61. Fortnightly Censor Summary, 27 January to 9 February 1943, L/P&J/12/654, AAC.
62. Weekly Intelligence Summary, 28 August 1942, L/WS/1/1433, AAC.
63. Weekly Intelligence Summaries, 21 August and 16 October 1942, L/WS/1/1433, AAC.
64. Weekly Intelligence Summary, 9 October 1942, L/WS/1/1433, AAC.
65. Cited in Voigt, India in the Second World War, p. 167.
12. INDIAN NATIONAL ARMIES
1. Jan Kuhlmann, Netaji in Europe (New Delhi: Rupa, 2012), p. 119.
2. Milan Hauner, India in Axis Strategy: Germany, Japan, and Indian Nationalists in the Second World War (Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1981), p. 254. Also see, Mukund R. Vyas, Passage Through a Turbulent Era: Historical Reminiscences of the Fateful Years 1937–1947 (Bombay: Indo-Foreign Publications, 1983), p. 306.
3. Hauner, India in Axis Strategy, p. 256; Kuhlmann, Netaji in Europe, p. 51.
4. Romain Hayes, Bose in Nazi Germany (New Delhi: Random House India, 2011), pp. 41–2.
5. Hauner, India in Axis Strategy, pp. 366–7; Hayes, Bose in Nazi Germany, pp. 59–60.
6. Kuhlmann, Netaji in Europe, p. 121.
7. Rudolf Hartog, The Sign of the Tiger: Subhas Chandra Bose and his Indian Legion in Germany, 1941–45 (New Delhi: Rupa, 2001), pp. 49–52; Martin Bamber, For Free India: Indian Soldiers in Germany and Italy during the Second World War (Netherlands: Oskam-Neeven Publishers, 2010), p. 39.
8. Hayes, Bose in Nazi Germany, p. 76.
9. Kulhmann, Netaji in Europe, p. 122.
10. Hartog, Sign of the Tiger, p. 61.
11. Bamber, For Free India, p. 51.
12. Intelligence reports in WO 311/41, TNA; Hayes, Bose in Nazi Germany, pp. 193–4.
13. Hartog, Sign of the Tiger, pp. 55–6; Bamber, For Free India, pp. 51–2.
14. Swami Agehananda Bharati, The Ochre Robe (London: Allen & Unwin, 1961), pp. 25–85.
15. Hartog, Sign of the Tiger, p. 79.
16. Iwaichi Fujiwara, F Kikan: Japanese Army Intelligence Operations in Southeast Asia during World War II (Hong Kong: Heinemann Educational Books, 1983), pp. 27–32.
17. Joyce Chapman Lebra, The Indian National Army and Japan (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008, originally published 1971), pp. 18–25.
18. Appendix B, CSDIC (I) Report No. 1007, WO 208/833, TNA.
19. Mohan Singh to Fujiwara, 31 December 1941; Note on role of Fujiwara Kikan volunteers, T. R. Sareen (ed.), Select Documents on the Indian National Army (Delhi: Agam Prakashan, 1988), pp. 4–7, 24–33.
20. Fujiwara, F Kikan, pp. 180–87.
21. Memorandum by the Secretary of State for India, 20 October 1945, TP, vol. 6, p. 369.
22. Pradeep Barua, Gentlemen of the Raj: The Indian Army Officer Corps, 1817–1949 (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2003), p. 116; Apurba Kundu, Militarism in India: The Army and Civil Society in Consensus (London: I. B. Tauris, 1998), p. 54.
23. Memorandum by the Secretary of State for India, 30 January 1942, CAB 66/21/34, TNA.
24. Weekly Intelligence Summary, 8 May 1942, L/WS/1/1433, AAC.
25. Note by an Indian ECO, n.d. (c. 1 April 1943), L/WS/1/1576, AAC.
26. Extracts from a letter from a KCIO to Director of Military Intelligence, 13 March 1943, L/WS/1/1576, AAC.
27. Weekly Intelligence Summary, 22 May 1942, L/WS/1/1433, AAC.
28. A. O. Mitha, Unlikely Beginnings: A Soldier’s Life (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 54.
29. ‘Without a Shot in Anger’, TS Memoir, P. W. Kingsford Papers, IWM. See also Ralph Russell, Findings, Keepings: Life, Communism and Everything (London: Shola Books, 2001).
