Morning of Fire

by Scott Ridley

  Kendrick, John (Juan), Jr. (son), 21, 29, 82, 135, 188, 339–41, 343, 359–60

  Kendrick, Jonathan (uncle), 4

  Kendrick, Joseph, 23, 304, 359

  Kendrick, Solomon (father), 4–5

  Kendrick, Solomon (son), 21, 29, 82, 140-41, 209, 303–9, 337–41, 344, 359–60

  Keoua, 172, 178, 248

  King, James, 174

  King George, 158–59

  King George’s Sound Company, 102, 120, 158–59

  Kiwalao, 171–72

  Knox, Henry, 201

  Koalaukani, 351–52

  Lady Washington, 2–3, 19; Boston, setting sail (September 1787), 22–24; building of, 19–20; California coast landings (June-August 1788), 59–65; Cape Horn (March-April 1788), 25–34, 47, 204, 206; Clayoquot Sound (March 1789), 94–95; Clayoquot Sound (July 1789), 137–41; Clayoquot Sound (August-September 1791), 239–46; crew of, 20–22; Hong Kong Island (April-March 1793), 287–91; Japan (March-May 1791), 219–25, 226; Juan Fernándes Island (April-June 1788), 47–50, 52; Macao, 356–58, 360; Macao (January 1790), 179, 183–91, 198; Macao (January-June 1791), 217–19, 221; Macao (December 1791-January 1792), 263–66; Macao (September 1792-April 1793), 280, 283,

  Lady Washington (con’t)

  286–87; Nootka Sound (September 1788-May 1789), 76–77, 81–90, 96–98; Nootka Sound (May-June 1789), 99-102, 112–17, 118; Nootka Sound (July 1789), 128, 131–32, 134–35, 137–38; Nootka Sound (May-July 1791), 229–37; Nootka Sound (May-September 1793), 300–303; Nootka Sound (April-Novem ber 1794), 336–37; Northwest Coast, 69–70; Northwest Coast (May-September 1793), 300–309; Northwest Coast (April-November 1794), 334, 336–37, 339–44; Queen Charlotte Islands (September-October 1789), 144–49; Queen Charlotte Islands (May-July 1791), 226–37; refitting of, 218–19; Sandwich Islands (October-December 1789), 157-61, 167–78; Sandwich Islands (Septem ber-October 1791), 246–49; Sandwich Islands (March-September 1792), 255-56, 257, 259–60, 263–63; Sandwich Islands (January-March 1794), 317–33; Sandwich Islands (December 1794), 347–56; sea letter, 18, 22–23, 39; South China Sea typhoon (September 1793), 280–83; Strait of Juan de Fuca (August 1789), 143–44, 198

  Lafayette, Gilbert du Motier, marquis de, 12, 197

  Lamport, George, 351

  Lawton, Hanse, 58, 76, 81

  Lee, Henry, 12

  Leopard, 220–21

  Lewis, Meriwether, 23, 41, 313, 362–63, 369

  Liscomb, Otis, 21, 32

  Lopez de Haro, Gonzalo, 46, 67–72, 100-101, 134

  Lopius, Marcus, 62–64, 76

  Louisa, 365

  Louisiana Territory, 36, 37–39, 201, 363-64, 367

  Louis XVI of France, 3, 6, 197, 278–79, 335

  Loyal Company of Virginia, 41–42

  Lydia, 5

  Macao: May-June 1789, 102–3; Janu ary 1790, 179–98; January-July 1791, 217–19, 221, 225–26; December 1791-January 1792, 263–66; September 1792-April 1793, 280, 283–87; Febru ary 1795, 356–58, 360

  Mackay, James, 175, 178–79, 218

  Mackenzie, Alexander, 290, 313–14, 362

  Madison, James, 365

  Magee, Bernard, 337

  Magee, James, 242, 272–73, 287, 306–7

  Magellan, Ferdinand, 206

  Manby, Thomas, 270

  “manifest destiny,” 367–68

  Maquinna, 84, 87–95, 92, 97, 103–7, 110, 113, 121–22, 128, 131–34, 140–41, 148, 231–38, 270, 272, 273–77, 279, 287, 301–5, 308–9, 336–37, 343, 333, 366

  Margaret, 242, 272–73, 287, 306–7

  Marianna, 7

  Marin, Francisco Palo, 347, 360, 364

  Martinez, Estevan José, 46, 99–141, 152, 341, 357; Nootka Sound, 272, 275, 301; Nootka Sound (May-June 1789), 99-118; Nootka Sound (July 1789), 119–38, 204, 214; Nootka Sound (August-Sep tember 1789), 139–41; Nootka Sound, seizure of ships, 108–14, 119–28, 196, 214, 230; Northwest Coast (May-December 1788), 66–72; Sandwich Islands, 158, 161–62; Strait of Juan de Fuca, 115–16, 129–30, 142–44

