by Paul Ortiz
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI): Counter-Intelligence Program (COINTELPRO), 162; surveillance of activists, 154
Fields, Barbara, 206n78
Fifteenth Amendment celebrations, 72–73, 220n9
filibusters (American mercenaries), 49–50
Filipinos: incarceration of, 132; and multiracial activism, 4, 101; restrictions placed on, 153. See also agricultural workers
film industry, racist stereotypes promulgated in, 134, 180
Firestone rubber plantations, 233n92
First Mississippi Plan, 84
Fish, Hamilton, 83
Fleming, Francis, 91
Florida: acquisition from Spain, 37–38; Florida Secession Convention, 62; Jim Crow/Juan Crow segregation in, 90–91; lynchings in, 91; segregation in education, 89, 227n17; Seminole Wars, 36, 43; violence against African American landowners, 131. See also Key West, Florida
Florida Metropolis, on private use of prison labor, 125
Florida Times-Union, on importance of law and order, 119–20
Forgotten Workers of America (FWA), 137
“The Formation of the American Republic” (Schomburg), 17
Fort Pillow, Tennessee, massacre of Black soldiers at, 69–70
Fortune, T. Thomas, 91–92, 101
Fowle, Daniel G., 93
France, invasion of Mexico, 64–65
Franklin, John Hope, 130, 205n72
Frederick Douglass’ Paper: on government support for filibusters, 50; petition to compensate Mexico for invasion, 48; on the Seminole Wars, 44–45
free Blacks, discrimination against, 54–55, 58
Freedom’s Journal (Baltimore): promotion of emancipatory internationalism in, 29–31, 40; Watkins’s commentaries in, 27
Frey, Sylvia, 18
Friedman, Thomas, 164
Fuentes, Carlos, 186
Fugitive Slave Acts, 59, 61
Galarza, Ernesto, 57, 151–52
Garden, Isaac, 60
Garnet, Henry Highland: “Call to Rebellion,” 45–46; experience of slavery in Cuba, 24, 77–78; as a freedom fighter, 85; Martí on, 77; praise for Mexican people, 53; support for Cuban freedom, 83–84
Garrison, William Lloyd, 72
Garvey, Amy Jacques, 108–9
Garvey, Marcus, 108–9
German Coast Uprising, Louisiana, 21
The Gift of Black Folks: The Negroes in the Making of America (Du Bois), 114–15
Gilliam, Franklin D., 169
Glenn, Evelyn Nakano, 203n45
Global South: African American interpretations of events in, 206–7n87; defined, 197n16; support for freedom and self-determination amongpeoples in, 105; and US fears of slave uprisings in, 38–39; warningsabout growing US investments in, 111; and white American ignoranceabout, 186. See also corporations/corporate imperialism; emancipatoryinternationalism
Gómez, José Miguel, 102
Gómez, Laura, 208–9n3, 210n24
Gómez, Máximo, 31, 86
Gonzalez, Juan, 102
González, Juan, 8
Gordon, Robert, 155
Grandin, Greg, 8, 149
Grant, Ulysses S.: meeting with members of the Cuban Anti-Slavery Committee, 82–83; petitions to on behalf of Cuban freedom, 79–80; on Spanish conduct in Cuba, 75; visit to Key West, 86
grape strike and national boycott, 153–55
Great American Strike (el gran paro Estadounidense): effects, 173–74, 186; organization and breadth, 163; protests and marches during, 172–73
Great Britain: and the debate aboutslavery in, 14; enslaved people assoldiers for, 14–15, 19; War of 1812, 36, 63
Great Depression: African American/Latinx perspective, 133; and crusades against Mexican workers, 132; and the forced repatriation of Mexican Americans to Mexico, 128; National Recovery Administration (NRA), 135
Great Migration, 128–29
Great War, 103–4
Gregory, Thomas, 129
Guatemala: immigrants from, organizing skills, 138, 161, 172; US-led coup/corporate imperialism in, 149–50
Guerrero, Vicente: antislavery activism, 46; homage to in African American communities, 52; as leader during Mexican War of Independence, 14, 34, 40
“guest worker” programs, 151–52
Guinn v. United States, 129
Guridy, Frank, 206–7n87
Guyot, Lawrence, 156
Guzmán, Max, 139
Haiti: exploitation of workers in, 106, 108; French extortion practices, 231n59; as link in the Underground Railroad, 60; multiracial history, 108; naming, 20; soldiers from, during the American Revolution, 17, 108; support for Bolivár from, 28; US intervention in, 50, 101, 103–6, 111–13, 115–16. See also Chapultepec Conference; L’Ouverture, Toussaint
