Another view of Stalin

by Ludo Martens

  6. Webb, op. cit. , p. 810.

  7. Ibid. , pp. 810--811.

  8. Strong, op. cit. , pp. 28--29.

  9. Kuromiya, op. cit. , p. 145.

  10. John Scott, Behind the Urals: An American Worker in Russia's city of steel, enlarged edition (Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press), pp. 256--257.

  11. Kuromiya, op. cit. , pp. 305--306.

  12. Ibid. , p. 316.

  13. Scott, op. cit. , pp. 175--180.

  14. Ibid. , pp. 195--196.

  15. Ibid. , pp. 253--254.

  16. Kuromiya, op. cit. , p. 287.

  17. Lenin, Our Foreign and Domestic Position and the Tasks of the Party. Works, vol. 31, p. 419.

  18. L'Office central de statistique prиs le Conseil des ministres de l'U.R.S.S. Les Progrиs du pouvoir soviйtique depuis 40 ans en chiffres: Recueil statistique (Moscow: Йditions en langues йtrangиres, 1958), p. 75.

  19. Ibid. , p. 26.

  20. Ibid. , p. 30.

  21. Kuromiya, op. cit. , pp. 304--305.

  22. Progrиs, op. cit. , p. 26.

  23. Ibid. , p. 31.

  Chapter 4

  1. R. W. Davies, The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia I: The Socialist Offensive; The Collectivisation of Soviet Agriculture, 1929--1930 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1980), pp. 4--5.

  2. Ibid. , pp. 16--18.

  3. Lynne Viola, The Best Sons of the Fatherland: Workers in the Vanguard of Soviet Collectivisation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), p. 22.

  4. Ibid. , p. 13.

  5. Davies, op. cit. , p. 51.

  6. Ibid. , p. 54.

  7. Ibid. , p. 52.

  8. Ibid. , p. 53.

  9. Viola, op. cit. , pp. 19, 22.

  10. Йmile Joseph Dillon, quoted in Webb, op. cit. , p. 809.

  11. Ibid. , pp. 808--809.

  12. Jean Elleinstein, Le socialisme dans un seul pays (Paris: Йditions Sociales, 1973), vol. 2, pp. 67--69. Davies, opcit, pp. 9, 171.

  13. Davies, op. cit. , pp. 25--26.

  14. Ibid. , p. 17.

  15. Stalin, On the Grain Front. Leninism, p. 59.

  16. Davies, op. cit. , p. 27.

  17. Stalin, Problems of Agrarian Policy in the U.S.S.R. Leninism, p. 155.

  18. Davies, op. cit. , pp. 29--30.

  19. Ibid. , pp. 31, 419.

  20. Ibid. , p. 32.

  21. Ibid. , p. 33.

  22. Ibid. , p. 34.

  23. Ibid. , p. 41.

  24. Ibid. , p. 38.

  25. Webb, op. cit. , p. 245, n. 1.

  26. Davies, op. cit. , pp. 46, 49--50. Nicolaп Boukharine, uvres choisies en un volume (Moscow: Йditions du Progrиs, 1988), p. 424.

