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The Whisperers

Page 88

by Orlando Figes


  19. Pushnova, Valentina Serova, p. 322; RGALI, f. 1814, op. 9, d. 775, l. 1.

  20. Interview with Maria Simonova, Moscow, March 2004; RGALI, f. 1814, op. 9, d. 775, l. 1.

  21. RGALI, f. 1814, op. 9, d. 1770, l. 18; interview with Aleksei Simonov, Moscow, September 2003.

  22. SLFA, Yevgeniia Laskina to Aleksei Simonov, 28 August 1957; Mark Laskin, ‘Vospominaniia’, ts., p. 15; RGALI, f. 1814, op. 10 .d. 342, l. 20; interview with Fania Laskina, Moscow, July 2004; A. Simonov, Chastnaia kollektsiia (Nizhny Novgorod, 1999), pp. 42, 44–5, 148.

  23. RGALI, f. 1814, op. 9, d. 2199, l. 2.

  24. SLFA, Aleksei Simonov to Yevgeniia Laskina, 19 August 1956; Aleksei Simonov to Konstantin Simonov, 24 October 1956; Konstantin to Aleksei Simonov, 31 August 1956.

  25. SLFA, Yevgeniia Laskina to Aleksei Simonov, 26 September 1956; Simonov, Chastnaia kollektsiia, p. 67; Aleksei to Konstantin Simonov, 7 February 1957.

  26. Interview with Aleksei Simonov, Moscow, November 2003; SLFA, Aleksei Simonov, Diary, 23 December 1956; Aleksei Simonov to Vladimir Dudintsev, 13 December 1956; RGALI, f. 1814, op. 9, d. 1770, ll. 15–17, 22.

  27. K. Simonov, Glazami cheloveka moego pokoleniia (Moscow, 1990), p. 12; interview with Lazar Lazarev, Moscow, November 2003; RGALI, f. 1814, op. 2, d. 127, ll. 2–3, 8.

  28. RGALI, f. 1814, op. 9, d. 1770, l. 12.

  29. RGALI, f. 1814, op. 9, d. 1770, l. 13.

  30. RGALI, f. 1814, op. 6, d. 170, l. 17.

  31. V. Kondrat’ev, ‘Ne tol’ko o svoem pokolenii. Zametki pisatelia’, Kommunist, 1997, no. 7, p. 122.

  32. Interview with Marina Babak, Moscow, November 2003.

  33. K. Simonov, Sto sutok voiny (Smolensk, 1999); same author, Raznye dni voiny: dnevnik pisatelia, 2 vols. (Moscow, 1977–8).

  34. RGALI, f. 1814, op. 9, d. 11, ll. 1–21; op. 8, d. 58, l. 98.

  35. RGALI, f. 1814, op. 9, dd. 2590, 681, 1857.

  36. Simonov, Chastnaia kollektsiia, pp. 147–55. The cuts, which amounted to sixty typed pages, immediately appeared in samizdat, and were included in foreign editions of the novel from 1969. The complete version of the novel first came out in the Soviet Union in 1973. See R. Pevear’s ‘Introduction’, and his notes on the text in his translation of M. Bulgakov, The Master and Margarita (London, 1997), pp. vii–xix.

  37. Interviews with Aleksei Simonov, Moscow, September, November 2003, February 2004.

  38. RGALI, f. 1814, op. 10, d. 376, ll. 20–21; Konstantin Simonov v vospominaniiakh sovremennikov (Moscow, 1984), p. 291; N. Bianki, K. Simonov i A. Tvardovskii v ‘Novom Mire’ (Moscow, 1999), pp. 32–3.

  39. L. Lazarev, Shestoi etazh: kniga vospominaniia (Moscow, 1999), pp. 208, 210; interview with Lazar Lazarev, Moscow, November 2003; Simonov, Sto sutok voiny, pp. 550–54; RGALI, f. 1814, op. 9, d. 5, l. 63; op. 9, d. 19 (‘Vospominaniia o kampanii po bor’be s kosmopolitizmom’, ts., 1976).

  40. K. Simonov and I. Ehrenburg, V odnoi gazete: reportazhi i stati 1941–1945 (Moscow, 1979); Lazarev, Shestoi etazh, pp. 201–2.

  41. A. Solzhenitsyn, The Oak and the Calf: Sketches of Literary Life in the Soviet Union (London, 1980), p. 299.

  42. Interview with Viktor Erofeev, Moscow, November 2003; interview with Andrei Erofeev, Moscow, April 2004; interview with Nina Arkhipova, Moscow, November 2003; D. Gillespie, ‘Metropol”, The Literary Encyclopedia, 19 November 2005.

