45. War Cabinet, 16 October 1940, CAB 65/9/34, TNA.
46. Ambedkar to Linlithgow, 18 August 1940; Independent Labour Party statement, 4 September 1940, TF, 1940, part 1, pp. 180, 189.
47. Exchanges between Linlithgow and Gandhi, 30 September & 6 October 1940, CWMG, vol. 73, pp. 71–3, 450–51.
48. Statement of 15 October 1940, CWMG, vol. 73, pp. 102–7.
49. Resolution of Bombay Provincial League of Radical Congressmen, 4 August 1940, TF, 1940, part 1, pp. 32–3.
50. Roy’s circular letter, 17 August 1940, TF, 1940, part 1, pp. 34–5.
51. Nehru to Roy, 23 September & 23 October 1940, SWJN, vol. 11, pp. 237–8, 249–50.
52. Rizvi, Linlithgow and India, pp. 162–3.
53. War Cabinet, 21 November 1940, CAB 65/10/13, TNA.
54. Rizvi, Linlithgow and India, p. 166.
55. Linlithgow to Haig, 19 June 1941, Linlithgow Papers, Acc. No. 2237, NAI.
56. Linlithgow to Amery, 3 June 1941, L/PO/105, AAC.
57. Draft of Churchill’s unsent letter to Linlithgow, 30 May 1941, L/PO/105, AAC.
58. War Cabinet, 9 June 1941, CAB 65/18/37, TNA.
59. Ambedkar to Amery, 1 August 1941, TF, 1940, part 1, p. 47.
60. Linlithgow to Haig, 19 June 1941, Linlithgow Papers, Acc. No. 2237, NAI.
61. Jalal, Sole Spokesman, pp. 67–9.
62. Reports of March and November 1941, WCP, NMML.
63. War Cabinet, 17 November 1941, CAB 65/20/8, TNA.
4. MOBILIZING INDIA
1. Figures from Appendix I to Sri Nandan Prasad, Expansion of the Armed Forces and Defence Organization, 1939–1945 (New Delhi, Ministry of Defence, Government of India, 2012), pp. 398–9.
2. Government of India (Defence Department) to Secretary of State for India, 18 May 1940, CAB 67/6/37, TNA.
3. Ibid.
4. Memorandum by Secretary of State for India, 23 May 1940, CAB 67/6/37, TNA.
5. Memorandum by Chiefs of Staff, 25 July 1940, CAB 66/10/22, TNA.
6. Prasad, Expansion of the Armed Forces, pp. 61–2.
7. Bisheshwar Prasad, Defence of India: Policy and Plans (Delhi: Combined Inter-Services Historical Section, 1963), pp. 87–90.
8. Prasad, Expansion of the Armed Forces, pp. 63–5.
9. Memorandum by Secretary of State for India, 30 January 1942, CAB 66/21/34, TNA.
10. Milan Hauner, India in Axis Strategy: Germany, Japan, and Indian Nationalists in the Second World War (Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1981), pp. 167–72.
11. Government of India (Defence Department) to Secretary of State for India, 5 May 1941, WO 106/3740, TNA.
12. This paragraph and the next draw on Memorandum by Secretary of State for India, 30 January 1942, CAB 66/21/34, TNA; Prasad, Expansion of the Armed Forces, pp. 66–70.
13. Secretary of State for India to Government of India, 20 April 1944, WO 193/119, TNA.
14. Prasad, Expansion of the Armed Forces, p. 73.
15. Minute by P. J. Griffiths, 20 November 1939, WO 193/114, TNA.
16. Memorandum by Secretary of State for India, 29 June 1940, WCP, NMML.
17. Prasad, Expansion of the Armed Forces, pp. 60–61.
18. Muspratt to Dill, June 1941, WO 193/119, TNA.
19. Government of India (Defence Department) to Secretary of State for India, 1 September 1941, WO 106/3740, TNA.
20. Memorandum by Wavell, 11 September 1941, WO 106/3740, TNA.
21. Memorandum by Secretary of State for India, 30 January 1942, CAB 66/21/34, TNA.
22. Cited in Prasad, Expansion of the Armed Forces, pp. 69–70.
23. Kaushik Roy, ‘Expansion and Deployment of the Indian Army during World War II: 1939–45’, Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research, vol. 88 (2010), p. 256.