  27. G. Bourdiougov and V. Kozlov, Йpisodes d'une biographie politique. Introduction to Boukharine, op. cit. , p. 15.

  28. Ibid. , p. 16.

  29. Stalin, The Right Danger. Leninism, p. 79.

  30. Davies, op. cit. , p. 47.

  31. Stalin, The Right Danger, pp. 95, 99.

  32. Bourdiougov and Kozlov, op. cit. , pp. 26--27.

  33. Stepniak, quoted in Webb, op. cit. , pp. 563--564.

  34. Dillon, quoted in Webb, op. cit. , p. 565.

  35. Davies, op. cit. , p. 109.

  36. Viola, op. cit. , p. 27.

  37. Stalin, Problems of Agrarian Policy in the U.S.S.R., p. 163.

  38. Ibid. , pp. 145, 163.

  39. Davies, op. cit. , p. 112.

  40. Ibid. , p. 121.

  41. Ibid.

  42. Viola, op. cit. , p. 91.

  43. Ibid. , pp. 93--94.

  44. Davies, op. cit. , p. 218.

  45. Ibid. , p. xx.

  46. Ibid. , p. 173.

  47. Ibid. , p. 274.

  48. Ibid. , p. 160.

  49. Viola, op. cit. , pp. 215--216.

  50. Ibid. , p. 216.

  51. Ibid. , p. 215.

  52. Ibid. , p. 29.

  53. Davies, op. cit. , p. 226.

  54. Viola, op. cit. , p. 29.

  55. Davies, op. cit. , pp. 225--226.

  56. Ibid. , p. 205.

  57. Ibid. , p. 206.

  58. Ibid. , pp. 206--207.

  59. Viola, op. cit. , p. 211.

  60. Ibid. , p. 103.

  61. Ibid.

  62. Ibid. , p. 109.

  63. Ibid. , p. 141.

  64. Ibid. , p. 135.

  65. Ibid. , p. 154.

  66. Ibid. , p. 172.

  67. Ibid. , p. 216.

  68. Davies, op. cit. , pp. 152--153.

  69. Ibid. , p. 154.

  70. Ibid. , p. 155.

  71. Ibid. , pp. 161--162.

  72. Ibid.

  73. Ibid. , p. 165.

  74. Robert H. McNeal, editor, Resolutions and decisions of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Volume 3, The Stalin Years: 1929--1953 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1974), p. 23.

