The Kindly Ones
Page 116
AOK (Armeeoberkommando): The headquarters of an army, which controlled a certain number of divisions. At all levels (Army, Division, Regiment, etc.), the organization of military headquarters included, among other things, a Chief of Staff; a Ia (pronounced “One-a,” “Eins-a,” in German), the general officer in charge of operations; a Ib (Eins-b) or quartermaster in charge of supplies; and a Ic/AO (Eins-c/AO), the officer in charge of military intelligence, or Abwehroffizier.
BERÜCK: Commander of the rear zone of an Army Group.
EINSATZ: Action, operation.
EINSATZGRUPPE (“action group” of the SP and SD): Deployed for the first time in 1938, for the Anschluss and the occupation of Czechoslovakia, these SS groups were in charge of dealing with the most urgent security tasks until permanent police Stelle (“offices”) could be set up. The system was formalized for Poland in September 1939. For the invasion of the USSR, following a formal agreement between the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) and the Wehrmacht, an Einsatzgruppe was posted to each Army Group (with a fourth, Einsatzgruppe D, attached directly to the Eleventh Army for the Crimea and the Romanian occupation zone). Each Einsatzgruppe was made up of a Gruppenstab, or general staff, and several Einsatzkommandos (Ek) or Sonderkommandos (Sk). Each Kommando was in turn subdivided into a general staff (the Kommandostab), with support personnel (drivers, interpreters, etc.) and several Teilkommandos. The general staffs of the Groups and the Kommandos reproduced the organization of the RSHA: thus there was a Leiter I or Verwaltungsführer (personnel and administration), a Leiter II (Supply), a Leiter III (SD), IV (Gestapo), and V (Kripo). One of them, usually the Leiter III or IV, also served as Chief of Staff.
GAULEITER: Nazi Germany was divided into administrative regions called Gaue. Each Gau was supervised by a Gauleiter, a member of the National Socialist Party (NSDAP) appointed by Hitler, to whom he reported.
GESTAPO (Geheime Staatspolizei, “Secret State Police”): Directed by SS-Gruppenführer Heinrich Müller, from 1939 till the end of the war. See RSHA.
GOLDFASANEN (“Golden Pheasants”): Pejorative term for civil servants in the Ostministerium, because of their yellowish-brown uniforms, and for other Nazi functionaries.
GFP (Geheime Feldpolizei, “Secret Military Police”): Branch of the Wehrmacht in charge of military security in the theater of operations, especially in the fight against partisans. Most of the officers in the GFP had been recruited from the German police and so belonged to the Security Police (SP) or else the SS; still, this service of military security remained distinct from the services of the RSHA.
HÄFTLING (plural Häftlinge): Inmate.
HIWI (Hilfswillige, “voluntary workers”): Native auxiliaries of the Wehrmacht, usually recruited from prisoners’ camps, and employed in the rear for transport, supplies, hard labor, etc.
HONVÉD: The Hungarian army.
HSSPF (Höhere SS- und Polizeiführer, “Supreme Head of the SS and the Police”): To ensure coordination of all SS offices or suboffices at the regional level, in 1937 Himmler established the HSSPFs, who, in principle, had all SS groups in their zone under their orders. In Germany, the Reichsführer-SS appointed one of them for each Wehrkreis (“defense region,” defined by the Wehrmacht), and, later on, one for each occupied country, who sometimes had under his orders, as in occupied Poland (the “Generalgouvernement”), several SSPFs. In Soviet Russia, during the invasion of 1941, Himmler appointed an HSSPF for each of the three Army Groups, North, Center, and South.
