6. John Connell, Auchinleck: A Biography of Field-Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck (London: Cassell, 1959), pp. 193–4.
7. Pal, Campaign in Western Asia, pp. 49–50.
8. Connell, Auchinleck, pp. 187–9.
9. This paragraph and the next draw on Pal, Campaign in Western Asia, pp. 51–4.
10. Lyman, First Victory, pp. 49–50.
11. Connell, Auchinleck, pp. 200–201; Pal, Campaign in Western Asia, p. 63.
12. Compton Mackenzie, Eastern Epic Volume I: Defence, September 1939–March 1943 (London: Chatto & Windus, 1951), p. 91.
13. Connell, Auchinleck, pp. 203–5.
14. Satyen Basu, A Doctor in the Army (Calcutta: privately published, 1960), pp. 22–3.
15. Pal, Campaign in Western Asia, p. 70; Connell, Auchinleck, pp. 205–6.
16. Lyman, First Victory, p. 63.
17. Connell, Auchinleck, p. 208.
18. Pal, Campaign in Western Asia, pp. 71–2; Connell, Auchinleck, pp. 208–9.
19. Geoffrey Warner, Iraq and Syria 1941 (London: Purnell, 1974), p. 96.
20. Ibid., pp. 98–9.
21. Hauner, India in Axis Strategy, pp. 199–203.
22. John Connell, Wavell: Supreme Commander 1941–1943 (London: Collins, 1969), pp. 435–7; Victoria Schofield, Wavell: Soldier & Statesman (London: John Murray, 2006), p. 196.
23. Connell, Auchinleck, pp. 221–2.
24. Winston Churchill, The Second World War Volume III: The Grand Alliance (London: Penguin Classics, 2005), pp. 230–31.
25. Connell, Auchinleck, pp. 227–30; Pal, Campaign in Western Asia, pp. 106–7.
26. Connell, Auchinleck, p. 196; Lyman, First Victory, pp. 98–9.
27. Basu, Doctor in the Army, p. 34.
28. Conclusions, 1 July 1940, CAB/95/1, TNA.
29. Report by Chiefs of Staff, 1 November 1940, CAB/66/13/1, TNA.
30. Connell, Wavell, p. 241.
31. Lyman, First Victory, pp. 154–61.
32. Warner, Iraq and Syria 1941, p. 125.
33. Lyman, First Victory, pp. 164–5.
34. Minute to Chiefs of Staff, 8 May 1941, PREM 3/422/6, TNA; Churchill to Wavell, 9 May 1941, PREM 3/309/4, TNA.
35. Wavell to Dill, 17 May 1941, PREM 3/309/4, TNA.
36. Harold E. Raugh, Jr, Wavell in the Middle East, 1939–1941: A Study in Generalship (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013), p. 219.
37. Connell, Wavell, p. 462.
38. Mackenzie, Eastern Epic, pp. 106–16.
39. Pal, Campaign in Western Asia, pp. 213–17.
40. William Slim, Unofficial History (London: Cassell, 1959), p. 153.
41. John Masters, The Road Past Mandalay (London: Cassell, 2002), p. 45.
42. Basu, Doctor in the Army, pp. 37–8.
43. Masters, Road Past Mandalay, p. 15.
44. Basu, Doctor in the Army, p. 42; Slim, Unofficial History, p. 170.
45. Pal, Campaign in Western Asia, p. 121.
46. Gavin Hambly, ‘The Pahlavi Autocracy: Riza Shah, 1921–41’, in P. Avery et al. (eds.), The Cambridge History of Iran: Volume 7, From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. 213–43.