  75. Ibid. , p. 29.

  76. Ibid. , p. 27.

  77. Ibid. , p. 25.

  78. Ibid. , p. 29.

  79. Ibid.

  80. Ibid.

  81. Ibid. , pp. 30--31.

  82. Ibid. , p. 34.

  83. Ibid. , p. 28.

  84. Ibid. , p. 37.

  85. Ibid. , pp. 40--43.

  86. Ibid. , pp. 40--41.

  87. Ibid. , p. 42.

  88. Ibid. , p. 41.

  89. Ibid. , p. 42.

  90. Ibid. , p. 43.

  91. Davies, op. cit. , p. 62.

  92. Viola, op. cit. , p. 154.

  93. Viola, op. cit. , p. 154. Davies, op. cit. , pp. 212--213.

  94. Davies, op. cit. , p. 221.

  95. Ibid. , pp. 138--139.

  96. Ibid. , p. 140.

  97. Ibid. , pp. 140--141.

  98. Ibid. , p. 144.

  99. Ibid. , p. 145.

  100. Ibid. , p. 183.

  101. Ibid. , p. 184.

  102. McNeal, op. cit. , pp. 41--42.

  103. Charles Bettelheim. L'йconomie soviйtique (Paris: Йditions Recueil Sirey, 1950), p. 87.

  104. Davies, op. cit. , p. 228.

  105. Ibid. , pp. 232--233.

  106. Ibid. , p. 231.

  107. Ibid. , p. 233.

  108. Ibid. , pp. 235--236.

  109. Ibid. , p. 228.

  110. Ibid. , pp. 258--259.

  111. Ibid. , pp. 247--248.

  112. Karl Kautsky, Bolshevism at a Deadlock (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1931), pp. 97--98.

  113. Ibid. , p. 150.

  114. Ibid. , pp. 139--140.

  115. Ibid. , p. 124.

  116. Ibid. , p. 173.

  117. Davies, op. cit. , pp. 262--263, 442.

  118. Ibid. , p. 239.

  119. Ibid. , p. 240.

  120. Ibid. , p. 265.

  121. Ibid. , p. 264.

  122. Stalin, Dizzy with Success: Problems of the Collective Farm Movement. Leninism, p. 170.

  123. Ibid. , p. 171.

  124. Ibid. , pp. 171--172.

  125. Ibid. , p. 172.

  126. Davies, op. cit. , p. 273.

  127. Ibid. , pp. 280--281.

  128. Ibid. , p. 271.

  129. Viola, op. cit. , p. 116.

  130. Stalin, Dizzy with Success, p. 169.

  131. Davies, op. cit. , p. 281.

  132. Ibid. , p. 276.

  133. Ibid. , p. 280.

  134. Ibid. , pp. 319--320.

  135. Ibid. , p. 300.

  136. Ibid. , p. 375.

  137. Ibid. , pp. 322--323.

  138. Ibid. , pp. 325--327.

  139. Ibid. , pp. 327--328.

  140. Ibid. , pp. 335--336.

  141. Ibid. , pp. 442--443, Table 17.

  142. Ibid. , pp. 285--286, 288.

  143. Ibid. , p. 251.

  144. Ibid. , p. 419.

  145. Ibid. , pp. 337--339.

  146. Ibid. , pp. 360--361.

  147. Ibid. , pp. 369--370.

  148. Ibid. , p. 369.

  149. Ibid. , p. 371.

 
150. Ibid. , p. 358.

  151. Ibid. , pp. 378--379.

  152. Ibid. , p. 380.

  153. Ibid. , pp. 441--442.

  154. Bettelheim, op. cit. , p. 66.

  155. R. W. Davies, The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia II: The Soviet Collective Farm, 1929--1930 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1980), pp. 13--14.

  156. Bettelheim, op. cit. , p. 73.

  157. Davies, op. cit. , p. 15.

  158. Ibid. , pp. 20--21.

  159. Ibid. , pp. 25, 27.

  160. Ibid. , pp. 16--18.

  161. Ibid. , p. 28--29.

  162. Ibid. , pp. 29, 32.

  163. Bettelheim, op. cit. , pp. 102, 112.

  164. Ibid. , pp. 61--65.

  165. Ibid. , pp. 67--68.

  166. Ibid. , pp. 76--78.

  167. Progrиs, op. cit. , p. 142.

  168. Bettelheim, op. cit. , p. 74.

  169. Ibid.

  170. Ibid. , p. 82.

  171. Ibid. , p. 89.

  172. Ibid. , p. 93.

  173. Ibid. , p. 113, n. 1.

  174. Ibid. , p. 83, 90.

  175. Ibid. , p. 85.

  176. Ibid. , pp. 113--114.

  177. Zinoviev, op. cit. , p. 53.

  178. Ibid. , p. 56.

  179. Ibid. , p. 236.

  180. Stefan Merl, ,,Ausrottung`` der Bourgeoisie und der Kulaken in Sowjetruss land? Geschichte und Gesellschaft 13 (1987), p. 368.

  181. Ibid. , p. 376.

  182. Merl, op. cit. , p. 377.

  183. Ibid.

  184. Robert Conquest, The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivisation and the Terror-Famine (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), p. 306. Stefan Merl, Wie viele Opfer forderte die ,,Liquidierung der Kulaken als Klasse``? Geschichte und Gesellschaft 14 (1988), p. 534.

  185. Ibid. , p. 535.

  186. Ibid. , p. 537.

  187. Nicolas Werth, `Goulag: les vrais chiffres'. L'Histoire 169 (September 1993), pp. 38--51. More details can be found in J. Arch Getty, Gбbor T. Rittersporn and Viktor N. Zemskov. Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Pre-war Years: A First Approach on the Basis of Archival Evidence. The America Historical Review, October 1993, pp. 1017--1049.

  188. Werth, op. cit. , p. 44.

  189. Conquest, op. cit. , p. 306.

  190. Time, 18 October 1993, European edition, p. 50. Translated from the French translation.

  Chapter 5

  1. Douglas Tottle, Fraud, Famine and Fascism: The Ukrainian Genocide Myth from Hitler to Harvard (Toronto: Progress Books, 1987), pp. 5--6.