30. Chandar Sundaram, ‘Seditious Letters and Steel Helmets: Disaffection among Indian Troops in Singapore and Hong Kong, 1940–41, and the Formation of the Indian Army’, in Kaushik Roy (ed.), War and Society in Colonial India (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2006), pp. 134, 138; Tarak Barkawi, ‘Culture and Combat in the Colonies: The Indian Army in the Second World War’, Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 41, no. 2 (2006), pp. 333–4; Kaushik Roy, ‘Military Loyalty in the Colonial Context: A Case Study of the Indian Army during World War II’, Journal of Military History, vol. 73, no. 2 (April 2009), p. 509.
31. Military Censor Summary, 19 August to 25 August 1942, L/P&J/12/654, AAC.
32. Note by an Indian ECO, n.d. (c. 1 April 1943), L/WS/1/1576, AAC.
33. Ibid.
34. Namrata Narain, ‘Co-option and Control: Role of the Colonial Army in India, 1918–1947’, PhD thesis, Cambridge University, 1993, p. 223.
35. Weekly Intelligence Summary, 22 May 1942, L/WS/1/1433; Extracts from a letter from a KCIO to Director of Military Intelligence, 13 March 1943, L/WS/1/1576, AAC.
36. Sundaram, ‘Seditious Letters’, pp. 135–6, 139.
37. Barkawi, ‘Culture and Combat’, p. 340.
38. Mohan Singh, Soldiers’ Contribution to Indian Independence: The Epic of the Indian National Army (New Delhi: Army Educational Stores, 1974), p. 97.
39. Christopher Bayly and Tim Harper, Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941–1945 (London: Allen Lane, 2004), p. 147; Narain, ‘Co-option and Control’, p. 227.
40. G. J. Douds, ‘The Men who Never Were: Indian POWs in the Second World War’, South Asia, vol. 27, no. 2 (2004), pp. 196–7.
41. Gajendra Singh, The Testimonies of Indian Soldiers and the Two World Wars (London: Bloomsbury, 2014), p. 163; Narain, ‘Co-option and Control’, p. 228.
42. Roy, ‘Military Loyalty’, pp. 512–13.
43. Singh, Testimonies of Indian Soldiers, pp. 176–7; Narain, ‘Co-option and Control’, p. 226.
44. Douds, ‘Indian POWs’, pp. 201–6.
45. T. R. Sareen, Indian Revolutionaries, Japan and British Imperialism (New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 1993), pp. 1–56.
46. Lebra, The Indian National Army and Japan, p. 52.
47. Fujiwara, F Kikan, pp. 238–46.
48. Sugata Bose, His Majesty’s Opponent: Subhas Chandra Bose and India’s Struggle Against Empire (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 2011), p. 243.
49. Shah Nawaz Khan, My Memories of INA and its Netaji (Delhi: Rajkamal Publications, 1946), passim.
50. Sunil Amrith, Crossing the Bay of Bengal: The Furies of Nature and the Fortunes of Migrants (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2013).
51. Joyce Chapman Lebra, Women Against the Raj: The Rani of Jhansi Regiment (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008).
52. Lebra, The Indian National Army and Japan, pp. 123–4; Bose, His Majesty’s Opponent, pp. 251–2.
53. South-East Asia Translation and Interrogation Centre, Bulletin No. 232, Item 2137, WO 203/6312, TNA.
54. Bose, His Majesty’s Opponent, p. 260.
13. ALLIES AT WAR
1. Frank Moraes, Witness to an Era: India 1920 to the Present Day (Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1973), pp. 110–11.