47. Richard Stewart, Sunrise at Abadan: The British and Soviet Invasion of Iran, 1941 (New York: Praeger, 1988), p. 40.
48. Report by Chiefs of Staff, 23 February 1940, CAB/66/5/46, TNA.
49. Lyman, First Victory, p. 253.
50. Stewart, Sunrise at Abadan, p. 55.
51. Pal, Campaign in Western Asia, pp. 300–302.
52. Lyman, First Victory, pp. 257–8.
53. Pal, Campaign in Western Asia, pp. 301–5.
54. Lyman, First Victory, p. 262.
55. Stewart, Sunrise at Abadan, pp. 71–4.
56. Pal, Campaign in Western Asia, pp. 306–10.
57. Slim, Unofficial History, pp. 181–2.
58. Pal, Campaign in Western Asia, p. 353.
7. FOX HUNTING
1. Gerhard Schreiber et al., Germany and the Second World War, vol. 3: The Mediterranean, South-East Europe, and North Africa (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), pp. 654–6.
2. Douglas Porch, Hitler’s Mediterranean Gamble: The North African and Mediterranean Campaigns in World War II (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004), pp. 122–8.
3. For the argument that Tripoli could have been captured, see Harold E. Raugh, Jr, Wavell in the Middle East, 1939–1941: A Study in Generalship (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013), pp. 120–26.
4. Ralph Bennett, Ultra and Mediterranean Strategy, 1941–1945 (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1989), pp. 15–30.
5. Schreiber et al., Germany in the Second World War, vol. 3, p. 676.
6. Raugh, Wavell in the Middle East, pp. 192–5.
7. Compton Mackenzie, Eastern Epic Volume I: Defence, September 1939–March 1943 (London: Chatto & Windus, 1951), p. 72.
8. P. C. Bharucha, The North African Campaign, 1940–43 (New Delhi: Ministry of Defence, Government of India, 2012), pp. 157–8.
9. Ibid., pp. 150–51.
10. Mackenzie, Eastern Epic, pp. 72–4.
11. J. G. Elliott, A Roll of Honour: The Story of the Indian Army, 1939–1945 (Delhi: Army Publishers, 1965), p. 104.
12. Bharucha, North African Campaign, p. 155.
13. Porch, Hitler’s Mediterranean Gamble, p. 230.
14. Raugh, Wavell in the Middle East, pp. 206–7.
15. Bharucha, North African Campaign, p. 167.
16. Mackenzie, Eastern Epic, pp. 141–4.
17. Bharucha, North African Campaign, pp. 177–9.
18. Elliott, Roll of Honour, pp. 106–7.
19. Raugh, Wavell in the Middle East, pp. 235–7; Williamson Murray and Allan R. Millett, A War to be Won: Fighting the Second World War (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001), p. 267; Bharucha, North African Campaign, p. 184.
20. Niall Barr, Pendulum of War: The Three Battles of El Alamein (London: Pimlico, 2005), pp. 58–60.
21. Winston Churchill, The Second World War Volume III: The Grand Alliance (London: Penguin Classics, 2005), p. 308.
22. Porch, Hitler’s Mediterranean Gamble, pp. 243–4.
23. Tim Moreman, ‘From the Desert Sands to the Burmese Jungle’, in Kaushik Roy (ed.), The Indian Army in the Two World Wars (Leiden: Brill, 2012), p. 232.
24. Bharucha, North African Campaign, p. 204.
25. Porch, Hitler’s Mediterranean Gamble, p. 250.
26. Bharucha, North African Campaign, p. 228.
27. Elliott, Roll of Honour, pp. 110–13.
28. Bharucha, North African Campaign, p. 240.
29. Mackenzie, Eastern Epic, pp. 162–4.
30. Elliott, Roll of Honour, pp. 115–16.
31. Bharucha, North African Campaign, p. 275.
32. Ibid. p. 294, Appendix R.
33. Connell, Auchinleck, pp. 423–31.
34. Mackenzie, Eastern Epic, pp. 291–5.
35. Bharucha, North African Campaign, pp. 308–9.
36. Elliott, Roll of Honour, pp. 184–5.
37. Bharucha, North African Campaign, p. 352.
38. Barr, Pendulum of War, p. 13.
39. A. S. Naravane, A Soldier’s Life in War and Peace (New Delhi: A. P. H. Publishing, 2004), p. 69.
40. Ibid., pp. 74–5.
41. Ibid., p. 77.
42. Bharucha, North African Campaign, pp. 364–6, 372.
43. Ibid, p. 395.
44. Basu, Doctor in the Army, p. 88.
8. COLLAPSING DOMINOES
1. John Connell, Wavell: Supreme Commander 1941–1943 (London: Collins, 1969), pp. 45, 41.
2. Joyce Chapman Lebra, Japan’s Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere in World War II: Selected Readings and Documents (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1975), pp. 71–2.
