Map by Giovanni Maggi, Biblioteca Nazionale di Roma.
Fig. 5.3 Map showing the diffusion of pottery manufactured in the third and fourth centuries near modern Oxford.
Based on D. P. S. Peacock, Pottery in the Roman World (Longman, London and New York, 1982), fig. 56. After C. J. Young, The Roman Pottery Industry of the Oxford Region (British Archaeological Reports 43; Oxford, 1977), fig. 45.
Fig. 5.4 Map showing the diffusion of the Roman fine-ware manufactured at la Graufesenque (southern France).
Based on C. Bémont and J.-P. Jacob, La Terre sigillée gallo-romaine: Lieux de production du Haut-Empire: implantations, produits, relations (Documents d’archéologie française 6; Paris, 1986), 102. © Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l’homme, Paris.
Fig. 5.5 A refuse pit during excavation at the pottery-production site of la Graufesenque.
From a set of slides illustrating the la Graufesenque potteries; CDDP, Aveyron.
Fig. 5.6 A Roman shipwreck, loaded with amphorae, off Giens on the south coast of France.
CNRS-CCJ, photo by G. Réveillac.
Fig. 5.7 Sixth- and seventh-century pottery from the Anglo-Saxon site of Yeavering (Northumberland).
From B. Hope-Taylor, Yeavering, an Anglo-British Centre of Early Northumbria (HMSO, London, 1977), fig. 81; © Crown Copyright.
Fig. 5.8 Alternative reconstructions of a seventh-century house excavated at Cowdery’s Down (Hampshire).
From M. Millett and S. James, ‘Excavations at Cowdery’s Down’, The Archaeological Journal, 140, 1983, 246, fig. 71.
Fig. 5.9 Numbers of newly minted copper coins from five different sites in the Mediterranean.
The information is from the following sources: A. Bertino, ‘Monete’, in A. Frova (ed.), Scavi di Luni (Rome, 1973), 837–82, and in A. Frova (ed.), Scavi di Luni II (Rome, 1977), 679–707; M. Thompson, The Athenian Agora: Volume II, the Coins (Princeton, 1954); C. Foss, Ephesus after Antiquity: A Late Antique, Byzantine and Turkish City (Cambridge, 1979), 197, and interim reports on subsequent coin-finds by H. Vetters, published in Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philosophische-historische Klasse, Vols. 116–23 (1979–86); M. F. Hendy, ‘The Coins’, in R. M. Harrison, Excavations at Saraçhane in Istanbul, I (Princeton, 1986), 278–373; G. C. Miles, ‘Islamic Coins’, in F. O. Waagé (ed.), Antioch on the Orontes: Volume IV, Part 1, Ceramics and Islamic Coins (Princeton, 1948), and D. B. Waagé, Antioch on the Orontes: Volume IV, Part 2, Greek, Roman, Byzantine and Crusaders’ Coins (Princeton, 1952).
Fig. 5.10 Shoulder-clasp and bottle from the Sutton Hoo ship-burial of around AD 625.
British Museum, London; UK/www.bridgeman.co.uk (shoulder clasp); © British Museum (bottle).
Chapter VI
Fig. 6.1 Graphs to show changing levels of economic complexity, between AD 300 and 700, in five regions of the Roman world.
Fig. 6.2 Reconstruction drawing of houses of the fourth to sixth centuries, in the Syrian village of Déhès.
From J.-P. Sodini and others, ‘Déhès (Syrie du Nord): Campagnes I–III (1976–1978)’, Syria, LVII, 1980, fig. 243 (Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner).
Fig. 6.3 Reconstruction drawing of the porticoed shops in Baysān (Israel), and drawing of the mosaic inscription recording their construction in 737/8.
Drawing of the shops (by M. Drewes) from Y. Tsafrir and G. Foerster, ‘From Scythopolis to Baysan’, in G. R. D. King and Averil Cameron (ed.), The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East II, Land Use and Settlement Patterns (Princeton, 1994), fig. 16. Drawing of the inscription from E. Khamis, ‘Two Wall Inscriptions from the Umayyad Market Place in Bet Shean/Baysan’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 64.2, 2001, fig. 5.
