Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster. See Grauen Kloster
gypsum, 473, 474, 488
Hadley, George, 198
Haeckel, Ernst, 49, 51
halos: Wegener’s study of, 508–509
Hamilton, William Rowan, 31
Hammer map projection, 451, 471–472
Handlirsch, Anton, 510
Handy, Rollo, 51
Hann, Julius, 34, 67, 157, 178, 187, 188, 193, 201, 228, 256, 347, 425, 515
Hansen, Martin, 565
Hansen, Peter, 59–60
Hargrave, Lawrence, 71
Harrer, Heinrich, 598
Hartmann, Eduard von, 6–7
Hauer, J. W., 43
Haug, Émile, 338
Haupthalos. See parhelia
Hayford, John, 519
Heer, Oswald, 223, 399–400
Hegel, G. W. F., 6
Heidelberg: Wegener as student in, 27–30
Heim, Albert, 252, 263
Heinricher, Emil, 35
Heiskanen, Veikko, 530–531
helium, 189
Hellmann, Gustav, 282, 347, 364, 438, 466, 468, 494, 515, 518
Hellmann, Ulrich, 352
Helmert, Friedrich, 56–57, 58, 256–257, 276, 319
Helmholtz, Hermann von, 21, 24, 33, 53, 88, 89, 193, 194
Helmholtz air waves, 77; and “clear-air” turbulence, 88; wavelength of, 88–90
Henius, Eric, 204
Heraclitus, 46
Herdemerten, Kurt, 575, 580, 586
Hergesell, Hugo, 67, 72, 81, 114, 156, 159, 225, 228, 341, 563; and aerological experiment, 183–185; as designer of meteorological instruments, 70, 74, 80, 163
Hertz, Heinrich, 24, 193, 197, 199, 200
Hertzsprung, Ejnar, 65
Heß, Hans, 303, 518, 537
Hess, Viktor, 498, 513, 529–530, 533
Hesse, Hermann, 44, 45
Hestene (Icelandic ponies), 224, 233
Hettner, Alfred, 245, 409
Hilbert, David, 262, 507
Hildebransson, Hugo, 358, 362, 426
Hillebrand, Karl, 498
Himalayas: as fold structures, 263, 269, 334, 367, 410–411, 414
Hindenberg, Paul von, 595
Hobbs, William H., 541
Høeg-Hagen, Niels, 113, 134, 135; death of, 149–150, 153, 220
Hoffmann, Abraham, 59
Hohenzollern family, 1–2
Holzapfel, Rupert, 575, 578, 582, 583
Humboldt, Alexander von, 55, 215, 556
Hume, David, 240
Humphreys, W. J., 187, 188
Hussey, Leonard, 93–94
hygroscopic kernels, 201
ice ages: causes of, 222–223, 427; and continental displacements, 427, 509; geological indicators of, 475, 503–504; speculation regarding, 270; study of, 234; theory of, 215. See also glaciations
ice formation: in the atmosphere, 199–201
Iceland: mapping of, 233, 285; Wegener and Koch in (1912), 286
Inland Ice (Greenland), 107, 116, 219–220, 293, 298, 304; expedition to, 541; possible approaches to, 539, 559, 561, 564, 566–568; scientific study of, 133, 137–138, 141, 148–149, 151, 153, 461, 563; Wegener’s reflections on ascent to, 536–537
Innsbruck, Austria: Wegener’s lecture at scientific congress in, 502–504; Wegener’s studies in, 34–37
intellectual climate: at the turn of the century, 43–45
International Commission for Scientific Aerology, 183
International Geological Congress, 336–337, 483–485, 573
International Latitude Service, 25, 275–276, 319, 324, 457
International Society for the Exploration of the Arctic. See AEROARCTIC
Intertropical Convergence Zone, 542
inversion layers (of the atmosphere), 76, 80, 88, 124, 156, 173, 177, 184. See also atmosphere; atmospheric discontinuities; stratosphere; upper inversion
ionic theory of nucleation, 201