24. Prasad, Expansion of the Armed Forces, p. 76.
25. David Omissi, The Sepoy and the Raj: The Indian Army 1860–1940 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1994), pp. 10–34; Thomas Metcalf, Ideologies of the Raj (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Douglas M. Peers, ‘The Martial Races and the Indian Army in the Victorian Era’, in Daniel Marston and Chandar Sundaram (eds.), A Military History of India and South Asia: From the East India Company to the Nuclear Era (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2007), pp. 34–52.
26. Cited in Anirudh Deshpande, British Military Policy in India, 1900–1945: Colonial Constraints and Declining Power (New Delhi: Manohar, 2005), p. 147.
27. Rajit Mazumder, The Indian Army and the Making of Punjab (New Delhi: Permanent Black, 2003); Tan Tai Yong, The Garrison State: The Military, Government and Society in Colonial Punjab, 1849–1947 (London: Sage, 2005).
28. Omissi, Sepoy and the Raj, pp. 38–41.
29. Calculated from Bisheshwar Prasad (ed.), Recruiting for the Defence Services in India (Delhi: Combined Inter-Services Historical Section, 1950), Appendix H, pp. 140–42.
30. Calculated from ibid.
31. Prasad, Expansion of the Armed Forces, pp. 84–5.
32. Note by Adjutant General, 2 November 1942, L/WS/1/1680, AAC.
33. Steven Wilkinson, Army and Nation: The Military and Indian Democracy since Independence (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2015), pp. 75–6.
34. Molesworth to Jenkins, September 1943, L/WS/1/1680, AAC.
35. Fortnightly Censor Summary, 21 April to 5 May 1943, L/P&J/12/655, AAC.
36. Fortnightly Censor Summary, 2 June to 15 June 1943, L/P&J/12/655, AAC.
37. Fortnightly Censor Summary, 30 June to 13 July 1943, L/P&J/12/655, AAC.
38. Fortnightly Censor Summary, 14 July to 27 July 1943, L/P&J/12/655, AAC.
39. Fortnightly Censor Summary, 21 April to 5 May 1943, L/P&J/12/655, AAC.
40. Fortnightly Censor Summary, 14 July to 27 July 1943, L/P&J/12/655, AAC.
41. Deshpande, British Military Policy in India, p. 157.
42. Cited in Namrata Narain, ‘Co-option and Control: Role of the Colonial Army in India, 1918–1947’, PhD thesis, Cambridge University, 1993, pp. 123–4.
43. Information Summaries from Chief Censor, 1942, 39-W/2, NAI.
44. Prasad, Expansion of the Armed Forces, pp. 89–90.
45. Deshpande, British Military Policy in India, pp. 154–7.
46. Prasad (ed.), Recruiting for the Defence Services, Appendix R; Narain, ‘Co-option and Control’, pp. 137–8.
47. Stephen Cohen, The Indian Army: Its Contribution to the Development of a Nation, rev. edn (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 180.
48. Craik to Linlithgow, 15 November 1940, in Lionel Carter (ed.), Punjab Politics 1940–43: Strains of War (New Delhi: Manohar, 2005), p. 199.
49. Cited in Prasad, Expansion of the Armed Forces, p. 91.
50. Cited in Weekly Intelligence Summary, 8 January 1943, L/WS/1/1433, AAC.
51. General Office of the Commander-in-Chief Central Command to Chief of the General Staff, 31 March 1943, L/WS/1/1576, AAC.
52. Cited in Indivar Kamtekar, ‘A Different War Dance: State and Class in India, 1939–1945’, Past & Present, no. 176 (2002), p. 190.