  Maud, John, Jr., 218, 353

  McCay, John, 140

  McGillivray, Alexander, 238, 273–74

  McIntyre, John, 184

  Meares, John: Nootka Sound, 121, 275–78, 314; Nootka Sound (September 1788-May 1789), 76–77, 80–84, 87–89, 95–96; Nootka Sound (May-June 1789), 102–3, 107, 110–11, 114, 116; Nootka Sound (July 1789), 121, 123–27, 131; Nootka Sound, seizure of ships, 107, 110–11, 114, 123–29, 153, 185–86, 192-93, 195–97, 213, 259; Oregon coast, 266–67; Sandwich Islands, 159, 255, 299; Strait of Juan de Fuca, 143–44, 198

  Menzies, Archibald, 257–58, 261, 266–68, 292–95, 328

  Mercury, 242, 247

  Merry, Anthony, 194

  Metcalfe, Simon, 144, 176–77, 226, 327

  Metcalfe, Thomas, 144, 176–77

  Mexicana, 269–70, 271

  Mexico, 35–46, 368. See also San Blas, Mexico

  Michaux, André, 289

  Miranda, Sebastián Francisco de, 196

  Mississippi River, 37–39

  Missouri River, 41–42, 144, 289, 362

  Montmorin, Armand Marc de, 38

  Morris, Gouverneur, 196–97, 200, 203, 213–14, 278

  Mudge, Zachary, 278–79, 310

  Nautilous, 196

  Navaez, José Maria, 129

  Newell, Andrew, 21

  New Orleans, 37–39

  Nomateehetee, 260

  Nootka (Nootka Sound): May-December 1788, 68–72; September 1788-May 1789, 75–98; May-June 1789, 99–118; July 1789, 119–38; May-July 1791, 229-37; August-September 1792, 271–76, 286–87; May-September 1793, 300-309; April-November 1794, 336–39, 342–44; Cook and, 20, 56, 65, 80

  Nootka Conventions, 212–15, 217, 229, 270, 275, 314, 342

  Nootka Crisis, 197, 201–2, 204–7, 255, 269–70, 307, 361

  Norry Youk, 235, 237

  Northwest American, 140, 141, 148; Nootka Sound, 80–83, 98; seizure of ship, 110-17, 120, 128, 132–33, 135

  North West Company, 290, 313

  Northwest Passage, 13, 14, 17, 40–45, 255, 309–12, 334, 338–39

  Nutting, John, 82, 206

  O’Fallon, James, 201

  O’Sullivan, John L., 367

  Papal Bull of 1493, 2, 121, 194–95, 214

  Parkman, Samuel, 204

  Pease, Cornelius, 304

  Pedro III of Portugal, 218

  Pegasus, 196

  Perez, Juan, 46, 56, 106, 130, 145

  Perkins, Thomas Handsyd, 205

  Phoenix, 339

  Pickering, 365

  Pintard, John M., 15, 18, 207

  Pitt, William, Jr., 194–96, 198, 211–13, 216

  Pizarro, José, 27, 28, 34, 35

  Polk, James, 367–68

  Portlock, Nathaniel, 79, 102, 145, 158–59, 166–67, 257–58

  Prince Lee Boo, 311–12, 332, 339, 350–56

  Prince of Wales, 67, 261

  Princesa, 46; Nootka Sound, 99–104, 106, 108–18, 123–28, 339, 342, 344; North west Coast, 66–72

  Princess Royal, 67, 340; Nootka Sound, 103, 114–16, 118, 120, 230; Nootka Sound, seizure of ship, 132–34, 141, 193–97

