Spice: The History of a Temptation
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Coca-Cola 359
Cockayne 110–12
Coen, Jan Pieterszoon 336
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 51
Columbus Christopher xxix, xxxi, 3–14, 45, 54–7, 348
Comitibus, Nicolaus de 204
Compagnie des Indes 340
Company of Grocers 116
Connecticut xxxvi
Conrad, Joseph 40
Constantine I, Roman Emperor 93, 288, 297
Constantine the African 212, 220, 224, 225
De coita 212–13
Liber minor de coita 229
Constantinople 107, 108, 116, 153
cookbooks: Dark Ages 98–9
medieval 119,120,137,144–5,155. 158–9
post-sixteenth-century 346–7, 349–50
Roman 75–9, 98
Coptic Church 303
Corbeil, Gilles 196
Corbie monastery 102
coriander xxxiv, 354
in ancient times 62
Greek use of 62, 276
mummification 168
Roman use of 61, 81
sacred associations 268
Corippus 165
Cortés, Hernán 11
Cosmas Indicopleustes 100
costus 65, 97, 98
Cristal et Claire 128
Crónica de D. Dinis 195
Crusades 112, 114–15, 176–7, 187
Cuba 8, 9
cubeb pepper 110fn, 255
cuisine, see food
Cuisinière bourgeoise, La 349
Culpeper, Nicholas 357
cumin xxxiv, 317–18, 354
in ancient times 62
fanerary use 179
Greek use 62, 276
medical use 191
Roman use 76, 81
Cuneo, Michele de 11
Curcuma 51fn
currency, spices as 102–3, 113, 329
Damian, Peter 45–6, 113, 244, 253, 310–11
Book of Gomorrah 46
Daniel of Beccles: Urbanas 158
Dante Alighieri 200, 252fn.
Inferno 67fn, 295, 327–8
Dark Ages 92–105
Davenport, John 220fn
‘Debate of the Body and the Soul’ 151–2
decadence 86–7, 89–91, 108
Deir al Bahri, Egypt 274, 275
Dentatus, Manius Curius 86
Deschamps, Eustache 126, 131
‘Tale of the Four Offices’ 121–2
Detti, Guido di 23
Diamond, Jared xxx
Diaz, Bartolomeu 14
Dickens, Charles: A Tale of Two Cities
dietetics 98, 121, 137–44, 187, 189
Dio Cassius 87
Diocletian, Roman Emperor 171, 285
Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse 86
Dionysius Exiguus 287
Dionysius the Areopagite 298, 303
Dioscorides: De Materia Medica 192
disapproval xxx, xxxi
in Age of Discovery 253–4
Biblical 250–1
of cinnamon 248–52
clerical 172, 226–7, 249–50, 309–24
in early Middle Ages 105, 108
of erotic effects 215–16, 225–7, 310
of luxury 325–32
in Middle Ages 251–3
of perfumes 238, 241–3, 244
of religious use 280, 282–6, 298
Roman moralists 86–91, 248
of spice trade 329–31
Discovery, Age of 3–26, 253–4, 330
‘Dispute Between Wine and Water’ 129–30
Domitian, Roman Emperor 71
Donne, John 199–200, 231, 235
Dostoyevsky, Fyodor 295
Drake, Sir Francis 42
drinks: ale 132–5
Coca-Cola 359
spiced wine 128–32, 142, 155, 169, 211, 216, 270, 293, 316, 328
Dryden, John 87, 89, 352
Amboyna 43
Duché, Jacques 149
Dutch East India Company (VOC) 44, 84, 231,. 331,. 335–7, 339. 342, 344–5, 346, 351
East India Company (English) 41, 42, 44 84, 331, 346
Eberhard, Abbot 181
Eco, Umberto: The Name of the Rose 314fn
Eden, Garden of 47–8
Edessa, Syria 263
Edward I, King of England 151, 153, 178–9
Edward II, King of England 196
Edward IV, King of England 143
Egbert, St 99, 183
Egypt 47, 114
aromatics 268, 272–4
Fatimids 117
mummification 165, 166–8
pepper 166, 167–8
perfumery 235, 238