Haitian Revolution: Douglass’s homage to, 30–31; impact on Blacks in North America, 21, 108–9; as model for resistance to slavery, 21–22, 27–28, 30–32, 52, 108–9, 207n93. See also emancipatory internationalism
Hamer, Fannie Lou, 156–57
Hamilton, Alexander, 19
Hamilton, Darrick, 188
Hancock, John, 17
Hansberry, Carl: decision to move to Mexico, 149; reporting on Chapultepec Conference, 143–44; reporting on struggles in Latin America, 7
Hansberry, Lorraine, 149
Harlem, New York, activism in, 113
Harris, Thomas A., 123
Hartford Daily Courant, on Mexican resistance to French invasion, 64
“Harvest of Empire” (González), 8
Hayes-Bautista, David E., 65
Haynes, Lemuel, 16–17
Hayti, as term, 204n49
Hedgeman, Anna Arnold, 147–48
Hernández, Kelly Lytle, 122
“Heroic Women of Haiti” (Holly), 108–9
Hidalgo, Miguel, 34, 36–37
high-tech companies, tax avoidance by, 168
Hill, Rámon, 48
Hillery, W.H., 81
Hinton, Albert L., 145–46
Holly, Theodora, 108–9
Honduras, US economic and political exploitation of, 106, 114, 149
Honey, Michael, 141
Hoover, Herbert, 115–16, 131–34. See also Great Depression
Hoover, J. Edgar, 128
Horne, Gerald, 157
Houston, Charles Hamilton, 148
Huerta, Dolores, 152–55
Human Rights Watch, 171, 179
Humboldt, Alexander von, 33
Hunt, G. Ellis, Jr., 174
Hurricane Katrina, 165–66
“I Have a Dream” speech (King), 156
Immigration Act of 1929, 132
immigration restrictions, as form of labor control, 123, 153, 179
incarceration. See mass incarceration Independent Party of Florida, 87
Indigenous peoples, resistance to enslavement, 13. See also Native Americans
industrial unions, 138–41
Inter-American Conference on Problems of War and Peace. See Chapultepec Conference
International Workers of the World (IWW), 119, 129
intersectionality, recognizing importance of, 10–11
isolationism, 186
Jackson, Aaron L., 73
Jackson, Andrew, 36–38, 43
Jackson, Jesse, 161–62, 180
Jacksonville, Florida: reaffirmation of white supremacy in, 90; support for slavery in, 62; unemployed movement, 89
Jamaica, insurrection in, 32
James, C. L. R., 31–32, 61, 69
James, Memima, 109
Jefferson, Thomas, 15–16, 19
Jessup, Thomas, 43, 45
Jim Crow/Juan Crow segregation: arguments and strategies favoring, 90–94, 147–48, 232n79; critiques of, 102, 147; US export to Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines, 101, 232n79. See also civil rights movement; Ku Klux Klan; mass incarceration; racial capitalism; vagrancy statutes
Johnson, Edward A., 97
Johnson, James Weldon, 111, 129
Johnson, Lyndon B., 156
&
nbsp; Johnson, Samuel, 15
Johnson, William B., 66–67
Jones, William, 107, 133–34
Juneteenth celebrations, 171
Katz, William Loren, 41
Kester, Howard, 126
Key West, Florida: Cigar Makers International Union, 224n70; Cuban solidarity movement, 86–87; Key West News, 86; multiracial international coalitions, 86–88; rescinding of charter of, 90–91
King, Coretta Scott, 6
King, Martin Luther, Jr.: assassination, 4–5, 159, 188; “I Have a Dream” speech, 156; on the Montgomery bus boycott, 156; on the myth of American exceptionalism, 8; opposition to the Vietnam War, 158; on a person-oriented society, 187; Poor People’s Campaign, 158–59; support for the grape boycott, 155; Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community?, 6, 151
Kipling, Rudyard, 98
Kitwana, Bakari, 183
Kline, Geoconda Arguello, 7
Knights of Labor, 87–88
“Know-Nothing Party,” 52
Ku Klux Klan: and enforcement of Jim Crow/Juan Crow laws, 188; rebirth of following World War I, 128–29; terrorism/lynchings by, 80, 82, 84, 123, 149, 184
labor organizing/unions: and backlashes and suppression, 118–19, 128, 137, 179; Communist-led unions, 128, 138; Latinx membership, 170–71, 175–76; multiracial organizing efforts, 140, 160; and racism/color bars associated with, 126, 237n51; trade union movements, 87–88; by women, during the New Deal, 134–36. See also agricultural workers, poor whites; wage equality and specific unions and actions