  2. The Nation 140 (36), 13 March 1935, quoted in Tottle, op. cit. , p. 8.

  3. Tottle, op. cit. , p. 9.

  4. James Casey, Daily Worker, 21 February 1935, quoted in Tottle, op. cit. , p. 9.

  5. Tottle, op. cit. , pp. 13, 15.

  6. Ibid. , pp. 19--21.

  7. Ibid. , pp. 23--24.

  8. Ibid. , p. 25.

  9. Ibid. , pp. 4--31.

  10. Ibid. , pp. 38--44.

  11. Ibid. , p. 41.

  12. New York Times, quoted in Tottle, op. cit. , p. 50.

  13. Tottle, op. cit. , p. 51.

  14. Ibid. , p. 61.

  15. Ibid.

  16. Ibid. , pp. 69--71.

  17. Ibid. , p. 71.

  18. Ibid. , p. 74.

  19. Ibid. , p. 79.

  20. Ibid. , p. 86.

  21. Conquest, The Harvest of Sorrow, op. cit. , p. 334.

  22. Tottle, op. cit. , pp. 111-112.

  23. Ibid. , p. 112.

  24. Ibid. , p. 113.

  25. Ibid.

  26. Ibid. , p. 115.

  27. Ibid. , p. 118.

  28. Ibid.

  29. Ibid. , pp. 121--122.

  30. Ibid. , p. 122.

  31. Ibid. , p. 128.

  32. Ibid. , p. 129.

  33. Ibid. , pp. 58--59.

  34. J. Arch Getty, Origins of the Great Purges: The Soviet Communist Party Reconsidered, 1933--1938 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 5.

  35. Tottle, op. cit. , pp. 93--94.

  36. Ibid. , p. 94.

  37. Ibid. , p. 91.

  38. Ibid. , p. 92.

  39. Ibid. , p. 96.

  40. Ibid. , p. 97.

  41. Ibid.

  42. Ibid. , p. 100.

  43. Ibid. , p. 99.

  44. Ibid. , p. 101.

  45. Ibid.

  46. Alexei Fyodorov, The Underground Committee Carries On (Moscow: Progress Publishers).

  Chapter 6

  1. Trotsky, The New Course, p. 72.

  2. Trotsky, The New Course, p. 85.

  3. Trotsky, Lettres aux travailleurs d'URSS (May 1940). La lutte antibureaucratique en URSS II: La rйvolution nйcessaire 1933--1940 (Paris: Union gйnйrale d'йditions, 1975), pp. 301--302.

  4. Lenin, Eleventh Congress of the R.C.P.(B.). Works. vol. 33, p. 283.

  5. Stalin, Speech delivered at the Eighth Congress of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League. Selected Works, p. 286.

  6. Ibid. , p. 287.

  7. Ibid. , p. 288.

  8. Getty, op. cit. , p. 22.

  9. On Deficiencies in Party Work and Measures for Liquidating Trotskyites and Other Double Dealers. McNeal, op. cit. , p. 183.

  10. Ibid. , p. 99.

  11. Stalin, Address to the Graduates of the Red Army Academies. Leninism, p. 364.

  12. Getty, op. cit. , p. 105.

  13. The Preparation of Party Organizations for Elections to the USSR Supreme Soviet under the New Electoral System and the Corresponding Reorganization of Party Political Work (27 February 1937). McNeal, p. 187.

  14. Ibid. , p. 158.

  15. Ibid. , p. 162.

  16. Ibid. , p. 164.

  Chapter 7

  1. Bernard, op. cit. , pp. 50, 52--53.

  2. Gabor Tamas Rittersporn, Stalinist Simplifications and Soviet Complications: Social Tensions and Political Conflict in the USSR, 1933--1953 (Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1991), p. 23.

  3. Ibid. , pp. 1--2.

  4. Ibid. , p. 23.

  5. J. V. Stalin, Report and Speech in Reply to Debate at the Plenum of the Central Committee of the C.P.S.U. (3--5 March 1937). Works (London: Red Star Press, 1976), vol. 14, p. 241.

  6. Ibid. , pp. 242--243.

  7. Ibid. , p. 264.

  8. Boris Bajanov, Avec Staline dans le Kremlin (Paris: Les Editions de France, 1930), pp. 2--3.

  9. Ibid. , p. 7.

  10. Ibid. , pp. 4--5.

  11. George Solomon, Parmi les maitres rouges, Serie Anticommuniste du Centre International de Lutte Active Contre le Communisme (Paris: Editions Spes, 1930), p. 19.

  12. Ibid. , p 36.

  13. Ibid. , p. 19.

  14. Ibid. , pp. 36--37.

  15. Ibid. , p. 348.

  16. Ibid. , p. 351.

  17. Bajanov, op. cit. , pp. 105--109.

  18. G. A. Tokaev, Comrade X (London: The Harvill Press, 1956), p. 33.