Irmscher, Edgar, 507; as supporter of Wegener’s hypothesis, 395–396, 403, 406, 409, 485–486
Irving, Edward, 490–491
isostasy, principle of, 236, 238, 254–255, 331–332, 365, 375, 396–397, 484; and floating continents, 454, 545–546; and the ocean floors, 530–531
isothermal maps, 426–427
Iverson, Iver, 288
Jacobi, Max, 59
Jacobshavn glacier, 312, 316, 565, 566, 570
James, Henry, 66
James, Reginald, 94
James, William, 46
Jarner, Hakon, 91, 131, 144–145
Jeffreys, Harold, 261, 480–481, 527
Jensen, P. F., 543
Jesse, Otto, 52
jet stream, 536
Johansen, Fritz, 139, 501
Joly, John, 523, 531, 558
Jonsson, Jon, 575, 582
Jülg, Hugo, 575, 578, 582, 588
Kamarajuk Glacier, 567–568, 578, 588; ascent of, 579–582
Kant, Immanuel, 7, 45, 240, 401
Kapteyn, J. C., 65
Karl-Franzens-Universität (Graz, Austria). See University of Graz
Kayser, Emanuel, 208, 256, 257–258, 265, 268, 277, 349, 363, 419; as dean of faculty at the University of Marburg, 171; as geologist, 256, 257–258, 329; geology textbooks by, 243, 246, 260; journal founded by, 233; and pole displacement, 462; as supportive of Wegener’s career, 184, 241, 242
Keilhack, Konrad, 234, 235, 237–238, 246, 269, 274
Kelbl, Franz, 576, 584, 587
Kelvin, William Thompson, Lord, 74, 201, 248, 252, 375, 416
Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities, 77
Kepler, Johannes, 32, 225, 239; as foundation for Newton’s theories, 555–556; Wegener as analogous to, 556
Keplerian orbits, 529
Kerner, Fritz, 510
Kerner von Marilaun, Anton, 510
Keyserling, Hermann, 21
Khrgian, A. Kh., 73
Kirchhoff, Gustav, 24, 27
kites: Wegener’s experiments with, 77–78; flights launched during the Danmark Expedition, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112–113, 114, 124, 127, 130, 139–140, 141–142; as used in meteorology, 71–72, 74
Klimate der geologischen Vorzeit (Wegener and Köppen), 486–494, 497, 507, 524–525, 553; mapping of geological boundaries in, 488–490; theoretical contradiction within, 491–494
Knoblauch, Johannes, 23
Knudsen, Gundahl, 111, 145
Kober, Leopold, 432
Koch, Johan Peter, 106, 175, 431, 466, 468–469; and the Danmark Expedition, 108, 111, 113–114, 115, 124, 129, 131, 133, 134–135, 139, 140, 144, 149, 153, 154, 167, 500–501; death of, 535; depression suffered by, 116–117; health problems of, 501, 528, 532, 535; injuries suffered by (in Greenland), 300–301; longitude measurements made by, 422, 457–458; and plans for a second expedition to Greenland, 221–222, 224–225, 259–250; and preparation for the second expedition to Greenland, 278, 279; on the sled trip to Germania Haven, 117–123; as Wegener’s friend/helper on the Danmark Expedition, 100–101, 102–103, 109–110, 219–220. See also Greenland expedition (1912–1913)
Koch, Marie, 535, 539
Koefoed, Andreas, 128, 139, 141
Kohlrausch, Friedrich, 67
Kohlschütter, Ernst, 381–382, 383, 392, 439, 458, 463, 563
Koken, Ernst, 270, 338
Koldeway Expedition, 115, 117, 121
Königsberger, Leo, 27
Köppen, Else, 157, 159–160, 204, 209, 303; and balloon flight with Alfred and Kurt, 282–283, 284; with the Bjerknes family, 283, 286; Wegener’s correspondence with, 214, 218, 226, 312; as Wegener’s fiancée, 226–227, 280, 283, 285, 313. See also Wegener, Else