Lachney, Jason, 165–66
land thefts: from African American farmers, 236n36; from Mexican Americans, Tejanos, 54–55, 57, 121–22; from Native Americans, 41–42, 56, 121
La Opinión Nacional, Martí’s eulogy for Garnet, 85–86
“La Raza,” use of term, 9
Las Vegas, Nevada, union activity in, 181
Latin America: casta system in, 208n2; corporate-based imperialism in, 149; 170; John Quincy Adams’s views on, 36–37; resistance fighters, 69–70. See also emancipatory internationalism and specific Latin American nations
Latinx, use of term, 9, 197n25
Latinx peoples/workers: activism among, 138, 170–71; backlash against, 178–79; criminalization of, 180–81; and the election of Obama, 177; ethnology, 1–2, 161; exclusion from skilled professions and wage inequities, 125–26; and the Great American Strike, 163; low wages, 125–26, 179, 216n25; mass incarceration, 167; racializing of in the US, 38; and union growth and effectiveness, 138, 175–76. See also agricultural workers
La Voz de Méjico, anti-filibuster articles, 50
Law, Thomas, 20
League of Nations, 103–4
Lee, Robert E., 66
Lenroot, Katharine F., 147
libertos, meaning of term, 198n1
“Liberty Further Extended: Or Free thoughts on the illegality of Slave-keeping . . .” (Haynes), 16–17
Lincoln, Abraham, 68
Lipsitz, George, 126, 206n77
Litwack, Leon, 215n3
Livingston, L.W., 87–89, 225n75
Locke, John, 12, 199n4
Long, J.C., 136
Longview, Texas, farmworker massacres in, 131
Lopez, Yolanda, 172
Lorde, Audre, 151
“Los Sentimientos de la Nación,” 33
Louisiana: German Coast Uprising, 21; Hurricane Katrina, 165–66; Louisiana Republican Party, 82
L’Ouverture, Toussaint: as inspiration for African Americans, 14, 31, 52, 80; leadership of Saint-Domingue slave insurrection, 20–21; murder, 69
Loyalty League, Bogalusa, Louisiana, 119
Luce, Henry, 146–47
lynchings and massacres: increasing numbers of after World War I, 130; as tool for terror and intimidation, 91. See also Ku Klux Klan
Lynd, Staughton, 19
Maceó, José Antonio: death, reactions to in African American communities, 96–98; female partisan fighters under, 99; mixed racial heritage, honoring of, 98; visit to Key West, 86
Machado, Gerardo, 106, 110
Mack, Oscar, 184
Madison, James, 20, 33–35, 39
“Make America Great Again” slogan, 184
Manchester, New York, race-based riots in, 62–63
Mancillas, Antonio, 50
manifest destiny concept: critiques of, 105, 210n24; as imperialism/colonialism, 38, 53, 57, 59. See also corporations/corporate imperialism; racial capitalism
Manifesto of the Mexican Congress regarding Texas Revolution, 44
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, 156
Marshall, Thurgood, 147
Martí, José: on anti-Black violence, 95; fears of US imperialism, 99–100; on General Maceó, 96; praise for Garnet, 77, 85; on revitalization of Key West, 86–87; on roots of US imperialism, 53; travels in the US, 90; “The Truth About the United States,” 95–96
Martinez, Elizabeth “Betita”: on the immigration controls at the Mexican/ US border, 170; on need for a transformative vision for the US, 7, 189
Marx, Karl, 218n55
Marxism/Communism, 138
Maryland: Maryland Union Republican Association, 82; and slavery, 22–26. See also Baltimore, Maryland
Mason, James “Doc,” 137
Mason, Lena, 99
mass incarceration: convict lease system, 125; and convictions in Los Angeles courts, 157; prison industrial complex, 167–68; and forced labor/ vagrancy statutes, 57–58, 123–25, 206n78
Matheas, N. A., 51
Matthews, Ralph, 150
Maximilian I, 64–65
McGehee, John C., 62
McWilliams, Carey, 132–33
Mead-Lucero, Jerry, 176–77
Meany, George, 182
Medina, Eliseo, 178
Memphis, Tennessee, sanitation workers’ strike, 159
Menard, J. Willis, 86, 88, 223n58
Menchaca, Martha, 10, 56
Méndez v. Westminster, 147
mestizos: definitions, 208n2; meaning of term, 198n1