plague 207
Ptolemies 66
religion 268, 271–2, 275–6
in Roman Empire 67–8, 70
trade 118, 274–6
Elagabalus, Roman Emperor 79, 82–3, 84, 264
Elcano, Juan Sebastián de 38
electuaries 211, 213
Elizabeth I, Queen of England 205, 206
embalming 165–6, 171, 172–3, 174, 179, 180, 356
Emerson, Ralph Waldo: ‘Hermione’ 353
England; Asian empire xxiv, 42–3
decline in spice use 351
early Middle Ages 99, 113
English merchants and traders 40–1, 107
guilds 116
Middle Ages 120
pepper rents 103
Roman Britain 62
royal family and court 153
saffron of xxxiv, 354
spice prices 155
wines 130
Enlightenment 332
Enoch, Book of 290
Ephraim the Syrian: Testament 172, 287
Erasmus, Desiderius 141, 203fn
essential oils xxxiii, 240, 301
Etcheverry, Sieur d’ 341–2
Euboulos 192
Eudoxus of Cyzicus 66–7, 68
Eugenia caryophyllata, see Syzygium aromaticum
Eusebius, Bishop of Caesarea 293
Eugenius IV, Pope 302
Evelyn, John 351
Fa-hsien 101
Fairchild, Revd Richard 304
Falcone of Benevento 299
fennel 268, 354
Ferdinand and Isabella, King and Queen of Spain xxiii, 10, 23, 56, 57, 254, 330
Fernandez de Enciso, Martim: Suma de Geografia 33
Fernández Navarrete, Martín 39
fertility 219–20, 221, 223, 224, 258
Fiore, Albizzo da 149
FitzStephen, William 115
Flaubert, Gustave: Bouvard et Pécuchet 357
food xxxii; after-dinner spices 128, 143, 148–9
aphrodisiac 214–15, 220, 245
Christian attitudes to diet 311–18, 350–1
in Dark Ages 97–9
decline in spice use 346–52
democratisation 348–9
desserts 77, 119
diet of poor 154–7, 160, 2o6fn; fish 125–6, 139–40, 214
fruit and vegetables 124–5
fusion cuisine 358–9
gluttony 311–12, 313, 314–15, 318
luxury 327
meat and game 120–5, 139, 349, medieval 112, 119, 120–8, 144–6, 154
national cuisines 350, 352
new introductions 347–8
passion-coolers 217
rancid 120–3, 129
Roman 72–86
salted 123–4, 125–6
sauces 76, 77, 112, 119, 122, 126–7, 150, 190, 313–15
see also cookbooks; dietetics
Forme ofCury 159
‘Formulary of Marculphus’ 99
Fortunatus of Poitiers 97
France 339
cuisine 352, 353
early Middle Ages 96, 97, 99, 100, 102
Middle Ages 112, 120
royal funerals 178
spice hunters 339–42
spice plantations 342–4
wine 130
Francis of Paola, St: Acts 193
/> frankincense xxv, 169, 264, 268
Franks 96, 97, 99, 107, 115, 129, 174
Freud, Sigmund: Civilisation and its Discontents 245
Froissart, Jean 160
Fugger, Jacob 154
fumigation 201–2, 203, 205, 296
funeral customs 165–80
banquets 319
decline in spice use 356
early Christian 173–5, 285, Egyptians 165–8
embalming 165–6, 171–4, 179, 180, 356
medieval 176–9
perfuming the dead 168–71, 174, 176
Roman 169–74, 278
galangal: as aphrodisiac 213, 224, 357
as currency 107
as gift 104
medical uses 187, 189fn, 191
in Middle Ages 50, 51, 111, 127, 144
in spiced wine 129
Gale, king of 29
Galen 188, 190, 193, 201fn, 214, 222, 356
Concerning Antidotes 192
The Healing Art 193
Gama, Paulo da 16, 25
Gama, Vasco da xxviii, 13–20, 21, 22, 24–5, 63
Garland, John 122
Gaul 93, 97, 99
Genoa 53, 67fn, 102, 115, 153, 207, 329
Anonymous of 153
Geoffroi de Waterford 130
Geoponica 270
Gerald of Aurillac, St 108
Gerard, John: The Herball 59, 333