IKL (Inspektion der Konzentrationslager, “Inspectorate for Concentration Camps”): The first concentration camp, the one in Dachau, was created on March 20, 1933, followed by many others. In June 1934, following “the Röhm putsch” and the elimination of leaders of the SA, the camps were placed under the direct control of the SS, which then created the IKL, based in Oranienburg, under the command of SS-Obergruppenführer Theodor Eicke, the commander of Dachau, to whom Himmler gave the mission of reorganizing all the camps. The “Eicke system,” which was put in place in 1934 and which lasted until the first years of the war, aimed at the psychological, and sometimes physical, destruction of opponents of the regime; forced labor, at the time, was used only as torture. But in the beginning of 1942, when Germany was intensifying its war effort following the stalemate of the offensive in the USSR, Himmler decided that this system was not adapted to the new situation, which required a maximum use of the inmates’ labor force; in March 1942, the IKL was made subordinate to the Economy and Administration Main Office (WVHA) as Amtsgruppe D, with four departments: D I, central office; D II, the Arbeitseinsatz, in charge of forced labor; D III, sanitary and medical department; and D IV, department in charge of administration and finance. This reorganization had limited success: Pohl, the head of the WVHA, never managed fully to reform the IKL or to renew its managerial staff, and the tension between the political-police function and the economic function of the camps, aggravated by the extermination function assigned to two camps under the control of the WVHA (KL Auschwitz and KL Lublin, better known as Maidanek), existed until the collapse of the Nazi regime.
KGF (Kriegsgefangener): Prisoner of war.
KL (Konzentrationslager, “concentration camp,” often incorrectly called KZ by the inmates): The daily management of a KL was the responsibility of a department overseen by the Kommandant of the camp, the Abteilung III, run by a Schutzhaftlagerführer or Lagerführer (“head of preventive detention camp”) and his adjunct. The office in charge of the organization of inmate labor, the Arbeitseinsatz, was attached to this department under the designation IIIa. The other departments were respectively: I, Kommandantur; II, Politische Abteilung (“Political Department,” or representatives in the camp of the SP); IV, administration; V, medical and sanitary (for the SS in the camp as well as for the inmates); VI, training and upkeep of the troops; and VII, guard troop of the SS. All these offices were administered by SS officers or noncoms, but the majority of the work was carried out by inmate-functionaries, often called the “privileged ones.”
KRIPO (Kriminalpolizei, “Criminal Police”): Headed by SS-Gruppenführer Arthur Nebe from 1937 to July 1944. See also RSHA.
LEBENSBORN: The “Fount of Life” society, established by the SS in 1936 and attached directly to the personal staff of the Reichsführer-SS, in charge of managing orphanages as well as maternity hospitals for members or companions of members of the SS. The Lebensborn, in order to encourage a higher birth rate among the SS, guaranteed confidentiality about childbirth for unmarried women.
LEITER: Head of an office or branch.
MISCHLINGE: Mixed race, mixed-blood. This term was part of the legal vocabulary of the National Socialist racial laws, which defined this status according to the number of non-Aryan ancestors.
NKVD (Narodnyi Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del, “People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs”): The main Soviet security agency during the time of the Second World War, an organism that succeeded the Cheka and the OGPU, and was the ancestor of the KGB.
NSV (Nationalsozialistische Volkswohlfahrt): National Socialist People’s Welfare Association.
OKH (Oberkommando des Heeres, “Army High Command”): Whereas the OKH was in principle subordinate to the High Command of the Armed Forces (OKW), in practice it commanded the entirety of operations on the Eastern Front while the OKW controlled operations on all the other fronts. Hitler took direct command of the OKH in December 1941, after dismissing Generalfeldmarschall Walter von Brauchitsch.
OKHG (Oberkommando der Heeresgruppe): The headquarters of an Army Group, which controlled several armies.
OKW (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, “High Command of the Armed Forces”): Created in February 1938 by Hitler to replace the War Ministry and placed directly under his command. In principle, the OKW controlled the OKH (the Army), the Luftwaffe (the Air Force, commanded by Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring), and the Kriegsmarine (the Navy, commanded by Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz). Its Chief of Staff was Field Marshall Wilhelm Keitel.
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bsp; ORPO (Hauptamt Ordnungspolizei, “Main Office of the Order Police”): Organism integrated into the SS in June 1936 under the command of SS-Oberstgruppenführer Kurt Daluege and grouping together the gendarmerie and the various forces of uniformed police (Gemeindepolizei, Schutzpolizei or Schupo, etc.). Police battalions from the Orpo were deployed on numerous occasions to commit wholesale massacres in the context of the “Final Solution.”
OSTMINISTERIUM: Common name for Reichsministerium für die besetzten Ostgebiete, “Ministry for the Occupied Territories in the East,” headed by the Nazi ideologue Alfred Rosenberg, author of The Myth of the Twentieth Century.
OUN (Organizatsiya Ukrainskikh Natsionalistiv): “Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists.”
