imperialist struggles, 4–5; and growing size of urban slums, 126–27; impoverishment of, in Puerto Rico, 102; and voter suppression, 92. See also labor organizing/unions; poor whites; racial capitalism; wage equality
World War I (the Great War), 103, 127–28
Yearwood, Carlton, 160
Yorty, Sam, 157
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Paul Ortiz is an associate professor of history and the director of the Samuel Proctor Oral History Program at the University of Florida. He is the author of Emancipation Betrayed: The Hidden History of Black Organizing and White Violence from Reconstruction to the Bloody Election of 1920 and coeditor of the oral history Remembering Jim Crow: African Americans Tell About Life in the Segregated South. He lives in Gainesville, Florida.
BEACON PRESS
Boston, Massachusetts
www.beacon.org
Beacon Press books
are published under the auspices of
the Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations.
© 2018 by Paul Ortiz
All rights reserved
Beacon Press’s ReVisioning American History series consists of accessibly written books by notable scholars that reconstru
ct and reinterpret US history from diverse perspectives.
Text design and composition by
Wilsted & Taylor Publishing Services
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
Names: Ortiz, Paul, author.
Title: An African American and Latinx history of the United States / Paul Ortiz.
Description: Boston : Beacon Press, [2018] | Series: ReVisioning American history series | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017020565 (print) | LCCN 2017052998 (ebook) | ISBN 9780807013908 (e-book) | ISBN 9780807013106 (hardcover : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Hispanic Americans—History. | African Americans—History. |
United States—Race relations. | United States—Ethnic relations. |
Blacks—Caribbean Area—Politics and government. | Anti-imperialist movements—United States. | Working class—United States—History. |
Internationalists—United States—History. | United
States—Relations—Latin America. | Latin America—Relations—United States.
Classification: LCC E184.S75 (ebook) | LCC E184.S75 O79 2018 (print) | DDC 305.800973—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017020565