  Puget, Peter, 267–68, 329–31

  Quatlazape, 105–6

  Queen Charlotte, 158–59

  Queen Charlotte Islands, 144–49, 226–37

  Quimper, Manuel, 230–31, 340

  Randall, Thomas, 180, 183–84, 187, 191-92, 204, 207, 264

  Randolph, Edmund, 358

  Rebecca, 5

  Redman, John, 221

  Resolution, 78–79, 162–67, 303–4, 309, 337–38, 339

  Revere, Paul, 6

  Revillagigedo, Juan Vincente de, 152, 193-94, 301

  Ridler, Isaac, 21, 53, 81, 140, 175–78, 218, 246

  Riezaemon, Nakanishi, 223

  Roberts, Doctor, 30, 31–32, 82

  Roberts, Josiah, 209, 337, 338, 339, 347

  Rogers, Robert, 41–42

  Rowan, James, 353, 355, 360

 
Rowbottom, John, 248, 259–62, 281, 317–18

  Russia, 17, 43–45, 56–57, 67–71, 101–2, 132, 152, 221, 226

  Saavedra, Ramon, 230–32, 237, 314, 336–37

  Samwell, David, 84

  San Blas, Mexico, 45–46, 136, 150–53

  San Carlos, 46; Nootka Sound, 100–101, 108–13, 118, 128, 134, 231; Northwest Coast, 66–72, 301, 303, 314, 339, 344

  Sandwich Islands (Hawaii Islands), 69, 216, 252; October-December 1789, 157–78; September-October 1791, 246–49; March-September 1792, 253–63; February-April 1793, 291–99; June-September 1793, 308–9; January-March1794, 314–33; December 1794, 345–60

  San Pablo, 54

  Santa Gertrudis la Magna, 116–17, 129–30

  Santa Maria, 54

  Santa Saturina, 231

  Santiago, 46

  Schulkinanse, 148, 227, 229

  scurvy, 57–59, 60, 62, 76, 77, 81, 82, 139, 240–41

  Sears, Isaac, 7, 188

  Selkirk, Alexander, 50–51

  Serantes, Antonio, 302

  Seven Years’ War, 5, 37, 41, 109

  sextant, 49, 59

  Shaw, Samuel, 180, 183–84, 185, 188, 191-92, 264

  Shays, Daniel (Shays’ Rebellion), 12, 18, 160

  Smith, John, 295

  Smith, Melancton, 18

  Snow, Jabez, 5

  Snow, Nicholas, 4

  Sousa de Faro, Vasco Luis Carneiro de, 218

  South China Sea, 221–22

  South Sea Company, 77, 102, 127

  Spain (Spanish Empire), 2, 12, 15, 18, 35–40, 42–44, 51–55, 69, 108–12, 114-27, 132–35, 158–59, 161–62, 193–202, 211–15, 221–22, 269–78, 289–90, 314, 335–37, 363–64, 367

  Springfield Armory, 12

  Stamp Act of 1765, 5

  St. Clair, Arthur, 20

  Stoddard, John, 221, 280, 283

  Strait of Juan de Fuca, 41, 69, 94, 96, 114-16, 129–30, 141–44, 152, 266–68, 285

  Straits of Admiral de Fonte, 41, 66–67, 69, 71, 104–5, 115–16, 310–14

  Sturgis, William, 305, 361

  Sutil, 269–70, 271

  Tahiti, 161–63, 256

  Tartoochtheatticus, 233, 237

  Tatooch, 96, 142, 302

  Termagant, 196

  Terra nullius, 121

  Thomas, Samuel, 140, 175, 178–79

  Tillamook Bay, 61–65

  Tootiscosettle, 237, 245

  Townshend Acts of 1767, 5

  Treat, Jonathan, 21, 82–83, 127, 205, 265–66

  Treaty of Paris (1783), 11, 37–38, 109

  Trekh Sviatitelei, 68

  Tremere, James, 366

  Tryal, 51

  Turner, Fredrick Jackson, 361

  Undutied Tea, 5

  Valdes, Antonio, 42, 43, 55, 152, 193–94, 270–71

  Vancouver, George, 214–16, 254; Nootka Sound, 301; Nootka Sound (August-September 1792), 271–76; Northwest Coast, 144, 216; Northwest Coast (April-August 1792), 266–71, 286-87; Northwest Coast (July-September 1793), 309–12; Northwest Coast (April-November 1794), 334–36, 338-39; Sandwich Islands, 216; Sandwich Islands (March-September 1792), 253-63; Sandwich Islands (February-April 1793), 291–99; Sandwich Islands (January-March 1794), 314–16, 318–33; setting sail (April 1791), 216

  Vancouver Island, 143–44, 232–38, 236

  venereal disease, 85, 100, 163, 164

  Viana, Francisco José, 104, 105, 106, 111

  vitamin C, 58

  War of 1812, 364

  War of Jenkins’ Ear, 107–8, 196

  Washington. See Lady Washington

  Washington, George, 12, 91, 106, 159–60, 200–202, 213–14, 346–47, 358–59

  Webber, John, 56, 80, 164, 170, 335

  Wickaninish, 89, 92–96, 138, 140–42, 232–33, 237, 245, 272–73, 301, 302, 308–9, 337, 350, 355

