Book Read Free

An African American and Latinx History of the United States

Page 36

by Paul Ortiz


  Niles Weekly Register (Baltimore), on fears of slave insurrections/rebellions, 25

  Noguera, José Gabriel Condorcanqui, 12

  North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 164

  North Carolina: Latinx organizing in, 171–72; slave revolts, 21; Smithfields Foods strike, 170, 176, 179

  Northerners, economic dependence on slavery, 23, 62

  North Star, 60. See also Frederick Douglass’ Paper

  NWFA. See National Farm Workers’ Association (NFWA)

  Obama, Barack: elections of, role of non-white vote, 163, 175, 177; speech on immigration reform, 181–82

  O’Dell, Jack, 53

  Oregon: Negro Exclusion Law, 58–59; organization as a white homeland, 58

  Orren, Karen, 119

  Padilla, Ezequiel, 144

  Padilla, Gilbert, 152

  Padilla, Maria, 173

  Padmore, George, 111

  Paine, Thomas, 15

  Palmer, A. Mitchell, 128

  Panama, US infiltration of, 111, 114

  Parker, Theodore, 61

  Parker, William, 157

  Parsons, Lucy Gonzalez, 119

  Partido Independiente de Color (Cuba), 102

  Patriotic Union of Haiti, 111, 113

  Pennsylvania Freeman, on the slave trade, 24

  Pensacola, Florida, charter, revocation of, 91

  Perera, Gihan, 177

  Pérez, Louis A., Jr., 98

  Perkinson, Robert, 121

  Peru: rebellion against Spanish rule, 12; US exploitation of, 114

  Pétion, Alexandre, 28, 30

  Philadelphia Tribune, on Wilson’s Haiti policy, 106

  Philippines: and the Spanish American War, 100–104; US exploitation of, 108, 110; US export of segregation to, 101. See also Filipinos

  Phillips, Wendell, 61, 70

  Pittsburgh Courier, on US intervention in Nicaragua, 105–6

  Plácido (Gabriel de la Concepción Valdés), 69–70

  Plan de San Diego, 122

  police violence: LAPD and the Watts rebellion, 157; and racial profiling, 180. See also mass incarceration

  Polk, James, 47

  Poor People’s Campaign, 158–59

  poor whites: exploitation of racist fears, 21, 126–27; racializing of the labor market, 203n45. See also labor organizing/unions; race riots; racial capitalism

  Porter, Eduardo, 168

  Preece, Harold: on the Act of Chapultepec as law in the US, 146; on response to slave rebellion in Texas, 49; white terrorist attacks on, 149

  prison, imprisonment. See mass incarceration; vagrancy statutes

  Provisional Government of Oregon, 58–59

  public schools, segregation in, 166, 181

  Puebla, Mexico, defense of against French, 64–65

  Puerto Rico: impoverishment of workers in, 102, 123–24, 242n125; markers of self-identity in, 9; profitability of sugar industry, 102; US control over, 101–2; US export of segregation/peonage to, 101–2

  Quarles, Benjamin, 17–18

  “quasi-free Blacks,” 205n72

  race riots, 55, 128, 130, 132

  racial capitalism: and business arguments in favor of race-based segregation, 90, 93, 155, 169; costs of sustaining and expanding, 60; and the exploitation of agricultural workers, 120–22, 133; and the exploitation of poor whites, 126; and the Fourteenth Amendment, 38; race tax, Oregon, 59 in Spanish and American colonial enterprises, 208–9n3; and the suppression of African American organizing efforts, 135–38; and wage inequality, 125–26, 142, 150, 155, 179; wealth generated by slavery, 3, 12–13, 31, 42, 62–63, 203n45, 207n96. See also corporations/corporate imperialism; Jim Crow/Juan Crow segregation; slavery/enslaved people; voter suppression; white supremacy

  racism/racial prejudice: definition, 132; racial profiling, 180

  Rainbow Coalitions, 159–61

  A Raisin in the Sun (L. Hansberry), 149

  Ramírez, Francisco P.: challenges to slavery/white supremacy, 56–57; El Clamor Público, 5, 50; on Confederate support for French invasion of Mexico, 65; on the importance of slavery in US history, 5