3. Michael A. Barnhart, Japan Prepares for Total War: The Search for Economic Security, 1919–1941 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988).
4. The best account is Herbert Bix, Hirohito
and the Making of Modern Japan (New York: HarperCollins, 2000), pp. 367–437.
5. Figures computed from data in C. N. Vakil and D. N. Maluste, Commercial Relations between India and Japan (Calcutta: Longmans Green & Co., 1937), pp. 92, 100.
6. Ibid., pp. 146–9, 177–91.
7. Eri Hotta, Pan-Asianism and Japan’s War 1931–1945 (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007); Rustom Bharucha, Another Asia: Rabindranath Tagore & Okakura Tenshin (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2009). See also Cemil Aydin, The Politics of Anti-Westernism in Asia: Visions of World Order in Pan-Islamic and Pan-Asian Thought (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007).
8. Cited in J. H. Voigt, India in the Second World War (New Delhi: Arnold-Heinemann, 1987), p. 84.
9. S. Woodburn Kirby, The War Against Japan Volume I: The Loss of Singapore (London: HMSO, 1957), pp. 33–6, 45–6.
10. Paul Haggie, Britannia at Bay: The Defence of the British Empire against Japan 1931–1941 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), pp. 180, 184, 191, 203.
11. Bisheshwar Prasad, Defence of India: Policy and Plans (Delhi: Combined Inter-Services Historical Section, 1963), p. 142.
12. Ibid., p. 148.
13. John Connell, Auchinleck: A Biography of Field-Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck (London: Cassell, 1959), p. 186
14. Woodburn Kirby, Loss of Singapore, pp. 17, 34
15. Winston Churchill, The Second World War Volume III: The Grand Alliance (London: Penguin Classics, 2005), p. 157.
16. K. D. Bhargava and K. N. V. Shastri, Campaigns in South-East Asia 1941–42 (New Delhi: Ministry of Defence, Government of India, 2012), p. 13.
17. Philip Snow, The Fall of Hong Kong (London: Yale University Press, 2003), p. 14.
18. Lionel Carter (ed.), Punjab Politics 1940–43: Strains of War (New Delhi: Manohar, 2005), passim.
19. Chandar Sundaram, ‘Seditious Letters and Steel Helmets’, in Kaushik Roy (ed.), War and Society in Colonial India (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2006), pp. 142–5, 265–7.
20. Bhargava and Shastri, Campaigns in South-East Asia, pp. 25–67; Snow, Fall of Hong Kong, pp. 68–9.
21. Robert Lyman, The Generals: From Defeat to Victory, Leadership in Asia 1941–45 (London: Constable, 2008), pp. 21–33.
22. Brian P. Farrell, The Defence and Fall of Singapore 1940–1942 (Stroud: Tempus, 2005), pp. 87–8.
23. Ong Chit Chung, Operation Matador: World War II – Britain’s Attempt to Foil the Japanese Invasion of Malaya and Singapore (Singapore: Times Academic Press, 1997). For a shorter, perceptive analysis, see Louis Allen, Singapore 1941–1942 (London: Frank Cass, 1993), pp. 92–100.
24. Cited in Lyman, The Generals, p. 61.
25. Farrell, Defence and Fall, p. 115; T. R. Moreman, The Jungle, the Japanese and the British Commonwealth Armies at War 1941–45: Fighting Methods, Doctrine and Training for Jungle Warfare (London: Frank Cass, 2005), pp. 20–21.