2. Fortnightly Censor Summary, 25 August to 7 September 1943, L/P&J/12/655, AAC.
3. Weekly Intelligence Summary, 16 July 1943, L/WS/1/1433, AAC.
4. Untitled TS Memoir, Virginia K. Franklin Papers, IWM.
5. Nayantara Pothen, Glittering Decades: New Delhi in Love and War (New Delhi: Penguin, 2012), pp. 68–9.
6. Nico Slate, Colored Cosmopolitanism: The Shared Struggle for Freedom in the United States and India (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2012), pp. 152–5.
7. Gerald Horne, The End of Empires: African Americans and India (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2008), p. 163.
8. Charles F. Romanus and Riley Sunderland, United States Army in World War II, China–Burma–India Theater: Stilwell’s Mission to China (Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army, 1987, orig. pub. 1953), p. 151.
9. Barbara Tuchman, Sand Against the Wind: Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–45 (New York: Macmillan, 1970), p. 301.
10. http://cbi-theater-5.home.comcast.net/~cbi-theater-5/ramgarh/ramgarh.html.
&
nbsp; 11. Romanus and Sunderland, Stilwell’s Mission, pp. 212–19.
12. Tuchman, Sand Against the Wind, pp. 328, 331.
13. Exchanges between Delhi and London over Chinese troops in Ramgarh can be followed in WO 106/3547, TNA.
14. Theodore H. White (ed.), The Stilwell Papers (New York: Shocken Books, 1972), pp. 161, 163.
15. Linlithgow to Amery, 25 February 1943, cited in Christopher Thorne, Allies of a Kind: The United States, Britain, and the War Against Japan, 1941–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), p. 310.
16. Wavell to Chiefs of Staff, 3 June 1943; Minutes of Chiefs of Staff Meeting, 23 July 1943, WO 106/3547, TNA.
17. Jay Taylor, The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 2009), pp. 211–16.
18. Romanus and Sunderland, Stilwell’s Mission, pp. 177–83.
19. Memorandum by Davies in Gauss to Secretary of State, 12 August 1942, FRUS, China 1942, p. 129.
20. John Connell, Wavell: Supreme Commander 1941–1943 (London: Collins, 1969), pp. 236–9.
21. S. Woodburn Kirby, The War Against Japan Volume II: India’s Most Dangerous Hour (London: HMSO, 1958), pp. 235–6.
22. Romanus and Sunderland, Stilwell’s Mission, pp. 226–8; Woodburn Kirby, India’s Most Dangerous Hour, pp. 291–2.
23. Woodburn Kirby, India’s Most Dangerous Hour, p. 294.
24. White (ed.), Stilwell Papers, p. 171.
25. Romanus and Sunderland, Stilwell’s Mission, pp. 247–9.
26. Philip Mason, A Shaft of Sunlight: Memories of a Varied Life (London: Andre Deutsch, 1978), p. 168.
27. Romanus and Sunderland, Stilwell’s Mission, pp. 258–60; Woodburn Kirby, India’s Most Dangerous Hour, pp. 295–7.
28. Michael Howard, Grand Strategy Volume IV: August 1942–September 1943 (London: HMSO, 1970), pp. 248–9.
29. Romanus and Sunderland, Stilwell’s Mission, pp. 270–71.
30. Tuchman, Sand Against the Wind, p. 356.
31. Woodburn Kirby, India’s Most Dangerous Hour, pp. 362–3.
32. N. N. Madan, The Arakan Operations 1942–45 (New Delhi: Ministry of Defence, Government of India, 2012), pp. 20–21.
33. Philip Mason, A Matter of Honour (London: Jonathan Cape, 1974), pp. 493–4.
34. Madan, The Arakan Operations, p. 18.
35. Connell, Wavell, p. 239.
36. T. R. Moreman, The Jungle, the Japanese and the British Commonwealth Armies at War 1941–45: Fighting Methods, Doctrine and Training for Jungle Warfare (London: Frank Cass, 2005), pp. 46, 51 (emphasis in original).
37. Daniel Marston, Phoenix from the Ashes: The Indian Army in the Burma Campaign (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2002), pp. 81–3.
