The War Against the Working Class

by Will Podmore

  24. Stephen F. Cohen, Failed crusade: America and the tragedy of post-communist Russia, W. W. Norton, 2001, pp. 45 and 172.

  25. Cited p. 32, David Stuckler and Sanjay Basu, The body economic: why austerity kills, Allen Lane, 2013.

  26. For details, see for example Irene Brennan’s section, ‘The implosion of the Russian economy’, pp. 97-100 of her ‘Dialogue with Janus: the political economy of European Union-Russia relations’, Chapter 5, pp. 93-125, in Vassiliki Koutrakou, editor, The European Union and Britain: debating the challenges ahead, Macmillan, 2000. See also David Satter, Darkness at dawn: the rise of the Russian criminal state, Yale University Press, 2004, and Marshall I. Goldman, The piratisation of Russia: Russian reform goes awry, Routledge, 2003.

  27. Cited p. 23, David Stuckler and Sanjay Basu, The body economic: why austerity kills, Allen Lane, 2013.

  28. David Stuckler and Sanjay Basu, The body economic: why austerity kills, Allen Lane, 2013, pp. 21 and 40.

  29. Cited pp. 150-1, Mike Davidow, Perestroika: its rise and fall, International Publishers, 1993.

  30. The challenge of slums, Global Report on Human Settlements 2003, published by Earthscan Publications Ltd on behalf of the UN Human Settlements Programme, p. 30.

  31. Cited p. 178, Tim Pringle and Simon Clarke, The challenge of transition: trade unions in Russia, China and Vietnam, Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

  32. See David Stuckler and Sanjay Basu, The body economic: why austerity kills, Allen Lane, 2013, pp. 38-9.

  33. Cited p. 235, Stephen F. Cohen, Failed crusade: America and the tragedy of post-communist Russia, W. W. Norton, 2001.

  34. Cited note 86, on p. 324, Stephen F. Cohen, Failed crusade: America and the tragedy of post-communist Russia, W. W. Norton, 2001.

  35. See Stephen F. Cohen, Failed crusade: America and the tragedy of post-communist Russia, W. W. Norton, 2001, pp. 234-5.

  36. Sally Cummings, Understanding Central Asia, politics and contested transformations, Routledge, 2011, pp. 123 and 175.

  37. Cited p. 63, Philip Shishkin, Restless valley: revolution, murder, and intrigue in the heart of Central Asia, Yale University Press, 2013.

  38. See Mark Curtis, Secret affairs: Britain’s collusion with radical Islam, Serpent’s Tail, 2010, and Robert Dreyfuss, Devil’s game: how the United States helped unleash fundamentalist Islam, Henry Holt & Company, 2005.

  39. Cited p. 84, Sally Cummings, Understanding Central Asia, politics and contested transformations, Routledge, 2011.

  40. Craig Janes and Oyuntsetseg Chuluundorj, pp. 233-4, Free markets and dead mothers: the social ecology of maternal mortality in post-socialist Mongolia, Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 2004, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 230-57.

  41. Cited p. 105, Mary Elise Sarotte, 1989: the struggle to create post-Cold War Europe, Princeton University Press, 2009.

  42. See Mary Elise Sarotte, Not One Inch Eastward? Bush, Baker, Kohl, Genscher, Gorbachev, and the origin of Russian resentment toward NATO enlargement in February 1990, Diplomatic History, 2010, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 119-40.

  43. Karl Lieber and Daryl Press, p. 51, The rise of US nuclear primacy, Foreign Affairs, March/April 2006, Vol. 85, No. 2, pp. 42-54.

  44. Robert Gates, Duty: memoirs of a secretary at war, W. H. Allen, 2014, p. 97.

  45. Zbigniew Brzezinski, The geostrategic triad: living with China, Europe, and Russia, Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2001, p. 68, Point 8 in his ‘Decalogue of Strategic Guidelines’.

  46. Wall Street Journal, 10 January 2003.

  47. Washington Post, 3 December 2004.

  Chapter 13 Eastern Europe – counter-revolution and war

  1. Cited p. 168, Geoffrey Swain, Tito: a biography, I.B. Tauris, 2010.

  2. See Geoffrey Swain, Tito: a biography, I.B. Tauris, 2010, p. 168.

  3. See Michael Ellman, Socialist planning, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, 1989, p. 56.

  4. Pavel Kolář, p. 207, Communism in Eastern Europe, Chapter 11, pp. 203-19, in S. A. Smith, editor, The Oxford handbook of the history of communism, Oxford University Press, 2014.

  5. Cited p. 189, Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed, The London bombings: an independent inquiry, Duckworth, 2006.

  6. See Susan L. Woodward, Balkan tragedy: chaos and dissolution after the Cold War, The Brookings Institution, 1995, pp. 336 and 381.