53. Prasad, Expansion of the Armed Forces, p. 91.
54. Weekly Intelligence Summary, 13 February 1942, L/WS/1/1433, AAC.
55. Weekly Intelligence Summary, 9 July 1943, L/WS/1/1433, AAC.
56. Weekly Intelligence Summary, 28 August 1942, L/WS/1/1433, AAC.
57. Cited in Narain, ‘Co-option and Control’, p. 142.
58. 17th Dogra Regimental Centre to Chief of General Staff, 28 March 1943, L/WS/1/1576, AAC.
59. Cited in Tan, Garrison State, pp. 286–8.
60. Glancy to Linlithgow, 4 March 1942, in Carter (ed.), Punjab Politics 1940–43, p. 294.
61. Calculated from Prasad (ed.), Recruiting for the Defence Services, Appendix H.
62. Fortnightly Censor Summary, 16 June to 29 June 1943, L/P&J/12/655, AAC.
63. Resolutions on Esher Committee, CID 119-D, CAB 6/4, TNA.
64. Jinnah’s speech on 6 March 1924, in M. Rafique Afzal (ed.), Selected S
peeches and Statements of the Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah 1911–34 and 1947–48 (Lahore: Research Society of Pakistan, 1966), pp. 122–8.
65. Omissi, Sepoy and the Raj, pp. 168–78; Deshpande, British Military Policy in India, pp. 91–8.
66. Speech on 8 March 1928, in K. M. Panikkar and A. Pershad (eds.), The Voice of Freedom: Selected Speeches of Pandit Motilal Nehru (Bombay: Asia Publishing House, n.d.), pp. 345–9.
67. Chandar Sundaram, ‘Grudging Concessions: The Officer Corps and its Indianization, 1817–1940’, in Daniel Marston and Chandar Sundaram (eds.), A Military History of India and South Asia: From the East India Company to the Nuclear Era (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2007), pp. 98–100.
68. Cited in Narain, ‘Co-option and Control’, pp. 219–20.
69. Cassels to Linlithgow, 29 June 1940, L/PO/55, AAC.
70. K. V. Krishna Rao, In the Service of the Nation: Reminiscences (New Delhi: Viking, 2001), p. 6.
71. J. F. R. Jacob, An Odyssey in War and Peace: An Autobiography (New Delhi: Roli Books, 2011), p. 6.
72. Prasad, Expansion of the Armed Forces, pp. 75, 101–2.
73. Fortnightly Censor Summary, 13 January to 26 January 1943, L/P&J/12/654, AAC.
74. Cited in Christopher Bayly and Tim Harper, Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941–1945 (London: Allen Lane, 2004), p. 74.
75. Rao, In the Service of the Nation, pp. 5–6.
76. S. Sivasubramonian, The National Income of India in the Twentieth Century (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000), Table 6.10.
77. Dietmar Rothermund, India in the Great Depression 1929–1939 (New Delhi: Manohar, 1992).
78. A large body of writing is judiciously synthesized in Tirthankar Roy, The Economic History of India 1857–1947, 3rd edn (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2011), pp. 183–212.
79. Sivasubramonian, National Income of India, Table 6.9.
80. Alfred Martin Wainwright, ‘The Role of South Asia in British Strategic Policy, 1939–50’, PhD thesis, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1989, pp. 36–40.
81. Report of the Modernization Committee, 1938, L/MIL/17/5/1801, AAC.
82. Report of the Expert Committee on the Defence of India, 1938–9, L/MIL/5/886, AAC.
83. P. C. Jain, India Builds Her War Economy (Allahabad: Kitab Mahal, 1943), pp. 4–5; Dwijendra Tripathi, The Dynamics of a Tradition: Kasturbhai Lalbhai and His Entrepreneurship (New Delhi: Manohar, 1981), p. 79.
84. P. S. Lokanathan, India’s Post-War Reconstruction and Its International Aspects (New Delhi: Indian Council of World Affairs, 1946), pp. 6–8 (esp. table on p. 7).
