Citizen Emperor

by Philip Dwyer

  40. Black, Waterloo, p. 71.

  41. Le Gallo, Les Cent-Jours, pp. 329–78; Bertaud, L’abdication, pp. 67–9, 71–3.

  42. Walter Haweis James, The Campaign of 1815, Chiefly in Flanders (Edinburgh, 1908), pp. 10–30.

  43. Alessandro Barbero, The Battle: A New History of Waterloo, trans. John Cullen (New York, 2005), p. 28.

  44. Englund, Napoleon, p. 440.

  45. Camille Lévi (ed.), Mémoires du capitaine Duthilt (Lille, 1909), p. 308.

  46. Muir, Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon, pp. 352–5.

  47. Müffling, Memoirs, pp. 208–11; Kraehe, Metternich’s German Policy, ii. p. 354; Lawrence J. Flockerzie, ‘Saxony, Austria, and the German Question after the Congress of Vienna, 1815–1816’, International History Review, 12:4 (1990), 667–8.

  48. Extract of a letter from a German officer in The Battle of Waterloo: Containing the Accounts Published by Authority, British and Foreign, and Other Relative Documents (London, 1815), p. lxxi (16 July 1815).

  49. Charles Oman, ‘The French Losses in the Waterloo Campaign’, English Historical Review, 19 (1904), 681–93. Slightly different figures are given in Houssaye, 1815, ii. pp. 184, 213.

  50. Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon, p. 1066; Black, Waterloo, p. 28. Another 17,000 allied troops under Prince Frederick of Orange were stationed in a defensive position south of the village of Hal, fourteen kilometres to the west. Inexplicably, they were not used during the battle.

  51. Victor Hugo, Les misérables, trans. Charles E. Wilbour (New York, 1992), p. 271.

  52. Bertaud, Guerre et société en France, p. 74.

  53. For the campaign and the battle itself see Parker, Three Napoleonic Battles, pp. 102–209; Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon, pp. 1008–93; Andrew Roberts, Waterloo: Napoleon’s Last Gamble (London, 2005); Barbero, The Battle; Black, Waterloo; Pascal Cyr, Waterloo: origines et enjeux (Paris, 2011).

  54. Lieven, ‘Russia and the Defeat of Napoleon’, 289.

  55. Barbero, The Battle, p. 13.

  56. The theme of Peter Hofschröer’s 1815: The Waterloo Campaign: The German Victory, from Waterloo to the Fall of Napoleon (London, 1999).

  57. Roberts, Waterloo, pp. 55–6.

  58. Lagneau, Journal, pp. 301–3.

  59. Black, Waterloo, p. 136.

  60. Las Cases, Mémorial, ii. pp. 244–58.

  61. Carnot, Mémoires sur Carnot par son fils, ii. p. 503.

  62. Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington, The Dispatches of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington during his Various Campaigns in India, Denmark, Portugal, Spain, the Low Countries and France, from 1799 to 1818, 13 vols (London, 1837–9), xii. p. 529 (2 July 1815).

  63. Figures quoted in Gates, The Napoleonic Wars, p. 221.

  64. Attributed to Cambronne but probably pronounced by a simple soldier (Moniteur universel, 29 June 1815).

  65. Jean-Marc Largeaud, ‘Waterloo dans la culture française (1815–1914)’, Revista Napoleonica, 1–2 (2000), 120.

  66. Toussaint-Jean Trefcon, Carnet de campagne du colonel Trefcon, 1793–1815 (Paris, 1914), p. 193.

  67. Jean-Baptiste Lemonnier-Delafosse, Souvenirs militaires du capitaine Jean-Baptiste Lemonnier-Delafosse (Paris, 2002), p. 229; Joseph Tyrbas de Chamberet, Mémoires d’un médecin militaire: aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles (Paris, 2001), pp. 167, 168; Silvain Larreguy de Civrieux, Souvenirs d’un cadet (1812–1823) (Paris, 1912), pp. 172–3; Fantin des Odoards, Journal, p. 439.