26. Farrell, Defence and Fall, pp. 117–18.
27. John Baptist Crasta, Eaten by the Japanese: The Memoir of an Unknown Indian Prisoner of War (New York: Invisible Man Press, 2011), Kindle location 226–7.
28. Moreman, The Jungle, pp. 12–19.
29. Allen, Singapore, pp. 112–13.
30. Tsuji Masanobu, Japan’s Greatest Victory, Britain’s Worst Defeat (New York: Sarpendon Press, 1993), p. 77.
31. Bhargava and Shastri, Campaigns in South-East Asia, pp. 121–38.
32. Tsuji, Japan’s Greatest Victory, pp. 89–91.
33. Mohan Singh, Soldiers’ Contribution to Indian Independence: The Epic of the Indian National Army (New Delhi: Army Educational Stores, 1974), pp. 60–61.
34. Bhargava and Shastri, Campaigns in South-East Asia, pp. 150–51.
35. Farrell, Defence and Fall, p. 159; Bhargava and Shastri, Campaigns in South-East Asia, p. 167.
36. Bhargava and Shastri, Campaigns in South-East Asia, pp. 179–80.
37. Crasta, Eaten by the Japanese, Kindle location 260.
38. Moreman, The Jungle, p. 31.
39. Ravi Inder Singh Sidhu, As Told by Them: Personal Narratives of Indian Soldiers who Fought during World War II (New Delhi: Quills Ink Publishing, 2014), pp. 118–19.
40. Farrell, Defence and Fall, p. 202; Connell, Wavell, pp. 84–5.
41. Arthur Percival, The War in Malaya (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1949), p. 228.
42. Bisheshwar Prasad, The Retreat from Burma 1941–42 (New Delhi: Ministry of Defence, Government of India, 2014), p. 31.
43. Frank McLynn, The Burma Campaign: Disaster into Triumph 1942–45 (London: Vintage, 2011), p. 20.
44. Connell, Wavell, pp. 52–7.
45. Prasad, Retreat from Burma, pp. 46–51.
46. Moreman, The Jungle, pp. 36–7.
47. Louis Allen, Burma: The Longest War (London: J. M. Dent & Sons, 1984), p. 27.
48. Prasad, Retreat from Burma, pp. 100–101.
49. Moreman, The Jungle, p. 38.
50. Allen, Burma, pp. 33–4.
51. McLynn, Burma Campaign, p. 25.
52. Daniel Marston, Phoenix from the Ashes: The Indian Army in the Burma Campaign (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2002), pp. 63–5.
53. M. Attiqur Rahman, Back to the Pavilion (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2005).
54. Prasad, Retreat from Burma, pp. 149–52.
55. Connell, Wavell, pp. 201–2.
56. Allen, Burma, pp. 48–9.
57. McLynn, Burma Campaign, p. 27.
58. Prasad, Retreat from Burma, pp. 238–41.
59. Connell, Wavell, pp. 56, 62–4.
60. Christopher Thorne, Allies of a Kind: The United States, Britain and the War Against Japan, 1941–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), p. 187.
61. Theodore H. White (ed.), The Stilwell Papers (New York: Shocken Books, 1972), pp. 54–7.
62. Jay Taylor, The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 2009), pp. 196–9.
63. Charles F. Romanus and Riley Sunderland, United States Army in World War II, China–Burma–India Theater: Stilwell’s Mission to China (Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army, 1987, orig. pub. 1953), pp. 86, 94–6.
64. William Slim, Defeat into Victory (Dehra Dun: Natraj Publishers, 2014; first publ. 1956), pp. 39–40.
65. Rana Mitter, China’s War with Japan 1937–1945: The Struggle for Survival (London: Allen Lane, 2013), pp. 256–7.
66. Prasad, Retreat from Burma, p. 260.
67. White (ed.), Stilwell Papers, p. 88 (emphasis in original).
68. Moreman, The Jungle, p. 44 (emphasis in original document).
69. Sunil Amrith, Crossing the Bay of Bengal: The Furies of Nature and the Fortunes of Migrants (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2013), pp. 181–92.