  7. See Susan L. Woodward, Does Kosovo’s status matter? On the international management of statehood, Südosteuropa, 2007, Vol. 55, No. 1, S. 1-25, especially p. 5.

  8. Rosalyn Higgins, p. 468, The new United Nations and former Yugoslavia, International Affairs, 1993, Vol. 69, No. 3, pp. 465-83.

  9. See Rosalyn Higgins, The new United Nations and former Yugoslavia, International Affairs, 1993, Vol. 69, No. 3, pp. 465-83.

  10. Cited p. 184, Susan L. Woodward, Balkan tragedy: chaos and dissolution after the Cold War, The Brookings Institution, 1995.

  11. Rosalyn Higgins, p. 470, The new United Nations and former Yugoslavia, International Affairs, 1993, Vol. 69, No. 3, pp. 465-83.

  12. Susan L. Woodward, Balkan tragedy: chaos and dissolution after the Cold War, The Brookings Institution, 1995, p. 388.

  13. See Barry Eichengreen and Andrea Boltho, The economic impact of European integration, Centre for Economic Policy and Research, 2008, p. 43.

  14. Cited p. 234, John R. Schindler, Unholy terror: Bosnia, Al-Qa’ida and the rise of global jihad, Zenith Press, 2007.

  15. Cited p. 235, John R. Schindler, Unholy terror: Bosnia, Al-Qa’ida and the rise of global jihad, Zenith Press, 2007.

  16. See New York Times, 28 March 2000.

  17. UN Security Council resolution 1160 (1998).

  18. ‘Private U.S. firm training both sides in Balkans’, The Scotsman, 2 March 2001.

  19. Cited p. 90, Michel Collon, Media lies and the conquest of Kosovo: NATO’s prototype for the next wars of globalization, Unwritten History, Inc., New York, 2007.

  20. New York Times, 18 July 1996.

  21. Washington Post, 4 August 1996.

  22. Wesley Clark, Waging modern war, Westview Press, 2001, p. 418.

  23. Jonathan Charney, p. 834, ‘Anticipatory Humanitarian Intervention in Kosovo’, American Journal of International Law, 1999, Vol. 93, No. 4, pp. 834-40.

  24. John Murphy, The United States and the rule of law in international affairs, Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 154 and 157. See his discussion, pp. 154-61.

  25. Cited p. 184, Michel Collon, Media lies and the conquest of Kosovo: NATO’s prototype for the next wars of globalization, Unwritten History, Inc., New York, 2007.

  26. 1 April 1999, cited p. 117, David R. Willcox, Propaganda, the press and conflict: the Gulf War and Kosovo, Routledge, 2005.

  27. See David R. Willcox, Propaganda, the press and conflict: the Gulf War and Kosovo, Routledge, 2005, p. 116.

  28. 24 April 1999, cited p. 136, David R. Willcox, Propaganda, the press and conflict: the Gulf War and Kosovo, Routledge, 2005.

  29. See Victor Malarek, The Natashas: the new global sex trade, Vision Paperbacks, 2004, pp. 228-55.

  30. Washington Post, 24 April 2000.

  31. BBC World News, 29 January 2001.

  32. Cited p. 225, Michel Collon, Media lies and the conquest of Kosovo: NATO’s prototype for the next wars of globalization, Unwritten History, Inc., New York, 2007.

  33. See Vesna Peric Zimonjic, How did we become so poor? Belgrade, 18 May 2010, Inter Press Service.

  34. Cited Vesna Peric Zimonjic, How did we become so poor? Belgrade, 18 May 2010, Inter Press Service.

  35. See Susan L. Woodward, Does Kosovo’s status matter? On the international management of statehood, Südosteuropa, 2007, Vol. 55, No. 1, p. 13.

  36. See Victor Malarek, The Natashas: the new global sex trade, Vision Paperbacks, 2004, pp. 157-82. See also Stephen Holden, ‘American in Bosnia d
iscovers the horrors of human trafficking’, New York Times, 4 August 2011.

  37. See Nauro F. Campos and Fabrizio Coricelli, Growth in transition: what we know, what we don’t, and what we should, Centre for Economic Policy Research, 2000, pp. 36-7.

  38. See Nauro F. Campos and Fabrizio Coricelli, Growth in transition: what we know, what we don’t, and what we should, Centre for Economic Policy Research, 2000, p. 35.

  39. Public policy and social conditions, United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund, Geneva, 1993.

  40. For more detail on how the IMF, along with the EU, helped to wreck Yugoslavia, see Michel Chossudovsky, The globalization of poverty and the new world order, 2nd edition, Montreal: Global Research, 2003, Chapter 17, Dismantling former Yugoslavia, recolonizing Bosnia, pp. 257-77. For more on the IMF’s destruction of Albania’s economy, see his Chapter 18, Albania’s IMF sponsored financial disaster, pp. 279-98.

