Miksic, John N. Archaeological Research on the ‘Forbidden Hill’ of Singapore: Excavations at Fort Canning 1984 1985
—Borobudur: Golden Tales of the Buddha photographs Marcello Tranchini 1990
Milton, Giles Nathaniel’s Nutmeg 1999
Minto, Countess of (ed.) Lord Minto in India: Life and Letters of Gilbert Elliot, First Earl of Minto, from 1897 to 1814 1880
Mitchell, David The Thousand Autumns of Jacob de Zoet (novel) 2010
Mitchell, P. Chalmers Centenary History of the Zoological Society 1929
Morton, Rev. James The Poetical Remains of the late Dr John Leyden with Memoirs of his Life 1819
Nicolson, Adam Men of Honour: Trafalgar and the Making of the English Hero 2005
O’Brian, Patrick H.M.S. Surprise 1973 (novel)
O’Brian, Patrick The Thirteen-Gun Salute 1989 (novel)
O’Brian, Patrick The Nutmeg of Consolation 1991 (novel)
Pearson, H.F. This Other India: A Biography of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles 1957
Philips, C.H. The East India Company 1784–1834 1940
Prinsep, Mrs A. Voyage from Calcutta to Van Diemen’s Land 1829
Raffles, Lady (Sophia) Memoir of the Life and Public Services of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles 1830; facsimile edition with intro by John Bastin 1991
Raffles, Thomas Stamford Review of the Administration, Value and State of the Colony of Java with its Dependencies: As it was, – as it is, – and as it may be 1816
—The History of Java Vols 1 and 2 1817. Facsimile reprint 1988 intro John Bastin.
Raffles, the Rev. Thomas Letters, during a Tour through some parts of France, Savoy, Switzerland, Germany, and the Netherlands, in the Summer of 1817 1818
Raffles, Thomas Stamford BA, of the Inner Temple, Stipendiary Magistrate for the Borough of Liverpool Memoirs of the Life and Ministry of the Rev. Thomas Raffles, D.D., LL.D, etc 1864
Ramsden, Lady Guendolen Correspondence of Two Brothers: Edward Adolphus, Eleventh Duke of Somerset, and his Brother, Lord Webb Seymour, 1800 to 1819 and After 1906
Ricklefs, M.C. A History of Modern Indonesia 1981
Sadler, Thomas (ed.) Crabb Robinson (1775–1867) Diary, Reminiscences, and Correspondence 2nd ed. 1869
Scherren, Henry The Zoological Society of London: A Sketch of its Foundation and Management 1905
Said, Edward Orientalism 1978
Sheppard, Tan Sri Dato Mubin [sic] Singapore 150 Years (sel. docs) 1973
Smith, Adam An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations 1776
Smith, Cecil Woodham Queen Victoria: Her Life and Times Vol. 1 1972
Solomon, Eli Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles: A Comprehensive Bibliography 1997
Spencer, Alfred (ed.) Memoirs of Sir William Hickey Vol. IV 1925
Stern, Philip J. The Company-State: Corporate Sovereignty and the Early Modern Foundations of the British Empire in India 2011
Stockdale, John Joseph The Island of Java 1811
Sweet, Michael J. and others Raffles: Book of Days 1993
Swettenham, Sir Frank British Malaya 1907
Talfourd, Thomas Noon Letters of Charles Lamb with a Sketch of his Life 1849
Tarling, Nicholas (ed.) The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia 2 vols 1992; 4 vols (with supplementary material) 1999
Taylor, Jean Gelman The Social World of Batavia: European and Eurasian in Dutch Asia 1983
Temperley, H. The Foreign Policy of Canning 1925
Thorn, Major William The Conquest of Java 1815 (reprint with intro by John Bastin 2004)
—Memoirs of Sir R.R. Gillespie 1816
Tomkins, Stephen William Wilberforce 2007
Trapaud, Elisha A Short Account of Prince of Wales Island in the East-Indies given to Capt. Light by the King of Kedah ed. and intro John Bastin 1962
Wallace, Alfred Russel The Malay Archipelago 1869
Wathen, J. Journal of a Voyage in 1811 and 1812 to Madras and China 1814
Webster, Anthony The Richest East India Merchant: The Life and Business of John Palmer of Calcutta 1767–1836 2009
Williamson, Capt. Thomas The East India Vade-Mecum 1810