Köppen, Marie, 505, 534, 599
Köppen, Wladimir, 67, 94, 99, 100, 156, 172, 184, 195, 225, 534; as author of article on pole displacement, 432–435, 447; biography of, 599; as climatologist, 408, 424–427, 469–472; as coauthor with Wegener on paleoclimatology, 469–477, 586–494, 525; as collaborator with Wegener, 228–232; death of, 599; as edit
or of encyclopedia, 317, 322; as friend and adviser to Wegener, 204–208, 211, 213, 217, 218, 225–226, 277, 280, 281–282, 312, 379, 382, 436; as geophysicist, 425; in Graz, 505; as supporter of Wegener’s research, 157–158, 159–160, 256, 327, 342, 429; Wegener’s correspondence with, 318, 323, 339, 340, 342–343, 344, 346, 361, 363, 373, 502–50; as Wegener’s future father-in-law, 227–228; and Wegener’s theory of continental displacements, 235–236, 237–238, 396–399, 418, 420–421, 424–425, 428
Koßmat, Franz, 348–349, 409, 414; as commentator on Wegener’s lecture, 438–439, 441–442, 443, 444
Kragh, Helge, 599
Krakatoa: explosion of, 52, 186, 509
Kraus, Ernst, 534
Kraus, Manfred, 576, 584, 586, 593
Kreichgauer, Damian, 338, 375, 411, 416–417, 418, 421, 428, 433, 434, 487
Krenkel, Erich, 233
Kristiansen, Kristian, 221
Krümmel, Otto, 231, 338; Handbuch der Ozeanographie, 242, 244–245, 252, 316, 447, 513
Kuhlbrodt, Erich, 352, 392, 446, 448, 462, 514, 539, 599; at sea with Wegener, 463–464, 465–466
Kuhn, Thomas S., 239
Lagrange, Joseph Louis, 31, 32
Lake, Philip, 479–480, 481, 482, 483
Lamb, Horace, 318
Lambert, Johann Heinrich, 32, 401
Lambert, Walter, 459, 460, 504
Lambert Azimuthal Equidistant Projection, 413
Lambert Oblique Equal-Area Projection, 433, 451, 453
Lamplugh, George, 480
land bridge theory (Brückentheorie), 268, 267, 369, 395, 397, 405, 406, 414, 425, 453–454
Langhans, Paul, 241–242, 250
Laplace, Pierre Simon de, 32, 33, 401, 416
Larsen, Helge, 586
Larsen, Lars: as member of the Greenland expedition, 287, 289, 291, 292, 293, 301, 303, 308
latitude and longitude: measurements of, 319–320, 328–329, 348, 458, 507, 519–520; changes in, over time, 490–491; questionable accuracy of measurements of, 457–458; shifts in, 324, 422–423. See also continental displacements, Wegener’s hypothesis of
Lawson, Andrew C., 523
Leffingwell, Ernest De Koven, 309
Lehmann, Otto, 206
Lely, U. Ph., 556
Lemoine, Paul, 337, 487
Lemuria, 235, 263, 415–416
Lenz, Emil von, 198
Letzmann, Johannes, 534–535, 538, 556–557, 559
Leuchs, Kurt, 476
Lietzmann, Walther, 27, 31, 34, 57
life-philosophy (Lebensphilosophie), 43–45
limestones: as geological markers, 473
Lindenberg Observatory: Wegener’s appointment to, 66–68, 169; Wegener’s responsibilities at, 71–72, 77–82, 88–90; Kurt’s appointment to, 67–68; Kurt’s responsibilities at, 77, 82; job offer from, 180–181; scientific work of, 69–82; Windenhaus at, 69–70, 80
Lindhard, Jens, 144, 148, 535
Lissey, George, 575, 577, 582, 587
lithosphere, 260, 272, 366, 406, 421
Loewe, Fritz: and the Greenland expedition (1930–1931), 574, 575, 578, 579, 581, 582, 583, 584, 586, 587, 588–590, 591–592, 593–594, 597, 598; on the Vorexpedition, 560, 565, 566, 567, 568, 569–570, 574