  41. See Martin Myant and Jan Drahokoupil, Transition economies: political economy in Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011, p. 116.

  42. See Jeffrey Sommers, Flashpoint in Ukraine: how the US drive for hegemony risks World War III, edited by Stephen Lendman, Clarity Press, 2014, p. 145.

  43. The European Commission’s 2000 Enlargement Strategy Paper, cited p. 22, Ambrose Evans-Pritchard, 2003 deadline call for larger EU, Daily Telegraph, 9 November 2000.

  44. Andrzej Paczkowski, The spring will be ours: Poland and the Poles from occupation to freedom, Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003, p. 527.

  45. See L. C. Bresser Pereira, J. M. Maravall and A. Przeworski, editors, Economic reforms in new democracies, Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. 199.

  46. Cited p. 26, Japhy Wilson, Jeffrey Sachs: the strange case of Dr Shock and Mr Aid, Counterblast Series, Verso Books, 2014.

  47. David Ost, The defeat of Solidarity: anger and politics in postcommunist Europe, Cornell University Press, 2005, p. 8.

  48. See Rita O. Koyame-Marsh, The complexities of economic transition: lessons from the Czech Republic and Slovakia, International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2011, Vol. 2, No. 19, pp. 71-85.

  49. Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries, A history of Eastern Europe: crisis and change, Routledge, 2006, p. 612.

  50. See Martin Myant and Jan Drahokoupil, Transition economies: political economy in Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011, p. 330.

  51. See, for example, Guglielmo Meardi, Social failures of EU enlargement: a case of workers voting with their feet, Routledge, 2012, p. 184.

  52. See Christian Dustmann et al, The labour market impact of immigration, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 2008, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 477-94.

  53. Stephen Nickell and Jumana Saleheen, The impact of immigration on occupational wages: Evidence from Britain, Spatial Economics Research Centre, Discussion Paper 34, October 2009.

  54. Cited pp. 101-2, Stewart Parker, The last Soviet republic: Alexander Lukashenko’s Belarus, Trafford Publishing, 2007.

  55. Both cited p. 177, Stewart Parker, The last Soviet republic: Alexander Lukashenko’s Belarus, Trafford Publishing, 2007.

  56. Cited p. 110, Stewart Parker, The last Soviet republic: Alexander Lukashenko’s Belarus, Trafford Publishing, 2007.

  57. Both cited p. 144, Stewart Parker, The last Soviet republic: Alexander Lukashenko’s Belarus, Trafford Publishing, 2007.

  58. See New York Times, 26 February 2006.

  59. See Jeffrey Burds, Ethnic conflict and minority refugee flight from post-Soviet Ukraine, 1991-2001, International Journal of Human Rights, 2008, Vol. 12, No. 5, pp. 689-723.

  60. See Orest Subtelny, Ukraine: a history, 4th edition, University of Toronto Press, 2009, p. 598.

  Chapter 14 Cuba, the Special Period – workers in control

  1. See Emily Morris, p. 8, Unexpected Cuba, New Left Review, 2014, No. 88, 27 pages.

  2. Cited pp. 87-8, Keith Bolender, Cuba under siege: American policy, the revolution, and its people, Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.

  3. Cited p. 13, Salim Lamrani, The economic war against Cuba: a historical and legal perspective on the U.S. blockade, Monthly Review Press, 2013.

  4. See Philip Brenner, Marguerite Rose Jiménez, John M. Kirk and William M. LeoGrande, editors, A contemporary Cuba reader: Reinventing the revolution, Rowman & Littlefield, 2008, p. 21.

  5. See Steve Ludlam, Cuban labour at 50: what about the workers? Bulletin of Latin American Research, 2009, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 542–57.

  6. On Cuba’s sustainable development, see Pamela Stricker, Towards a culture of nature: environmental policy and sustainable development in Cuba, Lexington Books, 2007, pp. 1-13; on its farming, see her pp. 15-44; on its renewable energy sources – biomass, biogas, solar, hydroelectric and wind, see her pp. 45-50 and 56-7; and on its efforts to cut energy use, see her pp. 50-2.

  7. See John M. Kirk and H. Michael Erisman, Cuban medical internationalism: origins, evolution, and goals, Palgrave Macmillan, 2009, pp. 13, 107-8, 137-9, 141-6 and 156.

  8. For more on CELAC, see Arnold August, Cuba and its neighbours: democracy in motion, Zed Books, 2013, pp. 72-4.

  9. See Steve Brouwer, Revolutionary doctors: how Venezuela and Cuba are changing the world’s conception of health care, Monthly Review Press, 2011, p. 38.

  10. See Julie Feinsilver, Cuba’s health politics: at home and abroad, Report prepared for the Council on Hemispheric Studies, March 2010. http://www.coha.org/cuba/%2%/80%99s-health-politics-at-home-and/abroad. Accessed 20 September 2010.