Walford, Edward Old and New London Vol. 6 (Deptford) 1878
Wurtzburg, C.E. Raffles of the Eastern Isles 1954
Periodicals
Bastin, John (ed.) ‘The Journal of Thomas Otho Travers 1813–1820’ Memoirs of the Raffles Museum No. 4 May 1957
—‘The Western Element in Modern Southeast Asian History’ Papers on Southeast Asian Subjects No 2, U. of Malaya in Kuala Lumpur 1960
—‘The Working of the Early Land Rate System in West Java’ KITLV Vol. 116 1960
—‘The Raffles Gamelan’ KITLV Vol. 127 1971
—‘ Dr Joseph Arnold and the Discovery of Rafflesia Arnoldi in West Sumatra in 1818’ Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History Vol. 6 October 1973
—‘The Letters of Sir Stamford Raffles to Nathaniel Wallich’ MBRAS Reprint No. 8 1981
—‘Sir Stamford Raffles and the Study of Natural History in Penang, Singapore and Indonesia’ JMBRAS Vol. LXIII Part II December 1990
—‘Raffles’s Aides-de-Camp in Java’ JMBRAS Vol. 65 June 1992
—‘Abdullah and Siami’ JMBRAS Vol. 81 June 2008
Carey, Peter ‘Sexuality and Power’ Newsletter, International Institute for Asian Studies (Leiden) 2010
Cowan, C.D. ‘Early Penang and the Rise of Singapore 1805–1832’ (sel. docs) JMBRAS Vol. XXIII Part 2 1950
Gibson-Hill C.A. ‘Raffles, Acheh and the Order of the Golden Sword’ JMBRAS Vol. XXIX May 1956
Hill, A.H. (trs. and notes) ‘The Hikayat Abdullah: an annotated translation’ JMBRAS Vol. XXVIII June 1955
Hoffman, John ‘A Foreign Investment: Indies Malay to 1901’ Indonesia (Cornell) Vol. 27 1979
Khoo, J.C.M, C.G. Kwa and L.Y. Khoo ‘The Death of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles (1781–1826)’ Singapore Medical Journal Vol. 39 1998
Lee, Kam Hing and Dr Ahmat Adam ‘Raffles and the Order of the Golden Sword’ JMBRAS Vol. LXIII December 1990
Lohuizen-de Leeuw J.E. van ‘Which European first recorded the unique Dvarapala of Borobudur?’ KITLV Vol. 138 1982
Shelford, W.H. ‘Raffles’ Grave’ British Malaya July 1926
Weatherbee, Donald E. ‘Raffles’ Sources for Traditional Javanese Historiography and the Mackenzie Collections’ Indonesia (Cornell) Vol. 26 October 1978
Prince of Wales Island Gazette
Java Government Gazette
Asiatic Journal and Monthly Miscellany
Oriental Herald (Calcutta)
Journal of the Indian Archipelago and East Asia
Burke’s Annual Register
Cobbett’s Parliamentary Debates
Edinburgh Review
Quarterly Review
National Register
The Literary Gazette
The London Magazine
The Gentleman’s Magazine
The Saturday Magazine
*
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
Victoria County Histories
Survey of London Vols 24 & 25
Burke’s Landed Gentry
London Metropolitan Police Archives
And a great many websites, with special appreciation of British History Online
Lectures. Papers, Dissertations
Gallop, Annabel Teh ‘Illumination: the Art of the Malay Letter’ University of Sidney June 2007
—‘Raffles and the Art of the Malay Letter’ British Library June 2009
Hanson, Ingrid ‘Raffles’ Drawings at the BM: An Analysis’ School of Oriental and African Studies, U. of London 2009
Knapman, Gareth ‘Race, Empire and Liberalism: Interpreting John Crawfurd’s History of the Indian Archipelago’ Asian Studies Association of Australia, Melbourne July 2008
Mault, Natalie A. ‘Java as a Western Construct: An Examination of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles’ The History of Java’ Louisiana State University 2005
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Wright, Nadia ‘Sir Stamford Raffles – a Manufactured Hero?’ Asian Studies Association of Australia, Melbourne July 2008
Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogues
Archer, Mildred, and John Bastin The Raffles Drawings in the India Office Library, London 1978
Noltie, Henry J. Raffles’ Ark Redrawn: Natural History Drawings from the Collection of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 2009