85. Arun Joshi, Lala Shri Ram: A Study in Entrepreneurship and Management (New Delhi: Orient Longman, 1975), p. 301.
86. Note of Meeting, 10 July 1940, H. P. Mody Papers, NMML.
87. Medha M. Kudaisya, The Life and Times of G. D. Birla (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 197–8.
88. Speech at Town Hall Meeting, 10 July 1940, Part I, File No. 139, Purshottamdas Thakurdas Papers, NMML.
89. Shri Ram to Thakurdas, 6 July 1940, Part I, File No. 139, Purshottamdas Thakurdas Papers, NMML.
90. Draft statement, 21 June 1940, Part I, File No. 139, Purshottamdas Thakurdas Papers, NMML.
91. N. C. Sinha and P. N. Khera, Indian War Economy: Supply, Industry and Finance (New Delhi: Combined Inter-Services Historical Section, India & Pakistan, 1962), pp. 33–7, 164–85.
92. Note of 20 November 1941, cited in J. H. Voigt, India in the Second World War (New Delhi: Arnold-Heinemann, 1987), p. 74.
93. G. D. Khanolakara, Walchand Hirachand: Man, His Times and Achievements (Bombay: Walchand & Co., 1969), pp. 376–401 (quote on p. 384).
94. Dwijendra Tripathi and Makrand Mehta, Business Houses in Western India: A Study in Entrepreneurial Response, 1850–1956 (New Delhi: Manohar, 1990), pp. 162–3.
95. See Walchand’s correspondence with Auchinleck in April–May 1941, Subject File 67, Walchand Hirachand Papers, NMML.
96. The next three paragraphs draw on Khanolakara, Walchand Hirachand, pp. 355–75; Subject Files 45 and 47, Walchand Hirachand Papers, NMML.
97. Edgar Snow, People on Our Side (New York: World Publishing Company, 1944), p. 56.
5. INTO AFRICA
1. Victoria Schofield, Wavell: Soldier & Statesman (London: John Murray, 2006), p. 145.
2. Michael Howard, The Mediterranean Strategy in the Second World War (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1968).
3. Douglas Porch, Hitler’s Mediterranean Gamble: The North African and Mediterranean Campaigns in World War II (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004), pp. 38–40.
4. Harold E. Raugh, Jr, Wavell in the Middle East, 1939–1941: A Study in Generalship (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013), pp. 74–5.
5. Schofield, Wavell, p. 150.
6. Porch, Hitler’s Mediterranean Gamble, p. 45.
7. Raugh, Wavell in the Middle East, p. 85; Schofield, Wavell, p. 154; Porch, Hitler’s Mediterranean Gamble, p. 46.
8. P. C. Bharucha, The North African Campaign, 1940–43 (New Delhi: Ministry of Defence, Government of India, 2012), p. 37.
9. Tim Moreman, ‘From the Desert Sands to the Burmese Jungle’, in Kaushik Roy (ed.), The Indian Army in the Two World Wars (Leiden: Brill, 2012), p. 227.
10. Geoffrey Evans, The Desert and the Jungle (London: William Kimber, 1959), p. 17.
11. Middle East Censor Reports, June–July 1940, L/WS/1/1172, AAC.
12. Namrata Narain, ‘Co-option and Control: Role of the Colonial Army in India, 1918–1947’, PhD thesis, Cambridge University, 1993, p. 258.
13. Bharucha, North African Campaign, p. 80.
14. Ravi Inder Singh Sidhu, As Told by Them: Personal Narratives of Indian Soldiers who Fought during World War II (New Delhi: Quills Ink Publishing, 2014), p. 16.
15. Schofield, Wavell, pp. 155, 157.
16. J. G. Elliott, A Roll of Honour: The Story of the Indian Army, 1939–1945 (Delhi: Army Publishers, 1965), pp. 29–30.
17. Porch, Hitler’s Mediterranean Gamble, pp. 117–18; Bharucha, North African Campaign, pp. 84–6.
18. Compton Mackenzie, Eastern Epic Volume I: Defence, September 1939–March 1943 (London: Chatto & Windus, 1951), pp. 37–40.