By kind permission of Yoram Tsafrir, Gideon Foerster, and Elias Khamis.
Chapter VII
Fig. 7.1 Two maps showing rural settlements north of Rome, in around AD 100, and in the fifth to eighth centuries.
Based on T. W. Potter, The Changing Landscape of South Etruria (Paul Elek, London, 1979), figs. 35 and 41.
Fig. 7.2 The ancient village of Bamuqqa in Syria, and the cultivable land around it.
From G. Tchalenko, Villages antiques de la Syrie du Nord (Paris, 1953), ii, fig. xcii. (Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, Paris).
Fig. 7.3 Diagram showing the changing size of cattle from iron-age to early medieval times.
Fig. 7.4 The ground-plans, drawn to the same scale, of some fourth-to ninth-century churches in Italy.
Fig. 7.5 The Sevso (or Seuso) silver treasure, hidden probably in the fifth century AD
By courtesy of The Trustee of the Marquess of Northampton 1987 Settlement.
Fig. 7.6 Drawing of some of the brothel-graffiti from Pompeii.
From Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, vol. 4, fig. xxxvi.
Fig. 7.7 Drawing of a Roman tile from Calleva (Silchester, in Hampshire), with the word ‘SATIS (enough)’ written on it.
From R. G. Collingwood and R. P. Wright, The Roman Inscriptions of Britain, vol. II fascicule 5 (Sutton Publishing Ltd, Stroud, 1993), no. 2491.159.
Fig. 7.8 A papyrus tax receipt from Roman Egypt.
Bodleian Library, University of Oxford (Ms Gr. Class. G.27 (P)).
Fig. 7.9 Graffito from la Graufesenque recording a kiln-load of pottery, and a reconstruction drawing of one of the site’s kilns during firing.
Reconstruction drawing from A. Vernhet, ‘Un four de la Graufesenque (Aveyron)’, Gallia, 39, 1981, fig. 10; (CNRS Editions).
Fig. 7.10 Fresco of a Pompeian couple, with stylus, wax tablets, and papyrus roll.
Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples, Italy; www.bridgeman.co.uk.
Fig. 7.11 Graffito of the pilgrim Turo at the shrine of S. Michele sul Gargano (southern Italy).
From C. Carletti and G. Otranto (eds.), Il Santuario di S. Michele sul Gargano dal VI al IX secolo (Edipuglia, Bari, 1980), 86, no. 79.
Chapter VIII
Fig. 8.1 The baptism of Clovis, as painted in 1877 by Joseph Paul Blanc (1846–1904) in the Panthéon of Paris.
Lauros / Giraudon/www.bridgeman.co.uk.
Appendix
Fig. A.1 Graph showing the origin of the different wines that reached Ostia, Rome’s port-city.
Based on C. Panella and A. Tchernia, ‘Produits agricoles transportés en amphores. L’huile et surtout le vin’, in L’Italie d’Auguste à Dioclétien (Collection de l’École française de Rome 198; Rome, 1994), 156, graphique 3.
Fig. A.2 Map showing the diffusion of mixing-bowls made in Colchester in the second century AD
Based on D. P. S. Peacock, Pottery in the Roman World (Longman, London and New York, 1982), fig. 51. After K. F. Hartley, ‘The Marketing and Distribution of Mortaria’, in A. Detsicas (ed.), Current Research in Romano-British Coarse Pottery (Council for British Archaeology, London, 1973), 50, fig. 7.
INDEX
(Numbers in italics refer, by page-number, to illustrations, maps, and diagrams.)