Mexican Americans: dominance of landless laborers among, 57; forced repatriation to Mexico, 128; lack of upward mobility, 151; racial stereotypes used to marginalize, 38–39, 123; segregated schools for, 149; vigilante assaults on, 54. See also agricultural workers; Latinx peoples/ workers; Sunbelt states
Mexican War of Independence, 33–53, 187
Mexican workers: delousing experimentation on, 122; exclusion from precious-metals mining, 57; racial stereotypes used to marginalize, 123; support from Mexican consulate, 245n39
Mexico: Chapultepec Conference, 143–48; effects of NAFTA in, 164; fears about the reestablishment of slavery in, 48–49, 64, 218n55; French invasion, 64–65; history of social democracy in, 8, 52–53; J. Q. Adams’s recognition of anti-Anglo sentiments in, 43–44; land reform efforts, 122; opposition to slavery in, 40, 42–43; Underground Railroad in, 40, 49; US corporate imperialism in, 114–15; US efforts to overturn agrarian reforms in, 107; War of Independence, 33, 38, 40; war with the US, 46–48, 54, welcoming of Black Seminoles in, 60
Miami Herald, on white response to undermining of white supremacy, 130
Milgram, Morris, 124–25
Milkman, Ruth, 174
Mills, John T., 68
Mirault, Joseph, 111
Mississippi, expansion of slavery in, 41
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), 156
Molina, Luz, 166
Monroe Doctrine, 39, 98, 143–44
Montgomery, Alabama, bus boycott by African Americans, 156
Morales, Elpidio, 109
Morales, Evo, 187
Moran, Richard, 42–43, 51
Morelos, José María, 33–34, 52
Moreno, Luisa, 138, 141
Morton, Samuel George, 59
multiracial activism: and the Great American Strike, 172–73, 175–76; and mourning for General Maceó, 98; North Carolina examples, 171–72; and the Rainbow Coalitions, 159–61; US government responses, 162. See also eman
cipatory internationalism
Murray, Pauli, 147
Nance, Mack, 149–50
National Anti-Slavery Standard: Douglass letter on the invasion of Mexico, 47–48; on the expansion of slavery in Georgia and Mississippi, 41; on punishment of recaptured runaways in, 26; on slavery as evil, 32
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP): the Crisis publication, 103, 111; Du Bois speech on voting rights, 104; victories, 129–30
National Association of Colored Women, 29
National City Bank: role in Cuba, 106, 110, 112; role in US occupation of the Dominican Republic, 103; role in US occupation of Haiti, 103, 111–12
National Era: on expansion of slavery into the West, 39; on proslavery laws in Maryland, 24
National Farm Workers’ Association (NFWA), 152–54
National Negro Convention, 1843, 45–46
National Negro Independent League, 102–3
National Rainbow Coalition, 162
National Recovery Administration (NRA), 135–37
Native Americans: Black Seminoles, 60; participation uprisings in Spanish Florida, 38; removal from lands, 41–42, 56, 121; Seminole Wars, 36, 43–45
Naturalization Act of 1790, 20, 58
Navarra, Yolanda, 164
Navy Department, role in invasion and occupation of Haiti and the Dominican Republic, 103
Negro Fort, Jackson’s destruction of, 37–38
Negro World (UNIA newspaper), 108–11, 232n79
neoliberalism: attributes of and actions associated with, 163–65; as part of international trend, 249–50n6; and the racializing of poverty, 169
New Deal: antilabor activities, 141; exclusion of African American and Latinx workers from key protections, 137, 141–42; National Recovery Administration, 135; role of women organizers, 135–36; white supremacist perspectives, 136–37
New Mexico territory, banning of African Americans from, 54
New Orleans Tribune, internationalist perspective, 66
New Spain, casta system in, 33–34, 208n2
New York Age, Livingston report on role of Key West in the international economy, 87–88
New York Daily News, arguments supporting role of slavery in US wealth, 31
New York Times, on Cuba solidarity meetings, 80
Niagara Movement, 102
Nicaragua: arms shipments to, 149; efforts to reestablish slavery in, 49–50; homages to Sandino in, 185; resistance to corporate imperialism, 10, 110, 112–14, 116–17, 161, 185; US corporate imperialism in, 104–6, 112, 115–16, 143, 146–47. See also Sandino, Augusto César