  Randolph, A. Philip: emancipatory

  internationalist perspective, 113, 128; as labor organizer, 140–41; speech during March on Washington, 156

  Randolph, Marvin, 178

  Ranier, A. C., 82

  Reagan, Ronald, 162, 168

  Reconstruction: and Black demands for citizenship rights, 71–72; erosion of gains from, 90; global perspective, 74–75. See also emancipatory internationalism; Jim Crow/Juan Crow segregation; white supremacy

  “Red Scare.” See Communism, fear of

  Remington, B. F., 49

  reparations for slavery, 115, 188

  Republic of Mexico. See Mexico

  Republic Windows and Doors, Chicago, sit-down strike at, 176–77

  Richmond Enquirer, on US annexation of Cuba, 49

  Rios, Gerard, 164

  Rivera, Diego, 143

  Roberts, John, Jr., 179–80

  Robinson, Cedric, 13–14, 200n12

  Rock, John S., 55–56

  Rockman, Seth, 206n78

  Rockville, Maryland, treatment of runaways in, 26

  Rodriguez, Jorge, 174

  Rodriguez, Luz, 172

  Rojas, Albert, 154

  Romero, Danny, 7

  Roosevelt, Franklin, 135, 137, 140–41

  Roosevelt, Theodore, 98

  Ross, Fred, 152

  Ruiz, Vicki L., 138

  runaways, escapees. See antislavery activism and resistance

  Russian Revolution, 128

  Sacramento Daily Union: on financial costs of expanding slavery in into South and West, 60; on the mechanisms of racial capitalism, 42

  Saint-Domingue (Haiti), insurrection of enslaved peoples on, 20–21

  Samuel Proctor Oral History Program, University of Florida, 211n45

  Sánchez, Marta E., 10

  Sanderson, J. B., 72

  Sandino, Augusto César, 113–14, 146, 185–86

  San Francisco Herald, on El Clamor Público, 57

  San Martin, José de, 109

  Savannah Tribune, on costs of Cuban War of Independence to Spain, 83–84

  Saxton, Alexander, 54

  Schomburg, Arturo Alfonso, 17

  Schuyler, George S., 114–15, 233n92

  scientific racism, 59

  Scott, Julius, 20

  Scott, Tyree, 160–61

  Scottron, Samuel R., 79

  Second Mississippi Plan, 84

  Seminole Wars: First Seminole War, 36; Second Seminole War, 43

  Sensenbrenner, Jim, 170

  Seward, William, 66

  Sheats, W. M., 227n17

  Shelley v. Kraemer, 148

  Sherman, John, 67–68

  Siege of Cuautla, Mexico, 34

  Skaggs, William H., 91

  slavery/enslaved people: colonial disenfranchisement of nonwhites, 13–15, 201n16; as core issue in US history, 3, 12; in Cuba, 76–78; efforts to reestablish in Latin America, 49; expansion of in the US, 38–39, 41–42, 47–48, 60; as force for white unity, 55–56; in Mexico, 34, 40, 64–66; and racializing of the labor force, 20, 22–24, 42; 203n45; reparations for, 115, 188; and separation from families, 24; struggles against after the Civil War, 71–72, 74–75, 90; support for in Northern states and Territories, 57, 62; understanding of market value as slave, 50–51; wealth generated by, 3, 12–13, 31, 42, 62–63, 203n45, 207n96. See also American Revolution; antislavery activism and resistance; corporations/corporate imperialism; Jim Crow/Juan Crow segregation; racial capitalism; white supremacy

  Smith, J. McCune, 51

  Smith, Moranda, 136, 141

  Social Darwinism, 119

  Somerset v. Stewart, 14

  South Carolina: Bagging and Manufacturing Company strike, 134–36; and colonial disenfranchisement of nonwhites, 201n16; support for Cuban independence in, 75–76, 80, 82

  South Carolina Gazette: “Letter from London,” 14; slave sale adver
tisements, 13

  Southern Farmers’ Alliance, 91–92

  Spanish-American War, 98, 101

  Stevenson, Bryan, 180

  Stewart, Henry, 24

  Still, Charity, 24

  Stride Toward Freedom (King), 156

  student activism: DREAM activists/Dream Defenders, 182–83; Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 156; support for grape boycott, 154