  68. An officer in Picton’s division.

  69. See Black, Waterloo, pp. 159–66.

  70. Hantraye, Les cosaques aux Champs-Elysées, p. 23.

  71. Barbero, The Battle, pp. 309–10.

  72. Montcalm, Mon journal, pp. 82–3 (4 July 1815).

  73. Although when John Quincy Adams, in London at the time, read the dispatch he was convinced that Wellington had been annihilated. Wellington’s dispatches were notoriously understated (Philip Henry, fifth Earl of Stanhope, Notes of Conversations with the Duke of Wellington, 1831–1851 (London, n.d.), p. 145).

  74. Scott published a poem, The Field of Waterloo, in October of the same year.

  75. Many returned home to publish their impressions in travelogues. See the list of travel accounts published in Jules Deschamps, ‘En Belgique avec les anglais après Waterloo’, Revue des études napoléoniennes, 31 (1930), 225–6.

  76. Stuart Semmel, ‘Reading the Tangible Past: British Tourism, Collecting, and Memory after Waterloo’, Representations, 69 (Winter 2000), 9–37, here 26.

  77. Cited in Samuel Hynes, The Soldier’s Tale: Bearing Witness to Modern War (New York, 1997), p. 17.

  78. Corr. xxviii. n. 22062 (21 June 1815).

  79. Lecestre (ed.), Lettres inédites, ii. pp. 357–8.

  80. Jean-Marc Largeaud, ‘Les temps retrouvés de Waterloo’, Revue d’histoire du XIXe siècle, 25 (2002), 145; Jean-Marc Largeaud, Napoléon et Waterloo: la défaite glorieuse de 1815 à nos jours (Paris, 2006), pp. 32–3.

  81. Moniteur universel, 21 June 1815.

  82. Claude Etienne Guyot, Carnets de campagnes (1792–1815) (Paris, 1999), p. 367.

  83. Bertaud, L’abdication, pp. 56–7.

  84. According to Villemain, Souvenirs contemporains, ii. p. 262.

  85. Carnot, Mémoires sur Carnot par son fils, ii. pp. 510–11.

  86. Houssaye, 1815, iii. p. 15; John G. Gallaher, ‘Marshal Davout and the Second Bourbon Restoration’, French Historical Studies, 6:3 (1970), 351.

  87. Fleury de Chaboulon, Mémoires, ii. pp. 211–14.

  88. Corr. xxviii. n. 22061 (20 June 1815).

  89. Lafayette, Mémoires, v. pp. 455, 459–62; Paul Chanson, Lafayette et Napoléon (Lyons, 1958), pp. 281–338; Harlow Giles Unger, Lafayette (Hoboken, NJ, 2002), p. 345.

  90. Moniteur universel, 22 June 1815; Thibaudeau, Mémoires, p. 510.

  91. Moniteur universel, 22 June 1815; Bertaud, L’abdication, pp. 126–8.

  92. Bertaud, L’abdication, p. 144.

  93. Lucien Bonaparte, La vérité sur les Cent-Jours (Paris, 1835), pp. 56–61.

  94. Cited in Gilbert Martineau, Napoleon Surrenders, trans. Frances Partridge (London, 1971), p. 22.

  95. Esquisse historique sur les Cent Jours (Paris, 1819), pp. 39–40.

  96. Bertaud, L’abdication, pp. 136–8.

  97. On the political machinations of the Chamber during these days and hours see Martineau, Napoleon Surrenders, pp. 17–30; Bertaud, L’abdication, esp. here pp. 145–51.

  98. Norman MacKenzie, Fallen Eagle: How the Royal Navy Captured Napoleon (London, 2009), p. 52.

  99. Esquisse historique sur les Cent-Jours, p. 44.

  100. Houssaye, 1815, iii. p. 46.

  101. Bertaud, L’abdication, pp. 155–7.

  102. Bertaud, L’abdication, pp. 163–6.

  103. Montholon, Récits, i. pp. 2–25.

  104. Martineau, Napoleon Surrenders, p. 31.

  105. Bertaud, L’abdication, pp. 166–9.

  106. Martineau, Napoleon Surrenders, p. 31.

  107. See Bertaud, L’abdication, pp. 198–208, 233–43, 259–79, 283–92.

  108. Wellington to Bathurst (2 July 1815), in Wellington, The Dispatches, xii. p. 535.

  109. Corr. xxviii. n. 22063 (22 June 1815).

  110. For an interesting reflection on abdication in an earlier period see Jacques Le Brun, Le pouvoir d’abdiquer: essai sur la déchéance volontaire (Paris, 2009), pp. 7–13, 247–67.

