Franks:
invade Gaul 14–15, 189
in the modern imagination 8, 170, 173–5, 177
settled in Gaul 71, 78–9, 189
Freda 75
Freeman, Edward 5–7
Frigidus, river (battle in 393) 24
Fulvia (wife of Mark Antony) 157–8
G
Gainas 48
Gallaecia 21
Gaul and the Gallo-Romans:
invaded 2, 14–15, 22–3, 29–30, 31, 39–40, 42, 188
pottery (Roman) 97–9
prefecture 57, 58
revolts and usurpations 44, 45–6
settled by treaty 54–7, 55
see also Brittany; Burgundians; Franks; Visigoths
Geiseric 67–8
Germanic peoples:
‘accommodated’ into the empire 5–10, 20, 54–6, 64–5, 82, 174, 180–1
hair and dress styles 69, 72–4, 73, 74, 78
as invaders 1, 5–10, 13–31, 33–4
land settlements 54–6, 64–6
language 72, 75, 79
learning 73–4, 75, 80–1, 166–7
legal status 65, 71
in the modern imagination 6–10, 8, 23, 169–70, 172–6, 177
in the Roman army 24, 27, 38–9, 40, 58
Roman attitudes to ‘barbarians’ 24–7, 26, 27, 30, 38
strength and weaknesses as soldiers 34–7, 38, 49–50
in treaty arrangements, and as allies of the Romans 13–14, 20, 29, 40, 50–2, 54–7, 64–5
unity and disunity 49–52
wish to enjoy, not destroy, Roman ways 23, 52
Gibbon, Edward 1, 40
Gibraltar, straits of 2, 62
Giens shipwreck 101
Gildas 22, 64
Goffart, Walter 7–9, 174
‘Gothic Wars’ 130–1, 189, 190
Goths 30, 52, 53
as allies of Rome 21, 24, 52
in the Balkans and Greece 1, 34, 37–8, 50, 55, 55, 57, 58–60 188
in Gaul and Spain before 419 (thereafter, see Visigoths) 16, 51, 53, 62
in Italy in the early fifth century 2, 16–17, 21–2, 25, 27, 44, 53, 57, 62
slaughtered at River Frigidus 24
see also Ostrogoths; Visigoths (later subdivisions of the Goths)
graffiti in post-Roman times:
on pottery 166
on slate 164–5
on walls 163–4, 164, 165–6
graffiti of the Roman period:
on pottery and tiles 97, 154, 156, 157, 159–60, 161, 166
on walls 151, 155, 160
la Graufesenque 97–100, 98, 99, 159–60, 161
Greece 60, 126, 129, 130, 190
Greenland ice cap 94–5
Gregory, pope 190
Gregory of Tours 78
Gubbio survey area 95–6
Gunderic 51
H
Hadrianopolis (battle in 378) 1, 37–8, 46, 50, 57, 58–9, 188
Haltern Roman fort 213 n.38
Hamwic 120
Heraclian (imperial ‘usurper’) 44
Herder, Johann Gottfried von 5
Herules 19, 21
Hisham, Caliph 126, 127
Honorius 25, 43–4, 45, 46–7, 47, 188
Huneric 68–9
Huns:
as invaders and receivers of tribute 1–2, 23, 25, 59, 61, 189
in the modern imagination 7
raid Syria 61
as Roman mercenaries 38–9, 44
Hydatius 15–16, 20–1, 63
I
Iberia, see Spain
‘imperialism’ in the modern imagination 176
Ine 67, 70
Iona 89
Ioviaco 19
Ipswich 118
Irish 130, 188
Italy 42, 48
invaded and ravaged by Germanic invaders 1–2, 16, 39, 42–3, 45, 188–90
invaded by Justinian 130–1
under Ostrogothic rule 64–80, 112, 189
post-Roman building 148–50
post-Roman pottery 104–7
prosperity and decline 42, 120, 122, 124, 128–31
requires tax relief 16
J
Jarrow 108
Jerash 126
Jerome 28, 31
jewellery and plate 117–18, 119, 150–1, 152
John VII, pope 148–50, 213 n.34
Jones, A. H. M. 41
Jordanes 21–2
Jovinianus 79
Jovinus 44
Julian 37
Justin I 162
Justinian 2, 58
L
Lampridius 75
language differences 72, 75, 79
‘Late Antiquity’ as a period 3–5, 169–72, 176–83
Late Antiquity: a Guide to the Post-Classical World 170, 172
Lauriacum 19, 20, 135
Leo, pope 13, 23–4
Leo of Narbonne 75
Levant:
coinage 113, 116
prosperity 61, 116, 722, 124–6, 125, 127, 129, 142–4, 170–1
wine and oil 108
literacy, see writing and reading