  Suarez, Bernardo Ruiz, 116–17

  Sunbelt states: agribusiness, 120–22; availability of cheap labor in, 90, 125–26; defined, 225n85; disenfranchisement of African American and Latinx workers, 225n85; “guest worker” programs, 151–52; union suppression in, 141, 149. See also Western states

  Taft-Hartley Act, 141

  Tapia, Danae, 175

  Taylor, Ralph H., 123

  Tejanos: defined, 56; land seizures and forced displacement, 57, 121–22; role in rescuing runaway slaves, 60–61. See also Texas

  Ten Years’ War. See Cuban War for Liberation Texas: escaped, runaway slaves from in Mexico, 48–49; slavery in, 42; slave rebellions in, 49; Texas Rangers, 121–22; US annexation of, 44, 46–47, 60

  Thomas, Neval, 103–4

  Thomas, Piri, 160–61

  Thompson, Charles D., Jr., 2

  Thompson, Ralph, 140

  Thurman, W. B., 72

  Times-Union (Florida): on the importance of law and order, 119–20; on white business supremacy, 90

  Toombs, Robert, 63–64

  Torres, Carmelita, 122

  Tourgeé, Albion W., 89–90

  Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 54, 56

  Trist, Nicholas, 48

  Trotter, William Monroe, 102

  Trump, Donald, 169, 183–84

  “The Truth About the United States” (Martí), 95–96

  Tubman, Harriet: background and activism, 66–68; escape, 24; skills honed by, 67. See also antislavery activism and resistance

  Tulsa, Oklahoma, race riot, 130

  Turner, Henry McNeal, 65–66

  UN Charter, 147–48

  UN Declaration of Human Rights, 8

  Underground Railroad. See antislavery activism and resistance; Tubman, Harriet

  unions, unionizing. See labor organizing/unions and specific unions and labor organizations

  United Construction Workers, 160

  United Farm Workers: and the farmworker movement, 9; response to King assassination, 4–5; union contracts, 155

  United Farm Workers of Washington State, 9, 162

  United Fruit Company, 106, 112, 149

  universal identity politics, 160

  Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA), 107–8, 111, 130

  upward mobility, myth of universal access to, 151, 206n78

  urban renewal/slum clearance projects, 167

  US Border Patrol, 122, 132

  US Constitution, protection of chattel bondage in, 19

  US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), 178–79

  US presidential elections, 165, 178. See also voter suppression; voting rights

  vagrancy statutes: in Baltimore, 206n78; in California, 57; and profitability of commodities produced, 125; use of, to control African American workers, 123–25

  Valdés, Gabriel de la Concepción (Plácido), 70, 77–78

  Vargas, Julio, 179

  Vargas, Zaragosa: on deportation of Mexican and Mexican American workers during the 1930s, 132; on low wages paid migrant miners, 216n25; on role of Tejanos in rescuing runaway slaves, 60; on the Texas Rangers’ role in collapse of Tejano ranching society, 121

  Velasco, Pete, 153

  Venezuela: Third Republic of, 28; US economic exploitation, 114

  Vera Cruz, Philip, 153

  Vesey, Denmark, 21–22

  Vietnam War, 158

  Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, 164

  Virginia: slave revolts, 21; slaves as volunteers for Britain during the American Revolution, 14–15

  Virgin Islands, US intervention in, 113–14

  voter suppression: Carnegie’s support for, 225–26n95; codification, rationales for, 91–92; during the colonial period, 201n16; and corporate power and control, 120, 165; and the disenfranchisement of African Americans, 57, 104, 201n16; and imperialism, 91, 94; role of US Supreme Court in promising, 179–80. See also Jim Crow/Juan Crow segregation; racial capitalism

  voting rights: campaigns promoting in 1920s, 107; and the Civil War, 67–68, 70; Guinn v. United States, 129; importance, 104; voter registration efforts, 174, 178; Voting Rights Act of 1965, 179; Voting Rights Act of 2013, 179–80

  wage equality: and fight for raising of the minimum wage, 182–83; and the Great American Strike, 172, 174–75; race-based discrimination and, 20, 22–24, 42, 125–26, 179, 203n45, 216n25; and women’s wages, 125–26. See also corporations/ corporate imperialism; Jim Crow/Juan Crow segregation; racial capitalism; slavery/enslaved people; white supremacy