  Wilkinson, James, 39, 201

  Williams, John, 221, 248, 261–62, 281, 298–99, 317–18

  Wood, David, III, 280, 283

  Woodruff, Simeon, 21, 30–31, 82, 205–6

  Young, John, 177, 291–92, 297, 321, 332, 347, 367

  Zaikov, Potap, 68–69

  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

  THERE ARE MANY INDIVIDUALS and institutions to thank for their support. I am particularly indebted to the kindness of the staff at the Massachusetts Historical Society, who gave time and assistance to a fledgling project. Also in Boston, Sean Casey at the rare books department in the Boston Public Library, and the staff at the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem. At the local level, Amy Andreasson at the Eldridge Public Library in Chatham was immensely helpful in gathering microfilm and books through interlibrary loans from distant sources. Similarly, Desiree Mobed, director of the Harwich Historical Society, shared original manuscript documents and offered useful suggestions. My dear friend archeologist Beth Nelson also loaned me a manuscript copy of W. S. Nickerson’s research on Native Americans which offered background on John Kendrick’s family and their neighbors. Mary Malloy, a maritime historian for the Sea Education Association at Woods Hole, graciously offered use of her personal library as well as her sage advice. She said early on that the odd fact about the historical record for early mariners in the Pacific Northwest is that much of it is contained in Boston archives. While that proved true, the record that has been accumulated over time on the Northwest Coast is impressive, and I am grateful to that region’s scholars whose work I have cited.

  At the University of Washington special collections division, Blynne Olivieri, Pacific Northwest curator, assisted with copies of rare manuscripts. Jeff Smith, curator at the Columbia River Maritime Museum in Astoria, Oregon, provided the images of Hewitt Jackson’s sketches. At the Washington State Historical Society, Fred Poyner provided similar assistance. The general archives of the Indies in the Bancroft Library at the University of California–Berkeley offered a great storehouse of documents concerning Spanish activities in the Northwest. In Hawaii, Leah Pualaha’ole Caldeira at the Bishop Museum was helpful with early documents and suggested work by native authors.

  Among national repositories and archives, the Spanish Ministry of Culture has developed a state-of-the-art facility making eighty-six million digitized pages of documents plus eight thousand maps and plans available at the Archivos General de Indias in Seville, and the Archivos General de Simanicas. The sheer volume is staggering. Without access to these manuscript documents, pieces of this story would have remained missing. The world is certainly indebted for such an act of generosity and openness demonstrated by the Spanish government.

  In the United Kingdom, the British Library and the National Archives at Kew contain a wealth of documents related to British efforts in the Pacific, and I thank the staffs for their diligent organization. Having lived in Washington, D.C., for many years, the Library of Congress remains one of my favorite places, and its sources were essential, particularly the journals and papers related to the expedition and the manuscript letters of Jefferson and Washington. Additionally, the libraries of the Massachusetts Maritime Academy, the Mystic Seaport Museum, and the New England Genealogical Society, as well as the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library of Yale University, University of British Columbia Library of Rare Books and Special Collections, the Hawaiian and Pacific Collection of the University of Hawaii Library at Manoa, and Brooks Free Library also deserve my thanks for the documents they provided.

  I reserve special appreciation for maritime historian Hewitt Jackson whose sketches of ships appear on the cover and throughout the book. Although Jackson passed away in 2007 at the age of ninety-three, the legacy he left will long serve to bring immediacy to the events of Pacific Northwest history. In addition to Jackson’s work, the maps created by Eliza McClennen and Herb Heidt of MapWorks present masterful references for the distances crossed by Kendrick and the coasts along which he and his men sailed. Without their help, more than a few readers unfamiliar with latitude and longitude would undoubtedly be lost at sea.

  For those who took part in shaping the ma
nuscript, I also offer my appreciation: my literary agent, Larry Kirshbaum, who was as fascinated by this project as I was; Henry Ferris at William Morrow, who likewise recognized the landmark nature of the story right away; Danny Goldstein, who was terrific to work with as he shepherded the project and helped to craft its drafts and final form; and the cover designer, Richard Aquan, who produced a cover equal to the work of Hewitt Jackson. As my perennial first reader, Thom O’Connor was always willing to sail off into nearly completed chapters. And Ted Nelson, who patiently paged through a draft of the manuscript, faithfully let me know what he expected and what he delightedly found. And long before these readers, our steadfast friend Nina Solomon contributed greatly in helping give this project a start. While any errors of fact or interpretation are mine, it was these many hands that helped the book take form.