Salic Law
Lex Salica, ed. K. A. Eckhardt (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Leges Nationum Germanicarum, IV.2; Hanover, 1969). English translation: Laws of the Salian and Ripuarian Franks, trans. T. J. Rivers (New York, 1986). [I have used the older numbering of the laws, used by Rivers.]
Salvian, The Governance of God
Salvien de Marseille, Œiuvres, ii. Du Gouvernement de Dieu, ed. and French trans. G. Lagarrigue (Sources Chrétiennes, 220; Paris, 1975). English translation: Salvian, On the Government of God, trans. E. M. Sanford (New York, 1930).
Sidonius Apollinaris, Poems and Letters
Sidonius Apollinaris, Poems and Letters, parallel Latin and English text, trans. W. B. Anderson, 2 vols. (Loeb Classical Library; Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1936–65).
Theodosian Code
Theodosiani Libri XVI cum Constitutionibus Sirmondianis, et Leges Novellae ad Theodosianum pertinenetes, ed. T. Mommsen and P. M. Mayer, 2 vols. in 3 parts (2nd printing; Dublin and Zurich, 1971). English translation: The Theodosian Code and Novels and the Sirmondian Constitutions, trans. C. Pharr (Princeton, 1952).
Vegetius, Epitome
P. Flavii Vegeti Renati Epitoma Rei Militaris, ed. A. Önnerfors (Stuttgart and Leipzig, 1995). English translation: Vegetius, Epitome of Military Sciences, trans. N. P. Milner (Translated Texts for Historians, 16; Liverpool, 1993).
Victor of Vita, Vandal Persecution
Victoris Vitensis Historia Persecutionis Africanae Provinciae sub Geiserico et Hunirico Regibus Wandalorum, ed. C. Halm (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Auctores Antiquissimi, III; Berlin 1879). English translation: Victor of Vita, History of the Vandal Persecution, trans. J. Moorhead (Translated Texts for Historians, 10; Liverpool, 1992).
Zosimus, New History
Zosime, Histoire Nouvelle, ed. and French trans. F. Paschoud, 3 vols. in 5 parts (Paris, 1971–89). English translation: Zosimus, New History, trans. R. T. Ridley (Sydney, 1982).
Modern Scholarship
Works listed here are either particularly useful, or have been cited by me on several occasions.
AMORY, P., People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy 489–554 (Cambridge, 1997).
Atlante delle forme ceramiche, i. Ceramica fine romana nel bacino mediterraneo, medio e tardo impero (supplement to Enciclopedia dell’Arte Antica; Rome, 1981).
BARNISH, S. J. B., ‘Taxation, Land and Barbarian Settlement in the Western Empire’, Papers of the British School at Rome, 54 (1986), 170–95.
BROWN, P. R. L., The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity, AD 200–1000 (2nd edn., Oxford, 2003).
—— The World of Late Antiquity: From Marcus Aurelius to Muhammad (London, 1971).
BURY, J. B., History of the Later Roman Empire (2nd edn., London, 1923).
Cambridge Ancient History, xiii. The Late Empire, A.D. 334–425, ed. Averil Cameron and P. Garnsey (Cambridge, 1998).
Cambridge Ancient History, xiv. Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, A.D. 425–600), ed. Averil Cameron, B. Ward-Perkins, and M. Whitby (Cambridge, 2000).
CAMERON, AVERIL, The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity AD 395–600 (London and New York, 1993).
—— ‘The Perception of Crisis’, in Morfologie sociali e culturali in Europa fra Tarda Antichità e Alto Medioevo (Settimane di studio del Centro italiano di studi sull’Alto Medioevo, 45; Spoleto, 1998), 9–31.
CARANDINI, A., ‘L’ultima civiltà sepolta o del massimo desueto, secondo un archeologo’, in A. Carandini, L. Cracco Ruggini, and A. Giardina (eds.), Storia di Roma, III.2. L’età tardoantica. I luoghi e le culture (Rome, 1994), 11–38.
CARVER, M., Arguments in Stone: Archaeological Research and the European Town in the First Millennium (Oxford, 1993).
Ceramica in Italia VI–VII secolo, ed. L. Saguí, 2 vols. (Florence, 1998).
COURCELLE, P., Histoire littéraire des grands invasions germaniques (Paris, 1948).
COURTOIS, C., Les Vandales et l’Afrique (Paris, 1955).
DARK, K. R., Civitas to Kingdom: British Political Continuity 300–800 (Leicester, 1994).