Lombards 78, 130, 164, 190
London 120, 156
Lucus 21
Luna, and its territory 92, 95, 106, 114, 143–4
Lusitania 21
Lydia 48
Lyons 160
M
Magdalensberg 212–3 n.29
Magister Officiorum 36
Magnus Maximus 39
Maldras 21
Manfredi, Valerio Massimo 214 n.3
Mantua 103
marble and granite in Roman times 3, 147, 150
Marmara, sea of, see Bosphorus
Marseille 14, 56, 113, 117, 120
Mauretania 13, 22
Maximinus Thrax 162
Maximus (imperial ‘usurper’) 44
Melania 131
Mérida 75
Messina, straits of 62
metal-working 94–5; see also jewellery and plate
Metapontion 95
Milan 25, 102–3
military (Roman), see army (Roman)
Monkwearmouth 108
moustaches 72–4, 79, 80
N
Naissus 59, 189
Noricum Ripense 17–20, 130, 134–6
Northumbria 108
O
Octavian (later the emperor Augustus) 57–8
Odoacer 64, 189
Orientius of Auch 30, 194 n.22
Orosius 21, 24, 29
Ostia 103, 185
Ostrogoths:
kingdom in Italy 58, 63–80, 112, 131, 189
in Noricum 19
see also Goths
‘Oxford ware’ pottery 93, 102
P
Palestine 28–9, 102
Pannonia 18, 39
Paris 80
Paulinus of Pella 56, 70
Pavia 103
Peacock, David 96–7
Persia and the Persians 33–4, 38, 61, 129, 130, 171, 190
Perugia 157–8
Phocaean pottery 108
Phoebus, perfume-seller in Pompeii 151, 155
Picts 130, 188
Piganiol, André 173
plague 17, 133–4, 190
Poem on the Providence of God 29
Poitiers (battle in 732) 191
Pompeii:
graffiti, inscriptions, and writing 151–6, 155, 162 163
pottery 100
urban amenities 3
population 41, 138–42, 145–6
Portus Cale 21
Possidius 22, 23
pollution 94–5
pottery as evidence 184–7
pottery in post-Roman times 104–8, 105, 117, 118, 119, 123–6, 187
pottery in Roman times 87–94
distribution 91–3, 91, 94, 98, 100–2, 103, 185–7, 185, 186
production 96–100, 159–60, 161, 187
quality 88–9
quantity 89–92, 90, 91
wide availability 92, 94, 146, 168
Power, Eileen 173
Procopius 72, 73, 131, 162
Prosper of Aquitaine 195 n.35
Provence 14
Q
Quintanis 20
R
Radagaisus 42–3, 188
Raetia 18
Ravenna 69, 78, 103, 113
reading, see writing and reading
Reccared 190
Rechimund 21
Remigius 81, 177
Rhine and Rhineland:
crossed by Germanic tribes (at the end of 406) 2, 39–40
frontier troops 39, 132
pottery 106
Riez 67
roads and bridges 132–3
Robertson, William 2
Romano-Britons, see Britons
Rome (the city):
aqueducts 3
besieged and sacked by Goths (in 410) 16–17, 21–2, 27, 28, 44, 46, 188
churches 148–50, 149
coins 113, 117
column of Marcus Aurelius 26
Crypta Balbi excavations 107
Pantheon 3
pilgrim-graffiti 165–6
pottery 107
rural territory 107, 140, 141
Monte Testaccio 90–1, 91
sacked by Vandals (in 455) 17, 189
supply 102–3, 131
Romulus Augustulus 2, 31, 169, 189
Rothari 164
rubbish 92, 147, 168
Rugi 19–20
rural insecurity, see countryside
Ruricius of Limoges 75
S
sacking of towns 16–17, 19–20, 21–4
Salamanca 164–5
Salic Law 71, 78
Salvian 24–5, 30–1
San Juan de Baños 150
San Michele sul Gargano 163–4, 164, 165–6
San Pedro de la Nave 150
San Vincenzo al Volturno 149
Saxons, see Anglo-Saxons
Scythopolis, see Baysān
sea power (Roman, and its limitations) 34, 59–62, 58, 133, 196 n.5
Seneca 50
‘Senigallia medallion’ 73, 73
Serena 25
Severinus, saint 17–20, 134–6
Seville 113
Sevso (or Seuso) treasure 152
shoes, see textiles, clothing, and shoes
Sicily 17, 62, 113
Sidonius Apollinaris 56, 70–1, 79–80, 80–1
Silchester, see Calleva
Sirmium 190
Sisebut 166
slaves:
from foundlings 147
freed 156, 164, 168
as labour 147
recruited as soldiers 39, 43, 48