70. Hugh Tinker, ‘A Forgotten Long March: The Indian Exodus from Burma, 1942’, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, vol. 6, no. 1 (March 1975), pp. 1–15.
71. J. H. Williams, Elephant Bill (London: Penguin Books, 1950), pp. 156–7.
72. On the longer history, see Thomas R. Trautmann, Elephants and Kings: An Environmental History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015).
73. Slim, Defeat into Victory, pp. 109–10.
9. COILS OF WAR
1. 19 September 1940, SWJN, vol. 11, p. 141.
2. Nehru to Sampurnanand, 14 December 1941; interview, 17 December 1941, SWJN, vol. 12, pp. 15–16, 33.
3. CWMG, vol. 75, pp. 188–91, 197–8, 224–5; SWJN, vol. 12, pp. 45–5.
4. Nehru to Gandhi, 5 January 1942, SWJN, vol. 12, pp. 73–4; Speech at All-India Congress Committee, 15 January 1942, CWMG, vol. 75, pp. 219–29; Rajmohan Gandhi, Rajaji: A Life (New Delhi: Penguin, 1997), p. 229.
5. Cited in Sarvepalli Gopal, Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography, vol. 1 (London: Jonathan Cape, 1975), p. 276.
6. Nehru to Jagannath, 6 March 1942, SWJN, vol. 12, pp. 150, 168–77.
7. This paragraph and the next draw on Gary R. Hess, America Encounters India
, 1941–1947 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1971), pp. 2–4; Kenton J. Clymer, Quest for Freedom: The United States and India’s Independence (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005), pp. 4–8. Also see Sujit Mukherjee, Passage to America: The Reception of Rabindranath Tagore in the United States 1912–1941 (Calcutta: Bookland, 1964).
8. Mrinalini Sinha, Specters of Mother India: The Global Restructuring of an Empire (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2007).
9. Nico Slate, Colored Cosmopolitanism: The Shared Struggle for Freedom in the United States and India (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2012); Gerald Horne, The End of Empires: African Americans and India (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2008); Asha Sharma, An American in Khadi (New Delhi: Penguin, 2000).
10. Dennis Kux, India and the United States: Estranged Democracies 1941–1991 (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1992), p. 3.
11. Clymer, Quest for Freedom, pp. 14–19.
12. Hess, America Encounters India, pp. 18–21.
13. British Aide Memoire, 17 April 1941; Hull to Halifax, 28 May 1941; Press release, 21 July 1941, FRUS, 1941, vol. 3, pp. 170–74.
14. Memorandum on ‘India and the Lend Lease Act’, 14 May 1941, File no. 2, Roosevelt Library Papers, NMML.
15. Memorandum by Berle, 5 May 1941, FRUS, 1941, vol. 3, pp. 176–7.
16. Sarvepalli Gopal, ‘Drinking Tea with Treason: Halifax in India’, in idem, Imperialists, Nationalists, Democrats: The Collected Essays (Ranikhet: Permanent Black, 2013), pp. 77–95.
17. Memorandum by Hull, 7 May 1941, FRUS, 1941, vol. 3, p. 178.
18. Winant to Hull, 1 August 1941, FRUS, 1941, vol. 3, pp. 178–9.
19. Berle to Welles, 5 August 1941; Welles to Hull, 6 August 1941, FRUS, 1941, vol. 3, pp. 179–81.
20. William Roger Louis, Imperialism at Bay: The United States and the Decolonization of the British Empire, 1941–1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978).
21. Dhananjay Keer, Veer Savarkar (Mumbai: Popular Prakashan, 2012), p. 297.
22. Erez Manela, The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007).
23. Report for August 1941, WCP, NMML.
24. Christopher Thorne, Allies of a Kind: The United States, Britain, and the War Against Japan, 1941–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), p. 61.
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