Germany: Middle Ages 102, 105, 113
Roman 61–2, 72
gift-giving 97, 104, 151, 184–5, 299–300
ginger 9, 49, 59
as aphrodisiac 213, 215, 217, 220–4, 230, 256, 357
in early Middle Ages 98, 107
funerary use 179
ginger plant xxxvii; gingerbread 128, 149, 151
of India 17
medical uses 184, 189fn, 191, 193
in medieval literature 51, 53, 111
Middle Ages 120, 127, 128, 143, 144, 151, 159
New Age use 304
perfume ingredient 254
poison antidote 192
price 80
proliferation of 344
Roman use 76
sacred uses 263, 303
in wine 128, 129
Giraldus Cambrensis 321
Glasse, Hannah: Art of Cookery 350
Goths 95
Gower, John 150
Graham, Dr James 246
grain of paradise 49, 120, 129, 159
Granado, Diego: Libro de Arte de Cocinar 347
Grass, Gunter xxx; The Tin Drum 232
Great Khan 151fn
Greeks 61, 62–3
cinnamon use 265–7
contacts with India 69, 266
Dark Ages 276–7
erotic verse 236
medicine 201–2, 222
perfumery 235–8
religion 236, 265–7, 269–71
voyages to Malabar 18, 65–6
Gregory of Tours 174, 185–6
History of the Franks 129
Gregory the Great, Pope 103, 292, 297
Dialogues 173
Gregory X, Pope 322
Grenada 12, 343
Grimlaic 183
Gueby, Moluccas 342
Guntram, King of Burgundy 100
Hadhramaut 68
Haro, Cristóbal de 34–5, 39
Harrington, Sir John 142
Hatshepsut, Queen of Egypt 274–5, 339
Hawkins, Henry: Partheneia Sacra 295
Haymo, Bishop of Halberstadt 298
health, see dietetics; medicine
Henrique, Prince, see Henry the Navigator
Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor 184
Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor 151
Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor 299
Henry I, King of England 136, 137, 140, 180, 294–5
Henry II, King of England 121, 130, 136,. 153, 328fn
Henry V, King of England 154, 178
Henry VII, King of England 244
Henry VIII, King of England 121, 179
Henry of Huntingdon: Historia Anglorum 136
Henry the Navigator 147–8, 327
Heraclius, Byzantine Emperor 298
Herbarium of Apuleius 195
Herod the Great 170
Herodotus 66, 168, 266, 272
Herrick, Robert 75, 165, 166, 232–3, 357
Hildegard of Bingen 187, 222
Hinduism 19, 20, 301fn
Hippalus 64–5
Hippocrates 138, 142, 214
Hippolytus, St: Concerning Antichrist 251
Hiram the Phoenician 279–80
Hirsch, Alan 256–7
Hispaniola 12, 55
Hispano, Pedro: Thesaurus Pauperum 160
Universal Diets 195
Hoëvell, Baron van 231
Homer: Iliad 168, 201, 235, 240, 269
Honorius, Roman Emperor 93
Honorius of Autun 126, 290
Horace 94, 270
Epistles 89
Satires 83–4
Hudson, Henry xxix
Hugh, St 46
Hugh of Saint-Victor 251–2, 317–18
Huizinga, Johan 151
Hymn to Aphrodite 236
Ibn al-Jazzar 223–4
Ibn Battuta 53
Ibn Jaqub 113
Ibn Kabar: The Luminary of Church Services 303
Ibn-Khordabeh: Book of Routes 107
Idelfonso, St 293
Île de France, see Mauritius
impotence 213, 219, 220, 223fn, 225
incense 237fn, 276
in ancient religions 263, 268, 281
distaste for 282–6, 358
in Egypt 273
in Greece 269
medical use 201
in Middle Ages 297, 299
in Mycenae 276
pagan use 284
in Rome 262, 264
India 206fn
British Raj 353
Byzantine merchants in 100
Cabral’s expedition to 20–1
contacts with Mesopotamia 18
Da Gama’s expedition to 13–20
food 353, 354
incense-making 263