Löffelholz von Colberg, Karl, 428
longitude. See latitude/longitude
Longwell, Chester, 522, 523
Lorenz, Edward, 209
Lotze, Franz, 474
Love, A. E. H., 318
Lucretius, 356
Lüdecke, Cornelia, 539, 597
Lüdeling, Georg, 161, 181, 190, 201; on the second Greenland expedition, 220, 284–285
Lugeon, Maurice, 483
Lukashevich, Joseph, 331
Lummer, Otto, 512, 513
lunar craters, origins of, 385–391, 469; bubble hypothesis, 385, 386–387, 438; impact hypothesis, 388–391, 438, 601; tidal hypothesis, 385; volcanic hypothesis, 385–386, 387, 438; Wegener’s experiments relating to, 388–391; Wegener’s book on, 436–438
lunar tides, 339, 385
Lundager, Andreas, 111, 113, 116, 139, 152, 221, 360, 431, 466, 468–469, 477, 534, 598; as member of the Greenland expedition (1912–1913), 278, 286, 287
Lyell, Charles, 243, 331
Mach, Ernst, 46
Magnus, Gustav, 21
Mann, Thomas, 44
Manniche, Arner, 139
mantle, Earth’s, 335. See also Sima
map projections: as source of confusion in understanding continental displacements, 400–402, 413; Wegener’s use of, 414, 415, 432–435, 451–453
Marburg. See University of Marburg
Marcuse, Adolf, 24–26, 29, 31–32, 33, 57, 78, 122, 124–125, 319
Margules, Max, 67, 174, 190, 198, 281, 361–362, 516
Marland Oil Company, 520
Marne, First Battle of the, 325
Mars: surface temperature of, 470
Marshall, Patrick, 337
Martin du Gard, Roger, 44
Marvin, Charles F., 71
Mathematical Society, 23
Maunder Minimum, 471
Mawson, Douglas, 93, 183, 539, 596
Meinardus, Wilhelm, 540, 541, 542, 559, 563, 574
Melton, Frank A., 521
Mendeleev, Dmitri, 190, 207, 328
Mercator, Gerardus, 400
Mercator map: distortions inherent in, 400–401, 402
meridional rifting, 421
Merz, Alfred, 430, 514
mesosphere, 509, 600
Meteor Expedition, 514, 518, 542
meteorological research, 156–157; balloons as used in, 72–73, 75–76, 80–81, 89–90, 156–157, 462–464, 465–466, 514; history of, 172–175, 213; instrument technology used in, 58, 69–71, 72–73, 79–80, 446, 448, 462–463, 514; journals focusing on, 362–363; military applications of, 340–341; as new field of science, 66–67, 190; thermodynamics as applied to, 193–197; Wegener’s conception of, 362–363; Wegener’s studies in, 28, 33–34; as focus of Wegener’s scientific investigations, 162–167, 186–190, 199–202, 432, 463–464, 465–466; during World War I, 346–347. See also atmosphere; clouds; cyclonic storms; weather
meteors/meteorites: color changes in, 340, 349, 350, 359, 384, 601; combustion of, 208; impact of, on the Moon, 385–391; recovery of, 360; search for, 349–353; scientific study of, 384–385, 528–52, 601; sound associated with impact of, 351–352, 361
Meyer, Max Wilhelm, 18, 48, 49
Meyer, Rudolf, 534
Meyer, Willi, 541, 573
Michaelsen, Wilhelm, 404
Middleton, Knowles, 85
Mid-Ice Station (Eismitte): and the Greenland expedition (1930–1931), 574, 575, 580, 581, 583, 586, 587–588, 589; and the Vorexpedition, 559, 561, 564
Mikkelsen, Ejnar: expedition to Greenland, 220, 224, 288, 289
Milankovich, Milutin, 470–472, 486, 491, 492, 509, 533, 551, 553, 555; at the Innsbruck conference, 503
military meteorology, 340–341