A
‘abatement’ 117
‘acts of God’ 134
Adrianopole, see Hadrianopolis
Aegean region:
coinage 113
decline 122, 124–6, 129–30, 171
prosperity 122, 124, 129
wine and oil 108
Aetius 55, 59
Africa and its Roman provinces:
amphorae 92, 107
grain 103, 131
invaded by Vandals 2, 13, 14, 22–3, 43, 64
pottery production and distribution 89, 103, 106, 107, 131
prosperity and decline 42, 122, 124, 128–32
Agde (church council in 506) 76
agricultural production 142–6, 147–8
Agilulf 213 n.34
Aistulf 113
Alamans 19–20, 37
Alans:
in Africa 51
in Gaul 2, 14–15, 50, 51, 54–6, 55, 188
in Spain 15, 51, 57, 63, 188
Alaric 22, 42, 44, 45, 46, 188
&nbs
p; Alaric II 76
Alexandria 101, 120
Ammianus Marcellinus 37, 38, 50
Amory, Patrick 201 n.18
amphorae 88, 94, 100, 101, 158, 185
from Africa 92, 107
from the eastern Mediterranean 107–8, 144
from Spain 91–2, 91
Anastasius 69
Anglo-Saxons:
in historical writing 5–7, 170, 172
as invaders 5–7, 14, 22, 34, 68, 130, 188
their jewellery 118, 119
as prisoners 24
as rulers in Britain 68, 70, 190
see also Britain
Antioch 115, 120, 133, 190
Antonius, Lucius 157–8
Aphrodisias 126
Apollinaris 75–6
Aquileia 23–4, 102–3, 189
Aquitaine 14, 16, 54–5, 188
Arab invasions and their impact 81–2, 129, 130, 190
Arbogastes 80–1
Arianism 31, 68–9, 75, 76, 131
aristocracy of the Roman empire:
continue wealthy 67–8
foster literary culture 79–81, 151, 162
lose land 56, 63–6, 131
become militarized 48–9, 71, 75
work with new rulers 56, 63, 66–71, 75–6
Arles 14, 56, 57
Armenia 61
Armorica 44
army (Roman):
defeats 37–8, 50, 58–9, 188
equipment and training 34–7, 36, 41, 102–3, 156
fortifications 34–5, 35
frontier defences 18–19, 39–40, 135
recruitment of slaves 39, 43
reinforced or replaced by Germanic troops 5–10, 20, 24, 27, 38–9
reliance on taxation 16, 41–3, 132, 158
replaced by self-help 19, 48–9, 135
size 41
spending power 103–4, 132, 135
superiority over Germanic enemies 34–40
supply 102–3, 158, 186, 187
use of writing 156–8, 166
see also sea power
Arthur 4
Asia Minor 48, 60–2, 129, 130, 190
Asturis 19
Athens 114, 124, 190
Attalus 44
Attila 7, 22, 23, 25, 59, 189
Augustine of Hippo 29
Austalis 156
Avars 129, 130, 190
B
Bacaudae 14, 15, 45–6, 48, 54
Baetica 21, 91
Balkans, invasions of 1, 37–8, 50, 58–60, 61, 129, 188–90
Bamuqqa 143
barbarians, see Germanic peoples
Basque country 15, 49
Batavis 19, 20, 135
Baysān 126, 127
Bazas 46, 50–1
Belgica Secunda 81
Belisarius 65
Berbers 14, 130–1
Bessas 72
Biscop, Benedict 108
Blanc, Joseph Paul 177 (with 229)
Boethius 66
Bordeaux 14, 56, 70
Bosphorus in the defence of the East 59–62, 130
Bradley Hill 112, 139
Brescia, church of S. Salvatore 149
Breviarium of Alaric 76
brick, see tile
Britain 39
availability of coins 112, 124
disappearance of building techniques 108, 110–11, 117, 124, 139
invaders 5–7, 22–3, 64, 130, 188
iron-age 118
post-Roman decline 122–4, 122, 128, 129–30, 137, 138
post-Roman pottery 104, 105, 117, 118, 119, 124
revolts and usurpations 43, 44, 188
Roman pottery 93, 97, 99, 186, 187
continuing sophistication 117–18
west Britain 49, 117, 130
writing 154–7, 164
Britons 5–7, 49, 64, 67, 70–1, 170
Brittany and Britons in Gaul 14, 49, 64
Brown, Peter 3–4
building techniques 108–9, 111, 117, 148–51