land route to 66
medicine 202
medieval fantasies concerning 94–5
monsoon 17, 64–5, 70
pepper xxxv, 17, 99
Roman coin finds 88–91, 93, 94
Roman trade with 63–5, 68–9, 192
spice routes 50, 116
travellers in 53
Indian Ocean 21, 24, 50, 62, 63–5, 67, 117
Indies 6–7, 52
Indonesia xxxiii, xxxv, 5, 344
Innocent VI, Pope 191
Isaiah 280, 286
Isidore of Seville, St 48, 92, 96, 99, 197, 199
Islam 279
distaste for aromas 283
hadith 225
Koran 221, 283
rise of 100–1
and sex 224–5
see also Arabs
Israelites 279–82
Italy: Byzantine 101
early Middle Ages 99
merchants 22, 44, 107, 112–13, 115
national cuisine 350
spice route 50, 106–8
Jamaica 12
James I, King of England 41
Java 53
Jeanne d’Évreux 120
Jeremiah 280
Jerome, St 94, 285, 287, 292, 312, 335
Jesus Christ 171
Jews and Judaism 279–83
apocryphal literature 283, 289
merchants 100, 101, 107–8, 114
spice boxes 283
Joan, Pope 218
João II, King of Portugal 27, 28
John XXI, Pope, see Hispano, Pedro
John Chrysostomos, St 286, 287
John of Burgundy 190
John of Eschenden 204
John of Gaddesden 196
John of Hauteville: Archithrenius 225
John of Salisbury 198
John of Trevisa 132
John the Deacon 103
Joinville, Jean, Sire de 47, 48
Jonas of Bobbio 99
Josephus 282
Jotsaud 175, 184
Juan Manuel of Castile 150
Julia 215–16
Julian the Apostate, Roman Emperor 93
Justinian, Byzantine Emperor 165, 203, 207, 251
Juvenal 79, 90
Satires 78, 8o, 83, 353
Kama Sutra 230
Kanishka, King 68
Karimis 114
Kaswini 30
Keats, John 358–9
Kipling, Rudyard 354
Koran 221, 283
Lacroix, Paul 220, 228
Lactantius 172, 286, 289
Laguna, Andrés 174
Lajazzo 118
Lancaster, James 40
Langland, William: Piers Plowman 156, 198
Las Casas, Bartolomé de 11
Launceston, Cornwall 103
Lavynham, Richard: Litil Treatise on the Seven Deadly Sins 226
Le Goff, Jacques 94
Legend of Celestine and Susanna, The 322
Leo the Great, Pope 252, 301
Levant 50, 101, 112, 116–17
Libelle ofEnglyshe Polycye, The 329–30
Liber Cure Cocorum 155
Liber de Coquina 159
Liber Pontificalis 287–8
Lidwina, St 294
Lion Ship 263
Liutprand, King of Lombardy 102
Livres des mestiers 159
Livy 86
Lombardy 102, 106
London 51, 115–16, 158
odours 204
plague 199, 203
spicers 155
‘London Lickpenny’ 161
long pepper xxxv, 120, 144, 213, 215
Louis IV, King of France 112
Louis IX, King of France (St Louis) 133
Louis XIV, King of France 229, 356
Louis XV, King of France 341
love: Roman gods of 240–1, 264–5
and scent 232–3, 236
see also sex
Lucan 83, 248
Ludan: Icaromenippus 271
Luxorius, St 171
luxury 97, 148, 325–8, 349
sin of 325–6
trade 105–7, 118, 153. 183, 207, 251, 329–30
McCary, James Leslie 245
Mackaile, Matthew 356
McKenzie, Dan 354
Mably, Abbé 352
Macassar 336
mace xxiv, xxxvi, 50
in anti-plague powders 204
Dutch trade 44 in incense 263
medical uses 191, 355
medieval literary references 53, 111
in Middle Ages 119, 120, 144, 154, 155
of Moluccas 29, 32, 39, 50
perfume ingredient 254
price 155
in wine 129
Macrobius 93
Madagascar 344
Maerlant, Jacob van 150
Magellan, Ferdinand xxviii, 33–8, 254
magic xxxii, 192–3, 262, 265, 266, 304, 357
sexual 227–31
white 295–7
Maillart, Jehan: Roman du Comte d’Anjou 152