PERSÖNLICHER STAB DES REICHSFÜHRER-SS: Personal staff of the Reichsführer-SS, Heinrich Himmler.
REVIER: Hospital or infirmary. In some concentration camps, it was called the HKB, Häftlingskrankenbau or “hospital for inmates.”
RKF (Reichskommissariat für die Festigung deutschen Volkstums, “Reichskommissariat for the Strengthening of the Germandom”): The destructive tasks given to the Einsatzgruppen, in Poland at the end of 1939, and especially beginning with the invasion of the USSR, were organically linked with a set of “positive” tasks also entrusted to the Reichsführer-SS: the repatriation of Volksdeutschen (“racial Germans” from the USSR and the Banat) and the settlement of German colonies in the East. To carry out these tasks, Himmler created the RKF within the SS, and was appointed its Reichskommissar. The two sectors of activities, destruction of Jews and Germanification, were closely linked both conceptually and on the organizational level: thus, when the region of Zamosc was chosen as a primary objective for Germanization, Himmler gave this task to the head of the SS and of the Police (SSPF) of the district of Lublin, SS-Gruppenführer Odilo Globocnik, who also commanded Einsatz Reinhard, a structure set up to administer the three extermination camps in Treblinka, Sobibor, and Belzec, and the Orpo battalions deployed to commit massacres in the region.
ROLLBAHN: Wehrmacht units in charge of transport and supplies for troops (the term also designated the main military supply roads in the East).
RSHA (Reichssicherheitshauptamt, “Reich Security Main Office”): Upon the Seizure of Power, on January 30, 1933, the SS sought to extend its privileges in terms of security functions. After a long internal struggle, mainly against Göring, Himmler managed, in June 1936, to take control of all the German police forces, the new political police as well as the criminal police and the ordinary police grouped together in the Orpo. These police forces nonetheless remained State institutions, financed by the budget of the Reich, whose employees remained functionaries, subject to the rules of recruitment and promotion of the State bureaucracy. To legitimize this bureaucratically incoherent state of affairs, the Reichsführer was appointed Chief of the German Police within the Ministry of the Interior. The Kripo (Criminal Police) was joined to the Gestapo to form a Security Police (SP), which remained a government structure; the Security Service (SD), however, continued to function within the SS. The SP and the SD were thus joined through “personal union”: SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich became officially Chef der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD, a position, like that of his leader Heinrich Himmler, straddling the Party and the State.
In 1939, just after the invasion of Poland, an attempt was made to officialize this curious situation by creating a bastard structure: the RSHA, which was supposed to regroup the SP and the SD into a single organization. This reorganization was in fact carried out successfully: all the administrative services of the different structures were fused into an Amt I (personnel) and an Amt II (budget, administration, organization); the SD was divided into an Amt III (SD-Inland, or “Interior”) and an Amt VI (SD-Ausland, or “External”); the Gestapo was rebaptized Amt IV, with the pompous designation of Gegnererforschung und -bekämpfung (“Investigation and Struggle Against Adversaries”); and the Kripo became Amt V under the name Verbrechensbekämpfung (“Struggle Against Criminals”). An Amt VII was also created for “Ideological Research and Evaluation,” Weltanschauliche Forschung und Auswertung. But none of this was ever legalized: the ministerial bureaucracy was opposed to the amalgamation of State administrations and Party organizations; it was out of the question to finance the SD out of the Reich’s budget. Thus, even if the RSHA existed in actual fact, it had no letterhead, and it was forbidden to use the term in correspondence; Heydrich officially remained “Chief of the SP and the SD.”
The structure of the RSHA was reproduced at all the regional levels, Oberabschnitt, Abschnitt, etc.: in each district there was an Amt III, an Amt IV, and an Amt V, all under the responsibility of an Inspekteur der SP und des SD (IdS). After the beginning of the war, the same structures were established in the occupied territories, where the Inspekteur became a Befehlshaber (“Commander”) der SP und des SD (BdS), who sometimes had under his orders several Kommandeur der SP und des SD (KdS). The Orpo followed the same scheme, with IdO, BdO, and KdO.
SA (Sturmabteilung, “Stormtroops”): Paramilitary units of the National Socialist Party (NSDAP) who played a major role during the rise to power of the Party and just after the Seizure of Power in January 1933. In June 1934, with the support of the SS and the Wehrmacht, Hitler liquidated the leaders of the SA, including its chief, Ernst Röhm. The SA continued to exist until the fall of the regime, but no longer played any political role.