Burgundians 14–15, 54, 55, 189
Bury, J.B. 199 n.44
Byzantine empire, see eastern empire
C
Caesarius, bishop of Arles 76
Calleva (now Silchester) 156, 157
Campobasso 95
captives 16, 17, 19, 23–4, 31
Carmen de Providentia Dei, see Poem on the Providence of God
Carthage 14, 17, 62, 103, 189, 190
Cassiodorus 70–1, 72, 74
Castelseprio, church of S. Maria foris Portas 149
Catalaunian Fields (battle in 451) 40, 59, 189
‘Caspian Gates’ 61
cattle 145
Caucasus mountains 61
Celts 215 n.14
chance and the fall of the western empire 57–8
Charlemagne 167, 174, 175, 191
Charles Martel 191
Chilperic 80, 166
Christian responses to invasion 13, 21, 23–4, 28–31, 63, 64
Christianity as a possible cause of Roman weakness 40–1
‘Chronicler of 452’ 31
churches, size of 108–9, 148–50, 149
circuses 80
civil wars and social unrest (within the Roman empire) 33–4, 39, 43–8, 52, 61
‘civilization’ 1–5, 87, 167–8, 173, 178–9, 182
the ‘Classics’ and their changing status 176–8
Claudian 39
Clermont 14, 48, 56
clothing, see textiles, clothing, and shoes
Clovis 74, 81, 175–6, 177, 189
coins:
devaluation in third century 33
of Germanic kingdoms 69, 73, 112–13, 117–18
post-Roman availability 112–17, 114–15, 123–6
Roman availability 110–11, 132–3
Colchester 186, 187
Comagenis 20
Concordia 103
Constantine III 43, 44, 45, 188
Constantinople:
coin use 115, 126
column of Arcadius 48, 60
defensive strength 35, 59–60
pottery 126
supply 102
threatened 35, 48, 58, 129, 130, 190
Constantius (Roman general) 57
Corinth 124
Cornwell, Bernard 4
countryside:
rural insecurity and devastation 16, 19, 22–3, 30
density of settlement 41, 138–42
see also agricultural production
Courcelle, Pierre 173–4, 195 n.31
Cowdery’s Down 111
cows, see cattle
Cremona 103
cultural choice 150–1
Cunigast 66
Cyprianus 71, 72, 79
Cypriot pottery 108, 124
Cyrila 21
D
Damascus 129
Danube 39, 135
crossed by Goths (in 376) 1, 188
Roman frontier defences 18–19
Dardanelles, see Bosphorus
‘Dark Ages’ 2, 4, 87, 146, 172, 178, 181
Dawson, Christopher 172
Decius (Roman emperor) 196 n.9
Déhès 125, 126
Delacroix, Eugène 7
Demandt, Alexander 195 n.1
Demetrius, saint (of Thessalonica) 130
Didymus 197 n.27
Dopsch, Alfons 192 n.12
Doré, Gustave viii
Dracontius 198 n.33
Droctulf 78
E
eastern empire:
economic decline 124–6, 129
prosperity and complexity 41–2, 58, 60–2, 107–8, 113, 128–9, 170–1
reasons for survival 46–8, 58–62
requires western help to combat Goths 38, 59
stability 46–8, 61
‘economic history’ 179–80
Edessa 147–8
Einhard 166–7
Egypt:
its granite 3, 147
prosperity and security 61, 116, 124, 126,
129, 147, 171
written records 158–9, 159
Ennodius 79
Ephesus 114, 126
Epiphanius 75
ethnic difference and eventual assimilation 72–82
‘ethnogenesis’ 77–8, 198 n.29
Eudoxius 197 n. 23
Eugenius, bishop of Carthage 69
Eugenius, western imperial ‘usurper’ 24
Eugippius 18, 20
Euric 75
Europe and the Germanic invasions 7, 172–6
Evagrius 133–4
F
fabricae (imperial manufactories) 36, 102–3, 132
famine, starvation, and cannibalism 14, 16, 17, 130, 134, 147–8
Faulkner, Neil 211 n.7
Favianis 19
Fiesole (battle in 406) 25, 188
Florence, church of S. Reparata 149
The Fall of Rome: And the End of Civilization Page 26