in revolt 45–8, 50
Slavs 129, 130, 190, 215 n.14
Soissons 48–9, 80
Soknopaiou Nesos 158–9
Sotouetis, wine-carrier in Egypt 158, 159
Spain (Roman ‘Hispaniae’, the Iberian peninsula):
churches 150
invaded 15–16, 20–1, 42, 48, 63, 188, 190
oil 91–2, 91
post-Roman pottery 104
revolts and usurpations 44, 45
use of writing in Visigothic times 164–5, 166
see also Visigoths
specialization of labour and land-use:
disadvantages and limitations 49, 136–7, 147
in Roman period 96–100, 136–7, 143–6
state’s role in production and distribution 102–4, 130–3
Stilicho 25–7, 39, 57, 188
Strasbourg (battle in 357) 37
Sueves 2, 15–16, 75, 21, 50, 63, 78, 188
Sunieric 21
Sutton Hoo 8, 117–18, 119
Syagrius 71, 79–80
Symmachus 24, 167
Syria 61, 62, 125–6, 142–3, 190
T
Tacitus 49–50
Tanca 66
tax under the Roman empire:
disappearance 146
granted to Germanic settlers 64–5
and literacy 158–9, 159
lost to the government 16, 41–3, 56, 57, 131, 199 n.47
oppressive rates 50, 59
and redistribution of wealth 132–3, 135, 158
for the Roman army 16, 41–3, 158
textiles, clothing, and shoes 94, 102–3, 104, 110, 150–1
Thagaste 131
Theodahad 65–6, 73–4, 74, 131
Theoderic, Visigothic king 58, 69, 72–3, 73, 80, 189
Theoderic 21
Theodosius I 24, 25, 39, 46–7, 188
Thessalonica 130
‘third-century crisis’ 33–4
Thuringians 14, 19
Tibatto 197 n.23
Tiburnia 19
tiles and bricks:
in post-Roman times 96, 109, 139
in Roman times 93–6, 103, 139, 146
Tintagel 112
Toulouse 14, 76
‘Transformation of the Roman World’ (research project) 4, 174
‘transformation’ 4, 87, 174, 175, 182
Tribigild 48
Turo 163–4, 164
V
Valence 54
Valens 37–8, 50, 57, 188
Valentinian III 43, 48, 64
Valerian 34
Vandals 25
conquered by Justinian 58, 189
in Gaul and Spain 2, 39–40, 44, 50, 51, 57, 63, 188
invade Africa 2, 13, 14, 22–3, 43, 51, 57, 62, 64, 67–8, 189
numbers 67–8
rule in Africa 51, 52, 58, 67–8, 112, 189
as sea-raiders 17, 48, 57, 62, 133, 189
Varus, Quinctilius 37
Vatia, Marcus Cerrinius 153
Vegetius 34
Verenianus 197 n. 27
Verona 103
Victor of Vita 22, 23
Victorianus of Hadrumentum 67
Vindolanda 104, 157
Visigoths 30, 52, 53, 67, 74–5, 170
allied with the Romans 40, 56–7, 189
invasions and raids in Gaul and Spain 14, 75, 16, 21, 29, 51, 56–7, 67
kingdom in Gaul and Spain 75, 67, 70, 75–6, 113, 117, 150, 189, 190
settled by treaty in Aquitaine (419) 14, 75, 54–5, 70, 188
see Goths (for most of their activities before 419)
Völkerwanderung (‘Wandering of peoples’) 6
Vouillé (battle in 507) 189
W
Wales, see Britain
Welsh 6; see also Britons
wergild 67, 71, 78
Wickham, Chris 150, 205 n.27, 211 n.7
writing and reading in post-Roman times 163–7
by the aristocracy (and rulers) 166–7
formal documents 164, 165
on domestic objects 166
by pilgrims 163–4, 163, 165–6
on slate 164–5
subscriptions by witnesses 166
on tiles 165
see also graffiti
writing and reading in the Roman period 151–63
by the administration 158–9, 159
on amphorae 160
by the aristocracy (and rulers) 160–2, 163
in the army 156–8
by manufacturers and traders 97, 153, 154–6, 159–60, 161
on papyrus 158–9, 159, 162, 163
on seals and stamps 154–6, 160
on sling-bolts 157–8
on wax tablets 156, 162, 163
on wood 157
see also graffiti
Y
Yarmuk, river (battle in 636) 190
Yeavering 105, 139–42
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The Fall of Rome: And the End of Civilization Page 27