  11. On this programme, see John M. Kirk and H. Michael Erisman, Cuban medical internationalism: origins, evolution, and goals, Palgrave Macmillan, 2009, pp. 13-4, 49, 135-7, 139, 141-2, 144-5, 148-52 and 159. The most recent account is John M. Kirk, Medical internationalism in Cuba, Counterpunch 14-16 December 2012, accessed 25 January 2013 at www.counterpunch.org/2012/12/14/medical-internationalism-in-cuba/print.

  12. See John M. Kirk and H. Michael Erisman, Cuban medical internationalism: origins, evolution, and goals, Palgrave Macmillan, 2009, pp. 51-5, 57, 128, 132, 135-7, 139-42, 152, 169, 182 and 213.

  13. See Steve Ludlam, Cuban labour at 50: what about the workers? Bulletin of Latin American Research, 2009, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 542–57.

  14. Cited p. 542, Steve Ludlam, Cuban labour at 50: what about the workers? Bulletin of Latin American Research, 2009, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 542–57.

  15. See Cuba Sí, Autumn 2013, p. 24.

  16. Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas, 2008.

  17. See Duncan Green, From poverty to power, Oxfam, 2008, p. 251.

  18. See Steve Ludlam, p. 51, Aspects of Cuba’s strategy to revive socialist development, Science & Society, 2012, Vol. 76, No. 1, pp. 41–65.

  19. For more on Cuba’s system of local democracy, see Peter Latham, The state and local government: towards a new basis for ‘local democracy’ and the defeat of big business control, Manifesto, 2011, pp. 305-22. On People’s Power, see Arnold August, Cuba and its neighbours: democracy in motion, Zed Books, 2013, pp. 112-4. On the 1997-98 elections, see his Democracy in Cuba and the 1997-98 elections, Editorial José Marti, 1999.

  20. On Cuba’s elections, see Arnold August, Cuba and its neighbours: democracy in motion, Zed Books, 2013, Chapter 7, Elections in contemporary Cuba, pp. 146-94.

  21. See Carollee Bengelsdorf, The problem of democracy in Cuba: between vision and reality, Oxford University Press, 1984, pp. 122-31.

  22. For more on the workings of the National Assembly, see Arnold August, Cuba and its neighbours: democracy in motion, Zed Books, 2013, Chapter 8, The ANPP and the municipality: functioning between elections, pp. 195-227.

  23. Sergio Díaz-Briquets and Jorge Pérez-López, Corruption in Cuba: Castro and beyond, University of Texas Press, 2006.

  24. See Lois M. Smith and Alfred Padula, Sex and revolution: women i
n socialist Cuba, Oxford University Press, 1996, pp. 142 and 182.

  25. See Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali, Khrushchev’s Cold War: the inside story of an American adversary, W.W. Norton & Company, 2006, p. 314. See also their pp. 318-9 and 321.

  26. See Michael Parenti, The face of imperialism, Paradigm Publishers, 2011, p. 97.

  27. See Arnold August, Cuba and its neighbours: democracy in motion, Zed Books, 2013, p. 138.

  28. See Deisy Francis Mexidor, Cuba’s reasons: There will always be an Emilio, Granma International, 1 March 2011, http://www.granma.cu/idiomas/ingles/cuba-i/, accessed 4.11.2013.

  29. See Margo Kirk, Early childhood education in revolutionary Cuba during the Special Period, Chapter 32, pp. 302-8, in Philip Brenner, Marguerite Rose Jiménez, John M. Kirk and William M. LeoGrande, editors, A contemporary Cuba reader: Reinventing the revolution, Rowman & Littlefield, 2008.

  30. http://www.savethechildren.org/publications/state-of-the-worlds-mothersreport/SOWM-2010-Index-Rankings.pdf

  31. Isaac Risco, Homosexuals, too revolutionary for Cuba? Havana Times, 21 September 2012.

  32. See John M. Kirk and H. Michael Erisman, Cuban medical internationalism: origins, evolution, and goals, Palgrave Macmillan, 2009, pp. 143, 160 and 177.

  33. See Monty Don, Around the world in 80 gardens, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2008, p. 97. See his accounts of Organoponico Vivero Alamar, pp. 90- 2, Huerto Alberto Rojas, pp. 93-4, and Huerto Angelito, pp. 95-7.

  34. See Pamela Stricker, Towards a culture of nature: environmental policy and sustainable development in Cuba, Lexington Books, 2007, pp. 95- 104; on Cubans’ understanding of sustainable development, pp. 105-19.

  35. See Duncan Green, From poverty to power, Oxfam, 2008, p. 114.

  36. See Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett, The spirit level: why equality is better for everyone, Penguin, 2010, p. 220.

  Bibliography

  Select bibliography

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