military service. See Wegener, Alfred: military service
mirages, 508; observed on the Danmark Expedition, 131, 133, 152; observed on the Greenland expedition, 323; photographic study of, 158
mobilism, 484
Mohorovicic, Andrija, 257
Molengraff, G. A. F., 523, 549
Møller, Dan, 578
Mollweide equal-area map, 415, 433–434, 451
Moltke, Harald, 106
Moon: declination of, 339; impact of meteors on, 385–391; position of, 59–60; as used in measuring longitude, 274. See also Alfonsine Tables; lunar craters; lunar tides
Morgenstern, Christian: nonsense poems of, 352, 357, 465–466
Mothes, Hans, 540, 560
mountain building: theories of, 252, 262–263
mountain ranges: and continental displacements, 251, 332–333, 407–408; continuation of, across the Atlantic Basin, 267–268, 377; as fold structures, 333, 410–411, 412, 413, 456
Mülhausen, Germany: Wegener as weather officer at,
346–347
Müller-Pouillets Lehrbuch der Physik, 512–513
Murray, John, 267
Museum Insel, 1–2
Musil, Robert, 44, 45, 46
Mylius, Ernst, 358, 361, 364
Mylius-Erichsen, Ludwig: as head of the Danmark Expedition, 93–94, 95, 101, 102, 103, 108, 113–117, 118, 125, 128–129, 131, 155; death of, 149–150, 153, 220; polar expedition planned by, 85–92; temperamental nature of, 105–106
Nansen, Fridtjof, 57, 103, 528, 596, 597; as apostle of skiing, 221; and expedition to Greenland, 220–224
nappe theory, 263, 410, 483, 485, 531. See also fold structures
Nares, George, 215
Nathorst, Alfred, 223, 271
natural gas: drilling for, 520
nebular hypothesis, 401
Neuhaus, E., 357–358
Neumayer, Georg von, 52, 338, 358, 382
Neumayr, Melchior, 414, 426, 486
névé, 300
Newcomb, Simon, 59–60
Newman, Robert P., 523
Newton, Isaac, 32, 64, 320, 555–556
New York Times: article on Wegener’s theory in, 519–520; Wegener’s death reported in, 595
Nicholas of Cusa, 59
Nikolai Haus, 9
Nippoldt, Alfred, 513
Nobile, Umberto, 540
Nordenskjold, A. E., 221
Nordenskjöld, Otto, 476, 477
North Pole: oscillations of, 492
Northern Hemisphere: paleocontinent of, 269; and pole displacement, 237–238
Norway: as competitor for territory in Greenland, 130
Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft (Emergency Committee for German Science): and support for Wegener’s Greenland expeditions, 540, 560, 563, 564, 572, 573–574; Wegener’s reports to, 568–569
oceanic transgression and regression, 421
oceanography: as related to atmospheric studies, 198; Krümmel’s handbook of, 244–245
oil and gas deposits: geologists’ role in locating, 520
Olbers, Wilhelm, 32
Oldham, R. D., 480, 482
Olsen, Hendrik, 108, 147, 148
Optik der Atmosphäre (Wegener), 507
Oreskes, Naomi: The Rejection of Continental Drift, 522–523, 524
“Origin of Continents, The” (Wegener, 1912), 241–249, 252–264, 449; and geological features of Earth’s crust, 265–273; isostasy as factor in, 254–255; and measurement of continental displacements, 273–277; and the origin of mountain ranges, 262–263; plasticity as factor in, 261–262; scientific literature as basis for, 233–238, 242–247, 251–252. See also continental displacements, Wegener’s hypothesis of
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