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Unequal Childhoods

Page 60

by Annette Lareau


  boys allowed further away from home

  importance of femininity

  importance of masculinity

  types of activities

  Hays, Sharon

  intensive mothering

  High school. See School: high school

  Homework

  child’s inaccurate account of

  conflicts over

  doing homework

  organized activities taking precedence over

  parental labor in

  Income

  and class

  description of

  Brindle

  Driver

  Handlon

  Marshall

  McAllister

  Tallinger

  Taylor

  Williams

  Yanelli

  Individualism

  class variations in

  importance of

  Inequality

  Bourdieu’s model of

  economic

  decrease in “good jobs” over time

  educational

  Brindle

  Driver

  Handlon

  Marshall

  McAllister

  Tallinger

  Taylor

  Williams

  Yanelli

  historical shifts

  limited educational skills in daily life

  racial

  See also Classlessness; Income; Race; Social class; Social structure

  Institutions

  contacts with

  definition of

  lack of threat from

  mistrust of

  professionals required to report parents for abuse

  standards of today

  See also Interventions in institutions; School

  Intensive mothering

  Interventions in institutions

  educational competence required to

  hesitancy to intervene

  middle-class parents’ intervention over: appropriateness of gymnastic level

  children not performing a skit at school

  gifted program

  gymnastic instruction

  holiday song program

  racial concerns at school

  requests for teachers

  safety of gym

  professionals’ expectations that parents will intervene

  responsiveness by institution to

  working-class and poor parents

  failed interventions with high school

  not intervening with college

  not intervening with sports in high school

  young adults not asking them to intervene

  working-class and poor parents in follow-up study: complaining to cable company

  intervening about allowing nephew to come into doctor room

  plumbing problems in the rental unit

  reporting a sister’s child neglect

  with union

  See also Accomplishment of natural growth; Authority; Concerted cultivation, Constraint, sense of; Entitlement, sense of; Institutions

  Karen, David

  Katz, Michael B.

  The Price of Citizenship

  Kingston, Paul

  Kinship

  assistance

  conflicts with other activities

  contact with: Brindle

  Driver

  Handlon

  Marshall

  McAllister

  Tallinger

  Taylor

  Williams

  Yanelli

  importance of

  limited visits

  potential negative impact of

  time spent with kin, variations by social class and race

  Lamont, Michèle

  Language use

  as an aim in and of itself

  as a conduit of life

  directives by middle-class children to adults

  directives by middle-class parents

  directives by working-class and poor parents

  parents eliciting information through questions

  reasoning

  vocabulary development

  word play

  Limits of class. See Social class: unimportance of

  Medical and dental interactions

  feeling coerced by professionals

  parents’ comfort in

  parents’ discomfort in

  parents’ misunderstanding of

  training children for

  Mills, C. Wright

  Music and theater

  consequences of

  performances

  piano lessons

  schedules of

  Natural growth. See Accomplishment of natural growth

  Neighborhoods

  activities outside the door

  descriptions of

  number of children locally

  surrounding the schools

  Networks, social

  and labor force

  social connections: lack of connections

  with other parents

  with professionals

  Organized activities

  activity-to-activity conflict

  adult labor in form of: arranging activities

  coaching or umpiring sports

  compensating for negative experiences in an activity

  fundraising

  getting kids ready for activities

  getting a physical for camp

  purchasing equipment

  transporting kids

  watching games

  watching piano lessons

  age homogeneity in

  benefits from

  young adults’ perception of

  boredom without

  child initiative for

  child’s schedule of (tables)

  Brindle

  Driver

  Handlon

  Marshall

  Tallinger

  Taylor

  Williams

  Yanelli

  comical portraits of

  cost of

  dominance of family life

  drawbacks of

  exhaustion from

  hectic

  in high school and college

  impact on pace of family life

  impact on siblings

  limited benefits from

  national data on social class and (graphs)

  number of

  Over-Scheduled Child, The

  parental initiative of

  parental labor for

  pleasure from

  potential consequences of as adults

  athletic scholarships

  ranking of

  schedule changes of

  skills developed through

  travel

  See also Quantitative data; Sports

  Panel Study of Income Dynamics. See Quantitative data

  Parents

  differences between mothers and fathers: in how they interact with their children

  marital conflict

  over organized activities

  over racial issues

  fathers’ limited role in child rearing

  own childhood experiences

  Play. See Unstructured activities

  Policy implications

  and the work of Bourdieu

  Powerlessness

  with landlords

  with other institutions

  with schools

  Professional standards

  for child rearing

  for educators

  expect parental involvement in high school

  reward parents who intervene

  medical

  Quantitative data

  analysis and results

  description of (Panel Study of Income Dynamics)