  Walker, William, 49

  Walls, Josiah T., 82

  Walters, Ronald, 162

  War of 1812, 36, 63

  War on Drugs, 167

  Washington Bee, on links between US banks and invasions of Caribbean nations, 103

  Watkins, Frances Ellen, 24, 29

  Watkins, William, 24–27

  Watkins’s Academy for Negro Youth, 27

  Watts rebellion (Los Angeles), 157. See also race riots

  Wells-Barnett, Ida B., 95–97

  Western Anti-Slavery Society, Salem, Ohio, 207–8n99

  Western Outlook (Oakland, CA), on US imperialism in the Global South, 105

  Western states: discriminatory legislation, 58–59; expansion of slavery into, 39; union activism in, 162, 164; as a “white republic,” 54

  Wheaton, J.H., 100–101

  Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? (King), 6, 151

  Whipper, William, 32

  White, Garland H., 63–64

  “The White Man’s Burden” (Kipling), 98

  white supremacy: and fears about growing power of African Americans after World War I, 129–30; following the American Revolution, 19–21; J. Adams’s support for, 30; and rationales for the Spanish-American War, 98–99; and “scientific racism,” 59. See also emancipatory internationalism; Jim Crow/Juan Crow segregation; Ku Klux Klan; racial capitalism; slavery/enslaved people; voter suppression

  Williams, George Washington, 66

  Williams, Jakobi, 160

  Williams, William Appleman, 53, 94

  Wines, Michelle, 162

  Winston, Robert, 93–94

  women: labor organizing by during the New Deal, 134–36; leadership role, 221n29; role during the Cuban War for Liberation, 99; wages paid to, 125–26; and women’s rights, 144, 148

  working class: and anti-imperialist struggles, 4–5; and growing size of urban slums, 126–27; impoverishment of, in Puerto Rico, 102; and voter suppression, 92. See also labor organizing/unions; poor whites; racial capitalism; wage equality

  World War I (the Great War), 103, 127–28

  Yearwood, Carlton, 160

  Yorty, Sam, 157

  ABOUT THE AUTHOR

  Paul Ortiz is an associate professor of history and the director of the Samuel Proctor Oral History Program at the University of Florida. He is the author of Emancipation Betrayed: The Hidden History of Black Organizing and White Violence from Reconstruction to the Bloody Election of 1920 and coeditor of the oral history Remembering Jim Crow: African Americans Tell About Life in the Segregated South. He lives in Gainesville, Florida.

  BEACON PRESS

  Boston, Massachusetts

  www.beacon.org

  Beacon Press books

  are published under the auspices of

  the Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations.

  © 2018 by Paul Ortiz

  All rights reserved

  Beacon Press’s ReVisioning American History series consists of accessibly written books by notable scholars that reconstru
ct and reinterpret US history from diverse perspectives.

  Text design and composition by

  Wilsted & Taylor Publishing Services

  LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA

  Names: Ortiz, Paul, author.

  Title: An African American and Latinx history of the United States / Paul Ortiz.

  Description: Boston : Beacon Press, [2018] | Series: ReVisioning American history series | Includes bibliographical references and index.

  Identifiers: LCCN 2017020565 (print) | LCCN 2017052998 (ebook) | ISBN 9780807013908 (e-book) | ISBN 9780807013106 (hardcover : alk. paper)

  Subjects: LCSH: Hispanic Americans—History. | African Americans—History. |

  United States—Race relations. | United States—Ethnic relations. |

  Blacks—Caribbean Area—Politics and government. | Anti-imperialist movements—United States. | Working class—United States—History. |

  Internationalists—United States—History. | United

  States—Relations—Latin America. | Latin America—Relations—United States.

  Classification: LCC E184.S75 (ebook) | LCC E184.S75 O79 2018 (print) | DDC 305.800973—dc23

  LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017020565

 

 

 


‹ Prev