  111. Constant, Mémoires sur les Cent-Jours, pp. 285–91.

  Epilogue

  1. Hortense, Memoirs, ii. pp. 186–7.

  2. Corr. xxviii. n. 22065 (25 June 1815).

  3. Albine de Montholon, Souvenirs de Sainte-Hélène par la comtesse de Montholon, 1815–1816 (Paris, 1901), p. 19.

  4. Hortense, Memoirs, ii. p. 187.

  5. Hortense, Memoirs, ii. p. 191.

  6. Corr. xxviii. n. 22064 (25 June 1815).

  7. Muffling, Memoirs, p. 274 (29 June 1815).

  8. Frances Mossiker, Napoleon and Josep
hine: The Biography of a Marriage (New York, 1964), p. 402.

  9. Marchand, Mémoires, pp. 246–7.

  10. Henri Gatien Bertrand, Lettres à Fanny: 1808–1815, annotated by Suzanne de La Vaissière-Orfila (Paris, 1979), p. 451.

  11. MacKenzie, Fallen Eagle, p. 126; David Cordingly, The Billy Ruffian: The Bellerophon and the Downfall of Napoleon: The Biography of a Ship of the Line, 1782–1836 (London, 2004), p. 1.

  12. Frederick Lewis Maitland, Narrative of the surrender of Buonaparte and of his residence on H.M.S. Bellerophon (London, 1826), pp. 12–16; Cordingly, The Billy Ruffian, pp. 3, 232–3.

  13. Paul Ganière, Napoléon à Sainte-Hélène (Paris, 1998), p. 11.

  14. Montholon, Récits, i. pp. 70–1.

  15. MacKenzie, Fallen Eagle, pp. 100, 104.

  16. MacKenzie, Fallen Eagle, p. 105.

  17. According to the Relation de la mission du Lieutenant-général comte Becker auprès de l’empereur Napoléon depuis la seconde abdication jusqu’au passage à bord du Béllérophon (Clermont-Ferrand, 1841); Houssaye, 1815, iii. pp. 364, 367–8.

  18. Jonathan Miles, The Wreck of the Medusa: The Most Famous Sea Disaster of the Nineteenth Century (New York, 2007); Alexander McKee, Wreck of the Medusa: Mutiny, Murder, and Survival on the High Seas (New York, 2007).

  19. For the following, Ganière, Napoléon à Sainte-Hélène, pp. 20–1. A French Captain Besson, commanding the Danish sloop Magdaline, also offered his services at Rochefort, but was similarly rebuffed.

  20. François-Antoine Lallemand, ‘Embarquement de l’Empereur à Rochefort. Notes du général baron Charles Lallemand’, Nouvelle Revue rétrospective, 11 (July–December 1899), 1–14.

  21. Michael John Thornton, Napoleon after Waterloo: England and the St. Helena Decision (Stanford, Calif., 1968), p. 15.

  22. One of those minor controversies that appear to have raged as soon as Maitland’s book appeared. It was refuted by Félix Barthe, Refutation de la relation du Capitaine Maitland, touchant l’embarquement de Napoleon à son bord (Paris, 1827).

  23. Maitland, Narrative of the surrender, p. 35.

  24. Thornton, Napoleon after Waterloo, pp. 21–2.

  25. See his letter to Bertrand in Maitland, Narrative of the surrender, pp. 30–2.

  26. Ganière, Napoléon à Sainte-Hélène, pp. 31–5.

  27. MacKenzie, Fallen Eagle, pp. 143–4.

  28. Themistocles was an Athenian statesman and general who, in 464 bc, after being tried on a charge of treason and condemned to death, sought asylum from the Persian king, Artaxerxes I.

  29. John Wilson Croker, The Croker Papers: The Correspondence and Diaries of the Late Right Honourable John Wilson Croker, ed. L. J. Jennings, 3 vols (London, 1884), i. p. 68.

  30. These details from Cordingly, The Billy Ruffian, pp. 248–9.

  31. George Home, Memoirs of an Aristocrat and Reminiscences of the Emperor Napoleon, by a Midshipman of the ‘Bellerophon’ (London, 1838), pp. 233–5.

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