  how original study compares to

  mechanisms not captured in

  social class and time spent: in organized activities

  in non-organized activities

  with kin

  time diaries
>
  time with kin by social class and race

  See also Organized activities: national data on social class and

  Race

  importance of: in children’s activities

  in contact with family

  at Halloween

  in housing patterns

  in public spaces

  racial profiling

  refusing a check

  in terms of respect that Black, but not white, working-class and poor children used

  in a white girl not being selected for special education

  in worries about the gymnastic team

  in young adults’ lives

  in doing this study

  intersection of race and class

  and kinship

  limited importance

  number of organized activities

  racial composition of family’s life: Brindle

  Driver

  Hand-lon

  Marshall

  McAllister

  Tallinger

  Taylor

  Williams

  Yanelli

  and schools

  Rationalization

  impact on family life

  Weber, Max

  Reasoning. See Language use

  Religious activities

  church

  racial balance of

  lack of

  Vacation Bible School

  Research methodology

  benefits of being involved in study

  benefits of observation

  children’s views

  classroom observations

  data analysis

  dilemmas

  interviews

  with young adults

  limits of: follow-up study

  original study

  longitudinal ethnography

  overview of

  payments to families

  in follow-up study

  recruiting the families

  response rate

  in follow-up study

  role of research assistants

  sample, how drawn

  sharing book with families

  sharing results with participants

  dialogue after

  repairing the relationship after

  various perspectives on

  size of study

  reliability of ethnographic findings

  traumatic aspects of research

  Scheper-Hughes, Nancy

  suggestions for future research

  writing

  See also Fieldwork; Follow-up study; Race: in doing this study

  Ritzer, George

  School

  classroom observations

  descriptions of Northeastern suburban

  school: Swan

  descriptions of Northeastern urban

  school: Lower Richmond

  differential social structural resources

  family-school relationships

  gifted program

  graduation programs

  high school: AP and honors courses in

  dependent on help of educators

  description of

  dropping out of

  educators’ expectations of parents

  getting a GED

  guidance counselors

  learning disabilities in

  and inequality

  observation in Midwestern school of Lawrenceville

  parent-teacher conferences

  parents’ critical assessment of teachers

  parents’ counseling children to resist

  requests of teachers

  similarities between

  value of cultivating the child

  See also Institutions; Interventions in institutions; Teachable moments

  Siblings

  conflict between

  congenial

  expressions of hatred

  in shadow of

  See also Organized activities: impact on siblings

  Social class

  categorical approach

  changes over time

  conceptions of

  cultural repertoires

  definition of classes in this study

  Wendy Driver’s concern about

  gradational approach

  importance of

  young adults’ awareness of

  and informal knowledge

  interwoven with family structure

  and life chances

  occupational and education characteristics of families

  and understanding of the research

  unimportance of, in shaping: children’s disappointments

  children’s resistance to parents

  children’s temperament: Brindle

  Driver

  Handlon

  Marshall

  McAllister

  Tallinger

  Taylor

  Williams

  Yanelli

  family rituals

  housekeeping patterns

  houses feeling like home

  humor

  moments of connection of parents and children

  parents’ temperament

  tragedies

  upward mobility

  variation in: neighborhoods, police, and violence

  organized activities

  schools

  social networks

  young adults’ awareness of social class

  See also Classlessness; Quantitative data

  Socialization

  concept of

  See also Child rearing

  Social networks. See Networks, social

  Social structure

  and biography

  changing position of U.S. in world

  definition of

  increasing competition for college

  and inequality

  See also Social class

  Sports

  activities

  in high school and college

  athletic scholarship

  not continuing

  parents on the sidelines

  potential impact on child

  See also Organized activities; Unstructured activities

  Teachable moments

  alert to

  language development

  math

  Television

  always available

  aversion to

  family members watch together

  Thorne, Barrie

  Time use

  accomplishment of natural growth time flow

  activity-to-activity conflict

  concerted cultivation schedule

  deadline orientation of preparation

  hectic

  perceptions of being busy

  See also Accomplishment of natural growth; Concerted cultivation; Kinship; Organized activities; Unstructured activities

  Unstructured activities

  adults’ view of

  age heterogeneity in

  benefits from

  displays of: Garrett Tallinger

  interweaving with chores of life

  organizing feature of daily life

  quantitative data on social class and

  relative lack of

  skills developed

  sports

  time flow in

  West, Cornel

  Work-family issues

  importance of networks for

  intersection with activities

  travel for work: Tallinger

  Williams

  work hours: Driver

  Handlon

  Marshall

  Tallinger

  Williams

  Yanelli

  in follow-up study

  young adults

  jobs in high school

  in working-class and professional jobs

  Zelizer, Viviana A.

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  Annette Lareau

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