—— (ed.), External Contacts and the Economy of Late Roman and Post-Roman Britain (Woodbridge, 1996).
DELOGU, P., ‘Transformation of the Roman World: Reflections on Current Research’, in E. Chrysos and I. Wood (eds.), East and West: Modes of Communication, (Leiden, Boston, and Cologne, 1999), 243–57.
DEMANDT, A., Der Fall Roms: Die Auflösung des römischen Reiches im Urteil der Nachwelt (Munich, 1984).
—— Die Spätantike: Römische Geschichte von Diocletian bis Justinian 284–565 n. Chr. (Munich, 1989).
DEMOUGEOT, E., La Formation de l’Europe et les invasions barbares, 2 vols. in 3 parts (Paris, 1969–79).
Economy and Exchange in the East Mediterranean during Late Antiquity, ed. S. Kingsley and M. Decker (Oxford, 2001).
Edilizia residenziale tra V e VIII secolo, ed. G. P. Brogiolo (Mantova, 1994).
ESMONDE CLEARY, A. S., The Ending of Roman Britain (London, 1989).
EVERETT, N., Literacy in Lombard Italy c.568–774 (Cambridge, 2003).
FAULKNER, N., The Decline and Fall of Roman Britain (Stroud, 2000).
FOSS, C., ‘The Near Eastern Countryside in Late Antiquity: A Review Article’, The Roman and Byzantine Near East: Some Recent Archaeological Research (Journal of Roman Archaeology, supplementary series, 14; Ann Arbor, 1995), 213–34.
FOWDEN, G., ‘Elefantiasi del tardoantico’, Journal of Roman Archaeology, 15 (2002), 681–6.
GEARY, P. J., The Myth of Nations: The Medieval Origins of Europe (Princeton, 2002).
GIARDINA, A., ‘Esplosione di tardoantico’, Studi Storici, 40.1 (1999), 157–80.
GOFFART, W., Barbarians and Romans AD 418–584: The Techniques of Accommodation (Princeton, 1980).
—— ‘Rome, Constantinople, and the Barbarians’, American Historical Review, 86 (1981), 275–306; also in Goffart, Rome’s Fall and After, 1–32 (the pagination I have cited).
—— Rome’s Fall and After (London and Ronceverte, 1989). [Collected articles.]
—— ‘The Theme of “the Barbarian Invasions”’, in E. Chrysos and A. Schwarcz (eds.), Das Reich und die Barbaren (Veröffentlichungen des Istituts für österreichische Geschichtsforschung, 29; Vienna, 1989), 87–107; also in Goffart, Rome’s Fall and After, III–32 (the pagination I have cited).
GREENE, K., The Archaeology of the Roman Economy (London, 1986).
GRIERSON, P., Byzantine Coins (London, 1982).
—— and BLACKBURN, M., Medieval European Coinage, i. The Early Middle Ages (5th—10th Centuries) (Cambridge, 1986).
HARRIS, W. V., Ancient Literacy (Cambridge, Mass., 1989).
HAYES, J. W., Late Roman Pottery: A Catalogue of Roman Fine-Wares (London, 1972). [Hayes also published a brief Supplement to Late Roman Pottery in 1980, with some additional information, most notably the identification of ‘Late Roman C Ware’ as from Phocaea.]
—— Excavations at Saraçhane in Istanbul, 2 The Pottery (Princeton, 1992).
HEATHER, P., ‘The Huns and the End of the Roman Empire in Western Europe’, English Historical Review, 110 (1995), 4–41.
—— The Goths (Oxford, 1996).
Hommes et richesses dans l’Empire byzantin, i. IVe–VIIe siècle (Paris, 1989).
HORDEN, P., and PURCELL, N., The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History (Oxford, 2000).
HUMPHREY, J. H. (ed.), Literacy in the Ancient World (Journal of Roman Archaeology, supplementary series, no. 3; Ann Arbor, 1991).
JONES, A. H. M., The Later Roman Empire 284–602: A Social, Economic and Administrative Survey (Oxford, 1964).
Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Post-Classical World, ed. G. W. Bowersock, Peter Brown, and Oleg Grabar (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1999).
LIEBESCHUETZ, J. H. W. G., Barbarians and Bishops (Oxford, 1991).
—— ‘Cities, Taxes and the Accommodation of the Barbarians: The Theories of Durliat and Goffart’, in W. Pohl (ed.), Kingdoms of the Empire: The I
ntegration of Barbarians in Late Antiquity (Leiden, New York, and Cologne, 1997), 135–51.