38. Moreman, The Jungle, p. 63.
39. Louis Allen, Burma: The Longest War (London: J. M. Dent & Sons, 1984), pp. 100–101.
40. Woodburn Kirby, India’s Most Dangerous Hour, p. 348; Madan, The Arakan Operations, pp. 66–71.
41. Allen, Burma, p. 113.
42. Woodburn Kirby, India’s Most Dangerous Hour, pp. 368–9.
43. Howard, Grand Strategy, pp. 397–404.
44. Winston Churchill, The Second World War Volume IV: The Hinge of Fate (London: Penguin Classics, 2005), p. 702.
45. Howard, Grand Strategy, p. 445.
46. Woodburn Kirby, India’s Most Dangerous Hour, pp. 370–71.
47. Penderel Moon (ed.), Wavell: The Viceroy’s Journal (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973), p. 5.
48. Victoria Schofield, Wavell: Soldier & Statesman (London: John Murray, 2006), p. 295.
49. Thorne, Allies of a Kind, p. 298.
50. Howard, Grand Strategy, pp. 573–4; Woodburn Kirby, India’s Most Dangerous Hour, pp. 419–22.
51. Romanus and Sunderland, Stilwell’s Mission, p. 359.
52. Memorandum by Davies, 21 October 1943, cited in J. H. Voigt, India in the Second World War (New Delhi: Arnold-Heinemann, 1987), p. 222; Merrell to Secretary of State, 23 October 1943, FRUS, China 1943, pp. 879–80.
53. Thorne, Allies of a Kind, p. 337.
54. Memorandum by Davies, December 1943, FRUS, China 1943, pp. 188–9.
55. Philip Ziegler, Mountbatten: The Official Biography (Glasgow: William Collins, 1985), p. 245.
56. S. Woodburn Kirby, The War Against Japan Volume III: The Decisive Battles (London: HMSO, 1961), pp. 14–15.
57. White (ed.), Stilwell Papers, pp. 277–8.
58. Charles F. Romanus and Riley Sunderland, United States Army in World War II, China–Burma–India Theater: Stilwell’s Command Problems (Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army, 1985, orig. pub. 1956), pp. 57–70.
59. Rana Mitter, China’s War with Japan, 1937–1945: The Struggle for Survival (London: Allen Lane, 2013), p. 314.
60. Woodburn Kirby, Decisive Battles, pp. 58–66.
61. Tuchman, Sand Against the Wind, p. 431.
14. WAR ECONOMY
1. D. R. Mankekar, Homi Mody: A Many Splendoured Life (Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1968), pp. 156–7, 163–5.
2. Secretary of State for India to Secretary, Defence Department, 30 January 1942, ECO/36/42, NAI.
3. Note on Preparations for War in Eastern India by E. M. Jenkins, 2 March 1942, ECO/41/42, NAI.
4. Medha M. Kudaisya, The Life and Times of G. D. Birla (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 221 n. 87.
5. Letter of 4 August 1942, cited in Frank Moraes, Sir Purshotamdas Thakurdas (Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1967), pp. 219–22.
6. Dwijendra Tripathi, The Dynamics of a Tradition: Kasturbhai Lalbhai and His Entrepreneurship (New Delhi: Manohar, 1981), p. 86.
7. Note by Cripps, 2 September 1942, TP, vol. 2, pp. 882–4.
8. Churchill to Cripps and Amery, 20 September 1942, TP, vol. 2, p. 999.
9. Amery to Cripps, 2 October 1942; Mudaliar to Linlithgow, 2 October 1942, TP, vol. 3, pp. 69–71.
10. Louis Fischer, The Life of Mahatma Gandhi (London: HarperCollins, 1997; first published 1951) pp. 482–4.
11. Memorandum by Secretary of State for India, 6 February 1943, CAB 66/34/7, TNA.
12. Amery to Linlithgow, TP, vol. 3, pp. 631–2.
13. Report of the American Technical Mission to India, WO 32/10269, TNA.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. James M. Ehrman, ‘Ways of War and the American Experience in the China-Burma-India Theater, 1942–1945’, PhD thesis, Kansas State University, 2006, p. 49.