Polunin, Ivan and Kwa Chong Guan with introduction by John Bastin The William Farquhar Collection of Natural History Drawings Goh Geok Khim 2 vols 1999
Sloan, Kim (ed.) Enlightenment: Discovering the World in the Eighteenth Century British Museum 2003
Unpublished
Bullough, Nigel ‘The Minto Stone: its History and Significance and a Plan for its Restitution’ Internet post 3 May 2005 Hannigan, Tim ‘Sultans, Sepoys and Englishmen: Stamford Raffles and the Invasion of Java’
List of Illustrations
Frontispiece: Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles (1781–1826), by James Lonsdale, (1777–1839): Private Collection/The Bridgeman Art Library
Colour plate section
1. Portrait of Raffles by George Francis Joseph (1817) (© National Portrait Gallery)
2. Raffles’ father Captain Benjamin Raffles (private collection)
3. A drawing of his mother Anne, courtesy of the Trustees of the Estate of Athene Sanders
4. The Rev. Thomas Raffles, first cousin. Engraving by E. Bocquet, 1814
5. Raffles’ first wife Olivia, miniature by Nathaniel Plimmer, 1805
6. India House, headquarters of the East India Company in Leadenhall Street, from Ackermann’s Views of London
7. Raffles’ sister Maryanne (private collection)
8. Maryanne’s second husband, Captain William Flint (private collection)
9. ‘Charley Boy’, aged five (private collection)
10. Raffles’ second wife Sophia, copy of oil by A.R. Chalon (private collection)
11. Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, copy of oil by A,R, Chalon (private collection)
12. Bust of Ella Raffles (private collection)
13. Princess Charlotte (1796–1817), only daughter of the Prince Regent, bust attributed to Peter Rouw
14. William Farquhar, first Resident and Commandant of Singapore by J. Graham, 1832, courtesy of Mrs Wendy Lumsden
15. John Palmer, the Calcutta merchant (private collection)
16. Lord Minto, Governor-General of India by G. Chinnery (private collection)
17. Robert Rollo Gillespie, engraving from untraced original by G. Chinnery
18. Borobudur, Central Java, engraving 1847
19. Dick the Papuan Boy, by William Daniell, from Raffles’ The History of Java
20. A head of Buddha from Borobudur (Raffles’ collection)
21. Javanese shadow puppet (Raffles’ collection)
22. Buitenzorg, his country residence when Lieutenant-Governor of Java, from Sophia Raffles’ Memoir 1830
23. Permatang Balam, the house he built for his growing family when Lieutenant-Governor of Bencoolen, watercolour, 1823
24. Malacca on the Malaysian pensinsula, engraving 1807
25. Bencoolen on the west coast of Sumatra, aquatint 1799
26/27. Singapore: Two views of the new settlement from Government Hill, 1820s
28. An imagined depiction of the fire on the Fame, engraving from Stationer’s Almanack 1825
29. The Asian Tapir (Raffles’ collection)
30. Rafflesia arnoldii (Raffles’ collection)
31. The First Marquess of Hastings, Governor-General of India (private collection/The Bridgman Art Library)
32. The Duchess of Somerset from Ramsden, Correspondence of Two Brothers (see bibliography)
33. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart., engraving from portrait by James Lonsdale
34. Captain Thomas Otho Travers, Raffles’ ADC and loyal friend (private collection, reproduced in C.E. Wurtzburg, Raffles of the Eastern Isles)
35. East Street in the village of Walworth, from John Bastin, Letters and Books (see bibliography)
36. Highwood, Mill Hill, Raffles’ final home, watercolour by Terence Millington
37. Sir Everard Home FRS (© The Royal Society)
38. Artist’s impression of arterio-venous malformation in Raffles’ skull by L.Y. Khoo
39. Raffles’ monument by Chantrey in Westminster Abbey (© Westminster Abbey)
40. Raffles’ statue on Boat Quay, Singapore
Index
A
Abdul Rahman, Sultan of Johore 1, 210
Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir 47–8, 52, 69–71, 75, 76, 80, 81, 84, 267–8