SD (Hauptamt Sicherheitsdienst, “Main Office of the Security Service”): SS structure created in the autumn of 1931 under command of Reinhard Heydrich. See also RSHA.
SP (Hauptamt Sicherheitspolizei, “Main Office of the Security Police”): Sometimes called Sipo. See also RSHA.
SPIESS: Familiar term designating the noncom in charge of a company, usually a Hauptfeldwebel (Sergeant-Major).
SS (Schutzstaffel, “Protection Detachment”): The first SS units were formed within the National Socialist Party in the summer of 1925, initially as bodyguards for the Führer, Adolf Hitler, who was already seeking to create a counterweight to the SA. Heinrich Himmler was appointed Reichsführer-SS, “Supreme Leader of the SS,” on January 6, 1929. The SS became completely independent of the SA in the fall of 1930 and played a major role in the elimination of its leaders in June 1934.
STO (Service du travail obligatoire): Program instituted in France by the German occupants to send forcibly recruited workers to Germany.
VOLKSDEUTSCHEN: Unlike Reichsdeutschen, these were Germans who had been living for several generations abroad, most of them in homogeneous communities.
WVHA (Wirtschafts-Verwaltungshauptamt, “Economy and Administration Main Office”): This SS structure was created in the beginning of 1942 to regroup the administrative-economic branch of the SS, the branches in charge of matters of construction and supplies, the economic enterprises of the SS, and the Inspectorate for Concentration Camps (IKL). Headed by SS-Obergruppenführer Oswald Pohl, Himmler’s economic éminence grise, the WVHA included five Amtsgruppe, or “groups of offices”: Amtsgruppe A, Truppenverwaltung (“Troop Administration”), and Amtsgruppe B, Truppenwirtschaft (“Troop Finance”), managing all questions of administration and supply for the Waffen-SS (the fighting units of the SS) as well as the concentration camp guards; Amtsgruppe C, Bauweisen (“Construction”), including all technical services of the SS linked to building; the Amtsgruppe D was the rebaptized IKL; as for the Amtsgruppe W, Wirtschaftliche Unternehmungen (“Economic Enterprises”), it covered the immense SS economic empire, which included firms in sectors as diverse as construction, armaments, mineral water, textiles, and publishing.
TABLE OF GERMAN RANKS WITH APPROXIMATE AMERICAN EQUIVALENTS
SS * Wehrmacht * Police * American Army
Reichsführer-SS * — * — * —
— * Generalfeldmarschall * — * General of the Armies
SS-Oberstgruppenführer * Generaloberst * Generaloberst der Polizei * General
SS-Obergruppenführer * General. * General d
er.Polizei * Lieutenant General
SS-Gruppenführer * Generalleutnant * Generalleutnant d.P. * —
SS-Brigadeführer * Generalmajor * Generalmajor d.P. * Brigadier General
SS-Oberführer * — * — * —
SS-Standartenführer * Oberst * Oberst d.P. * Colonel
SS-Obersturmbannführer * Oberstleutnant * Oberstleutnant d.P. * Lieutenant-Colonel
SS-Sturmbannführer * Major * Major d.P. * Major
SS-Hauptsturmführer * Hauptmann * Hauptmann d.P. * Captain
SS-Obersturmführer * Oberleutnant * Oberleutnant d.P. * Lieutenant
S-Untersturmführer * Leutnant * Leutnant d.P. * Second Lieutenant
S-Sturmscharführer * Hauptfeldwebel * Meister * Sergeant-Major
SS-Stabsscharführer * Stabsfeldwebel * — * Master Sergeant
SS-Hauptscharführer * Oberfeldwebel * — * Sergeant First Class
S-Obersharführer * SS-Obersharführer * — * Staff Sergeant
SS-Scharführer * Unterfeldwebel * Hauptwachtmeister * Sergeant
SS-Unterscharführer * Unteroffizier * Rev. O. Wachtmeister * Corporal
SS-Rottenführer * Stabsgefreiter * Oberwachtmeister * Specialist
* Obergefreiter * * —
* Gefreiter * Wachtmeister * —
SS-Sturmmann * Oberschütze * Rottwachtmeister * Private First Class