17. Cf. Mark Harrison (ed.), The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
18. S. C. Aggarwal, History of the Supply Department (1939–1946) (Delhi: Government of India, 1947), pp. 127–9.
19. Statistics Relating to India’s War Effort (Delhi: Government of India, 1947), Table 9.
20. Statistics Relating to India’s War Effort, Table 15.
21. Tata Iron and Steel Company, Annual Report 1942–43, Tata Archives, Jamshedpur.
22. Dwijendra Tripathi and Makrand Mehta, Business Houses in Western India: A Study in Entrepreneurial Response, 1850–1956 (New Delhi: Manohar, 1990), pp. 140–41.
23. Aggarwal, History of the Supply Department, pp. 198–201; N. C. Sinha and P. N. Khera, Indian War Economy: Supply, Industry and Finance (New Delhi: Combined Inter-Services Historical Section, India & Pakistan, 1962), p. 269.
24. Calculated from S. Sivasubramonian, The National Income of India in the Twentieth Century (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000), Tables 2.10, 6.10.
25. Jan Breman, The Making and Unmaking of an Industrial Working Class: Sliding down the Labour Hierarchy in Ahmedabad, India (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 79.
26. Calculated from S. Subramanian and P. W. R. Homfray, Recent Social and Economic Trends in India (Delhi: Government of India, 1946), Table 17. Aggregate data for the rest of the war years is unavailable.
27. Calculated from Arun Joshi, Lala Shri Ram: A S
tudy in Entrepreneurship and Management (New Delhi: Orient Longman, 1975), p. 300, Table 44.
28. Tripathi, Kasturbhai Lalbhai, p. 87, Table V.2.
29. Tripathi and Mehta, Business Houses in Western India, pp. 170–77.
30. Calculated from Indian Labour Yearbook 1946 (Delhi: Government of India, 1948), pp. 3, 262, Table 74.
31. Ibid., p. 114, Table 23.
32. Neera Adarkar and Meena Menon, One Hundred Years One Hundred Voices: The Millworkers of Girangaon, An Oral History (Calcutta: Seagull Books, 2004), pp. 177–8.
33. Fortnightly report from Bombay, 16 July 1942, NAI.
34. See fortnightly reports from United Provinces, Bihar, Bombay and Madras for July–November 1942, NAI.
35. Avinash Celestine, ‘State Power and the Collapse of a Colonial War Economy: India 1939–45’, MA thesis, London School of Economics, 2007, pp. 28–32.
36. S. Woodburn Kirby, The War Against Japan: Volume III The Decisive Battles (London: HMSO, 1961), p. 20.
37. Monthly Report by Secretary of State for India, April 1944, WCP, NMML.
38. Bishwa Mohan Prasad, Second World War and Indian Industry 1939–45: A Case Study of the Coal Industry in Bengal and Bihar (Delhi: Anamika Prakashan, 1992), pp. 232–3.
39. Woodburn Kirby, Decisive Battles, p. 11; Prasad, Coal Industry, pp. 132–3; Supply Department note on Rationalization of the Jute Mill Industry, 26 June 1942, ECO/89/42, NAI.
40. Speech by Principal Administrative Officer to Defence Consultative Committee, 5 August 1944, Lindsell 3/3, Lindsell Papers, LHCMA.
41. A. K. Chettiar, ‘Chennai Nagaram, 1942’, Kumari Malar, 1 April 1943, p. 112.
42. E. P. Stebbing, The Forests of India Volume IV: Being the History from 1925 to 1947 of the Forests now in Burma, India and Pakistan (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962), pp. 145–63 (quote on p. 150).
43. Celestine, ‘State Power and Collapse of a Colonial War Economy’, pp. 25–6.
44. Letters exchanged on financial agreement, February 1940, in Sinha and Khera, Indian War Economy, Appendix 24.
45. R. S. Sayers, Financial Policy 1939–45 (London: HMSO, 1956), p. 254.
46. For details, see S. L. N. Simha, The Reserve Bank of India Volume 1: 1935–1951 (Bombay: Reserve Bank of India, 1970), pp. 377–404.
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