—— ‘Late Antiquity and the Concept of Decline’, Nottingham Medieval Studies, 45 (2001), 1–11.
The Long Eighth Century: Production, Distribution and Demand, ed. I. L. Hansen and C. Wickham (Leiden, Boston, and Cologne, 2000).
MCCORMICK, M., ‘Bateaux de vie, bateaux de mort: Maladie, commerce, transports annonaires et le passage économique du bas-empire au moyen âge’, Settimane di studio del Centro italiano di studi sull’alto medioevo, 45 (1998), 35–122.
MATHISEN, R. W., Roman Aristocrats in Barbarian Gaul: Strategies for Survival in an Age of Transition (Austin, Tex., 1993).
—— and SHANZER, D. (eds.), Society and Culture in Late Antique Gaul: Revisiting the Sources (Aldershot, 2001).
MATTHEWS, J., Western Aristocracies and Imperial Court A.D. 364–425 (Oxford, 1975).
MOORHEAD, J., The Roman Empire Divided 400–700 (Harlow, 2001).
MUSSET, L., Les Invasions: Les Vagues germaniques (Paris, 1965).
PANELLA, C., ‘Merci e scambi nel Mediterraneo tardoantico’, in A. Carandini, L. Cracco Ruggini, and A. Giardina (eds.), Storia di Roma, III.ii. L’età tardoantica: I luoghi, le culture (Turin, 1993).
PEACOCK, D. P. S., Pottery in the Roman World: An Ethnoarchaeological Approach (London and New York, 1982).
POHL, W., (ed.), Kingdoms of the Empire: The Integration of Barbarians in Late Antiquity (Leiden, New York, and Cologne, 1997).
—— ‘Conceptions of Ethnicity in Early Medieval Studies’, in L. K. Little and B. H. Rosenwein (eds.), Debating the Middle Ages: Issues and Readings (Oxford, 1998), 15–24.
—— and REIMITZ, H. (eds.), Strategies of Distinction: The Construction of Ethnic Communities, 300–800 (Leiden, Boston, and Cologne, 1998).
POTTER, T. W., The Changing Landscape of South Etruria (London, 1979).
Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, A. H. M. Jones, J. R. Martindale, and J. Morris, 3 vols. in 4 parts (Cambridge, 1971–92).
RANDSBORG, K., The First Millennium A.D. in Europe and the Mediterranean: An Archaeological Essay (Cambridge, 1991).
RENFREW, C., ‘Systems Collapse as Social Transformation: Catastrophe and Anastrophe in Early State Societies’, in C. Renfrew and K. L. Cooke (eds.), Transformations: Mathematical Approaches to Culture Change (New York, San Francisco, and London, 1979), 481–506.
SCHIAVONE, A., La storia spezzata: Roma antica e Occidente moderno (Rome and Bari, 1996). English edition, The End of the Past: Ancient Rome and the Modern West, trans. M. J. Schneider (Cambridge, Mass., 2000).
The Sixth Century: Production, Distribution and Demand, ed. R. Hodges and W. Bowden (Leiden, Boston, and Cologne, 1998).
La Storia dell’Alto Medioevo italiano (VI–X secolo) alla luce dell’archeologia, ed. R. Francovich and G. Noyé (Florence, 1994).
SWAIN, S., and EDWARDS, M. (eds.), Approaching Late Antiquity: The Transformation from Early to Late Empire (Oxford, 2004).
WALMSLEY, A., ‘Production, Exchange and Regional Trade in the Islamic East Mediterranean: Old Structures, New Systems?’, in The Long Eighth Century: Production, Distribution and Demand, ed. I. L. Hansen and C. Wickham (Leiden, Boston, and Cologne, 2000), 265–343.
WARD-PERKINS, B., ‘Specialized Production and Exchange’, in Cambridge Ancient History, xiv. Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, A.D. 425–600, ed. Averil Cameron, B. Ward-Perkins, and M. Whitby (Cambridge, 2000), 346–91.
—— ‘Why did the Anglo-Saxons not Become More British?’, English Historical Review, 115 (2000), 513–33.
WHITTOW, M., The Making of Orthodox Byzantium 600–1025 (Basingstoke, 1996).
WICKHAM, C. J., Framing the Early Middle Ages (Oxford, 2005).
WILLIAMS, S., and FRIELL, G., The Rome that Did Not Fall: The Survival of the East in the Fifth Century (London and New York, 1999).