19. Bharucha, North African Campaign, p. 99.
20. Raugh, Wavell in the Middle East, p. 104.
21. Schofield, Wavell, p. 172.
22. Raugh, Wavell in the Middle East, pp. 88–9, 171.
23. J. N. Chaudhuri, An Autobiography (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1978), p. 118.
24. Sidhu, As Told by Them, pp. 23–4.
25. Chaudhuri, Autobiography, p. 120.
26. Gerard Douds, ‘ “Matters of Honour”: Indian Troops in the North African and Italian Theatres’, in Paul Addison and Angus Calder (eds.), Time to Kill: The Soldier’s Experience of War in the West, 1939–1945 (London: Pimlico, 1997), p. 119.
27. Letter of 6 October 1940, in Ashali Varma, The Victoria Cross: A Love Story (Delhi: Pearson, 2013), p. 12.
28. Sidhu, As Told by Them, p. 25.
29. Bisheshwar Prasad, East African Campaign 1940–41 (New Delhi: Ministry of Defence, Government of India, 2012), pp. 30–31.
30. Chaudhuri, Autobiography, p. 120.
31. William Slim, Unofficial History (London: Cassell, 1959), p. 130.
32. Letter of 16 November 1940, Varma, Victoria Cross, pp. 18–19.
33. Slim, Unofficial History; Prasad, East African Campaign, pp. 34–5.
34. Raugh, Wavell in the Middle East, pp. 173–4.
35. Wavell’s despatch on Operations in East Africa, November 1940–July 1941, 21 May 1942. Accessed online at http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/LondonGazette/37645.
36. Prasad, East African Campaign, pp. 37–9.
37. Elliott, Roll of Honour, pp. 44–6.
38. Letter of 10 February 1941, Varma, Victoria Cross, pp. 31–2.
39. Wavell’s despatch ‘Operations in East Africa, November 1940–July 1941’, 21 May
1942. Accessed online at http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/LondonGazette/37645.
40. Schofield, Wavell, p. 173.
41. Mackenzie, Eastern Epic, pp. 53–4.
42. Sidhu, As Told by Them, p. 37.
43. Report by Platt, 11 September 1941, in Wavell’s despatch on Operations in East Africa, November 1940–July 1941.
44. Prasad, East African Campaign, p. 59.
45. Elliott, Roll of Honour, pp. 51–2.
46. Prasad, East African Campaign, pp. 63–71.
47. Account of the Eritrean campaign 1941, p. 32, 67/31/1, G. R. Stevens Papers, IWM.
48. Report by Platt, 11 September 1941, in Wavell’s despatch on Operations in East Africa, November 1940–July 1941.
49. Alan Jeffreys, ‘Training the Indian Army, 1939–1945’, in Alan Jeffreys and Patrick Rose (eds.), The Indian Army, 1939–47: Experience and Development (Farnham: Ashgate, 2012), p. 80.
50. Prasad, East African Campaign, p. 87.
51. Report by Platt, 11 September 1941, in Wavell’s despatch on Operations in East Africa, November 1940–July 1941.
52. Mackenzie, Eastern Epic, pp. 59–61.
53. Letter of 10 April 1941, Varma, Victoria Cross, p. 35.
54. Sidhu, As Told by Them, p. 28.
55. Letter of 14 May 1941, Varma, Victoria Cross, p. 37.
56. Sidhu, As Told by Them, p. 30.
57. Wavell’s despatch on Operations in East Africa, November 1940–July 1941.
58. Jeffreys, ‘Training the Indian Army’, p. 81.
59. Sidhu, As Told by Them, pp. 38–9.
6. THE OIL CAMPAIGNS
1. Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991).
2. Robert Lyman, First Victory: Britain’s Forgotten Struggle in the Middle East, 1941 (London: Constable, 2006), pp. 3–4.
3. Chiefs of Staff Paper, 9 October 1940, WO 106/3077, TNA.
4. Milan Hauner, India in Axis Strategy: Germany, Japan, and Indian Nationalists in the Second World War (Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1981), pp. 195–6. On German attitudes towards the Islamic countries, see also David Motadel, Islam and Nazi Germany’s War (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2014), esp. pp. 38–132.
5. Dharm Pal, Campaign in Western Asia (New Delhi: Ministry of Defence, Government of India, 2012), pp. 32–47.
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