Acheen (Aceh) 36–7, 49, 73–4, 197, 210, 213, 214–15, 223–5
Adam, John 210
Addenbrooke, Colonel 203, 218, 226
African Institution 282–3
Ainslie, Dr Donald 136–8
Alceste (ship) 185
Amboyna (Ambon) 59
America 83, 95–6
Amherst, Lord 185
Anacreon (Moore) 21
Anderson, John 213, 214, 224
Ann (ship) 3, 6
Antiaris toxicaria 121–3
Apreece, Jane 161
Arabs 83
Arnold, Dr Joseph 135–6, 145, 201–2, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207
Asiatic Journal, The 167, 303–4
Asiatic Society 282, 305
Assey, Charles 97, 132, 145
Association of British Malaya 297
Astell, William 282
Auber, Captain Harry 191, 238
Auber, Mary Jane 172, 310
Auber, Peter 172–3, 235, 236–7, 241, 270–1
Auchtermuty, General Sir Samuel 76, 88, 89, 94
B
Badaruddin, Sultan of Palembang 99, 100, 208
Baker, Captain George 134, 135, 143, 166
Bali, Rajah of 82
Banca 72, 99, 205
Banjarmasin 98–9
Bank of England 287–8
Banks, Sir Joseph 156, 157–8, 161, 162, 176, 203
Bannerman, Colonel J.A. 210, 212–13, 214, 216, 222, 223, 224, 228
Bantam 114, 115
Barbauld, Anna Letitia 190
Barlow, Sir George 61
Barrow, John 234
Bastin, John 114, 199
Bataks 230, 231
Batavia (Jakarta) 61, 62, 68, 87–8, 96, 123, 130, 138–9
Batavian Society of Arts and Science 121, 136
Bell, Dr B. 272, 274
Bencoolen (Bengkulu) 209
Fame fire 273–7
missionaries 244
passage to 191–5, 196–7
Permatang Balan 205, 235
Raffles xi, 235–7, 257
Raffles’ appointment 125–6, 148, 171, 183–4
Raffles’ arrival 197–8
Raffles’ departure 271–3
Raffles’ expedition 201–4
Raffles’ resignation 240
Raffles’ return to 226–8, 231, 269
Rafflesia arnoldii 201–3
and Singapore 215, 220, 221
slaves 198–9
sugar plantation 288
Treaty of London 279
Bengal 8, 10, 15
and Bencoolen 198
and Java 93
and Malacca 42
and Penang 30
Bentham, Jeremy 190
Bernard, Esther 260, 303
Bernard, Francis 221, 244, 245, 260, 261, 262, 263, 303
Bertrand, Count 150, 151
Bertrand, Countess 150
Billiton 99
Bingley, Thomas 3, 7
Bird, Isabella 46, 47, 52
Black, Parbury and Allen 188
Blagrave, Charles 97, 116, 117, 127, 134
Blakiston, John 90
Blenheim (ship) 37
Borneo 77, 85, 98, 310
Borneo (ship) 240, 241, 271
Borobudur 134–5, 143, 153, 188
Botanic Garden, The (Darwin) 122
Botanical Magazine 6
Boulger, Demetrius Charles 300
British Museum 187–8, 308–9
Bromo, Mount 143
Bronte, Charlotte 123
Brooke, James 309–10
Broughton, Commodore W.R. 79, 85
Brown, Harriet 3, 207
Cheltenham 164
Hampstead 155
Java 94, 96
marriage 165
Penang 57, 65, 81, 82
Brown, John 246
Brown, Robert 203
Brown, Thomas 165
Bruce, C.A. 58, 65, 67, 79
Brussels 180, 181
Buckinghamshire, Earl of 144, 146
Buitenzorg 96, 136, 139, 140, 199–200
Bukit Kabut 205
Bunsen, Baron de 306, 309
Bunsen, Frances, Baroness de 306, 309, 310
Burke, Edmund 59
Burslem, Colonel Nathaniel 147
Burslem, Rollo Gillespie 147
Byron, Lord 18, 160, 182, 184
C
Calcutta 58–9, 74, 208, 212, 221, 242, 304
cannibalism 230
Canning, George 165, 183, 235, 279, 283
Canova 307
capital punishment 230–1, 256
Carimata (Karimata) Straits 77, 85
Caroline, Princess 174–5
Castle Stewart, Earl 301
Castlereagh, Lord 61
Chalons, E.A. 307
Chantrey, Francis 299–300, 307
Charlotte, Princess 174–6, 177, 193
Charlotte, Queen 175, 176, 185
Cheltenham 156, 163–4, 173, 280–1, 284
Cheribon 115
Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage (Byron) 160
China 8, 185
Chinese 38, 83
Java 110, 112, 114, 115, 119, 132
Malacca 43, 46, 53
Singapore 1, 226, 247, 250
Chinnery, George 126
chop 69
Christianity 242–4, 251
Ciceroa 145
Circassian 18
Circassian Bride, The 18
Clairmont, Clair 182
Clubley, William 32, 40, 51, 52
coffee 50, 88, 96, 116
Colburn, Henry 28
Coleman, George 248, 249
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 4, 154, 182, 190
Colman, George 139
Conrad, Joseph 86
Cook, Captain James 157, 172
Coombs, Captain John Monckton 210, 211, 213, 223, 224–5
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