WILSON, A., ‘Machines, Power and the Ancient Economy’, Journal of Roman Studies, 92 (2002), 1–32.
WOLFRAM, H., Das Reich und die Barbaren zwischen Antike und Mittelalter (Berlin, 1990).
—— History of the Goths, trans. T. J. Dunlop (Berkeley and Los Angeles, and London, c.1988). [A revised text, and authorized translation of a German-language first edition.]
—— and SCHWARCZ, A., Anerkennung und Integration: Zu den wirtschaftlichen Grundlagen der Völkerwanderungenzeit 400–600 (Vienna, 1988).
PICTURE LIST
INCLUDING CREDITS
Maps and Figures that have been prepared specifically
for this book are the work of Paul Simmons
Front and Back Endpapers
Front endpaper The Roman World in about AD 400.
Back endpaper The New World Order, in about AD 500.
Chapter I
Fig. 1.1 London in ruins, as imagined by Gustave Doré in 1873.
Mary Evans Picture Library
Fig. 1.2 The Germanic invasions, as shown in an historical atlas.
From F.W. Putzger, Historischer Weltatlas, 1970 edition (© Velhagen & Klasing, Berlin and Bielefeld), 38.
Fig. 1.3 Attila trampling Italy and the Arts, as painted by Delacroix.
Assemblée Nationale Palais-Bourbon, Paris, France; Giraudon/www.bridgeman.co.uk
Fig. 1.4 Two recent images of Germanic settlers: the king buried at Sutton Hoo, and a seventh-century Frankish couple.
Fig. 1.4a from M. O. H. Carver, Arguments in Stone (Oxbow Monograph 29; Oxford, 1993), fig. 15; 1.4b from L.-C. Feffer and P. Périn, Les Francs: À l’origine de la France (Armand Colin, Paris, 1987), ii.177.
Fig. 1.5 Romans and barbarians fighting it out in a recent illustration.
From Warrior 17, S. MacDowall and A. McBride, Germanic Warrior 236–568 AD illustrated by Angus McBride (© Osprey Publishing Ltd, 1996), plate D.
Chapter II
Fig. 2.1 Map showing the 419 settlement, and subsequent conquests, of the Visigoths.
Fig. 2.2 Map of the upper Danube in the time of Severinus of Noricum.
Fig. 2.3 Scenes from the column of Marcus Aurelius, showing Roman treatment of barbarians.
Fig. 2.3a Archivi Alinari; Fig. 2.3b from E. Petersen et al., Die Marcus Säule auf Piazza Colonna in Rom (Munich, 1896), plate 106B.
Fig. 2.4 A fourth-century coin (of Constantius II, 337–61), with a Roman soldier spearing a barbarian horseman.
Chapter III
Fig. 3.1 210 reasons that have been put forward to explain the decline and fall of the Roman empire.
From A. Demandt, Der Fall Roms (C. H. Beck, Munich, 1984), final page.
Fig. 3.2 The land-walls of Constantinople (reconstruction drawing).
From F. Krischen, Die Landmauer von Konstantinopel (Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 1938), plate. 1; © Deutsches Archäologisches Institut.
Fig. 3.3 Roman military equipment, as shown in the Notitia Dignitatum.
Bodleian Library, University of Oxford (MS. Canon. Misc. 378, fol 101).
Fig. 3.4 The emperor Honorius on an ivory plaque of AD 406.
Cathedral treasury, Aosta; Foto Alpina su concessione della Regione Autonoma Valle d’Aosta.
Fig. 3.5 Map showing the movements of the Goths between 376 and 419.
Fig. 3.6 Map showing the areas of Gaul granted to Germanic armies by formal treaty.
Fig. 3.7 Rebellious soldiers being killed while attempting to cross the Bosphorus—drawing of a relief on the column of Arcadius in Constantinople.
From J. H. W. G. Liebeschuetz, Barbarians and Bishops (Oxford University Press, 1991), plate 3.1.
Chapter IV
Fig. 4.1 Gold coin issued in the name of the emperor Anastasius by the Ostrogothic king of Italy Theoderic.
© British Museum.
Fig. 4.2 Gold medallion of Theoderic.
Su concessione del Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali—Soprintendenza Archeologica di Roma.
Fig. 4.3 Copper coin of the Ostrogothic king Theodahad.
© British Museum.
Chapter V
Fig. 5.1 Roman pottery being excavated at Caesarea (Israel).
Fig. 5.2 Monte Testaccio in Rome, in an engraved view of the city of 1625.
The Fall of Rome: And the End of Civilization Page 25