  43. Simonov, Glazami cheloveka moego pokoleniia, pp. 7–8.

  44. Ibid. Fragments of the memoirs were first published in the journal Znamia in 1988, no. 3, pp. 3–66; no. 4, pp. 49–121; no. 5, pp. 69–96.

  45. See e.g. A. Mikoian, Tak bylo: razmyshleniia o minuvshem (Moscow, 1999), p. 589 (‘Of course we bear a great responsibility. But we must understand the circumstances in which we worked. There was a lot we did not know, we believed, but in any case there was simply nothing we could change.’)

  46. Lev Razgon, True Stories (London, 1997), pp. 21–34.

  47. Interview with Ivan Korchagin, Akmolinsk, September 1988.

  48. IFA, ‘Kommentarii k pis’mam’, ts., 1988; Mikhail Iusipenko to M. Zelder, 29 December 1988; Mikhail Iusipenko to Sergei Barinov, 18 August 1988; interview with Oksana Kozmina, Moscow, 1988.

  49. MM, f. 1, op. 2; f. 2, op. 5; f. 12, op. 9, dd. 2, 3.

  50. On the relationship between memory and narrative see V. Skultans, The Testimony of Lives: Narrative and Memory in Post-Soviet Latvia (London, 1998).

  51. Alexander Dolgun’s Story: An American in the Gulag (New York, 1975), p. 4.

  52. I. Sherbakova, ‘The Gulag in Memory’, in L. Passerini (ed.), International Yearbook of Oral History and Life Stories, vol. 1: Memory and Totalitarianism (Oxford, 1992), pp. 112–13 (translation slightly altered for clarity).

  53. See e.g. MSP, f. 3, op. 42, d. 3, ll. 1–24.

  54. M. McAuley, Soviet Politics 1917–1991 (Oxford, 1992), pp. 56–7.

  55. On the Gulag memoir as a literary genre see Leona Toker, Return from the Archipelago: Narratives of Gulag Survivors (Bloomington, 2000).

  56. E. Ginzburg, Into the Whirlwind (London, 1968); Within the Whirlwind (London, 1981).

  57. C. Merridale, Ivan’s War: The Red Army 1939–1945 (London, 2005), p. 334; A. Applebaum, ‘The Real Patriotic War’, New York Review of Books, vol. 53, no. 6 (6 April 2006), pp. 16, 18.

  58. Ginzburg, Within the Whirlwind, p. 201.

  59. O vremeni, o Noril’ske, o sebe: vospominaniia, 5 vols. (Moscow, 2001–4); A. Macqueen, ‘Survivors’, Granta, 64 (Winter 1998), p. 39.

  60. Interview with Vasily Romashkin, Norilsk, July 2004.

  61. Interview with Olga Iaskina, Norilsk, July 2004. This paragraph is based on interviews with over fifty people in Norilsk during July 2004. See the List of Interviews in Sources.

  62. Moscow News, 4 March 2005.

  63. Mikhail Baitalsky, Notebooks for the Grandchildren: Recollections of a Trotskyist Who Survived the Stalin Terror (New Jersey, 1995), pp. 97–8.

  64. MP, f. 4, op. 13, d. 2, l. 18.

  65. MP, f. 4, op. 24, d. 2, ll. 64–7.

  66. MP, f. 4, op. 22, d. 2, ll. 67–71.

  67. On this phenomenon in general see H. Krystal, Massive Psychic Trauma (New York, 1968); D. Wardl, Memorial Candles: Children of the Holocaust, London, 1992; N. Burchardt, ‘Transgenerational Transmission in the Families of Holocaust Survivors in England’, in D. Bertaux and P. Thompson (eds.), International Yearbook of Oral History and Life Stories, vol. 2: Between Generations: Family Models, Myths and Memories (Oxford, 1993), pp. 121–37. For details of an interesting pilot study of these issues carried out by the psychologist Marina Gulina among children brought up by survivors of the siege of Leningrad, see ‘Malen’kii prints v blokadnom Leningrade: psikhoanaliticheskoe issledovanie’, Sankt-Peterburgskii Universitet, no. 9 (3698), 5 May 2005, pp. 32–5.

  68. MSP, f. 3, op. 11, d. 1, ll. 1–2; d. 2, ll. 53–60, 74–84.

  69. MSP, f. 3, op. 37, d. 2, l. 63; interview with Vladimir Korsakov, St Petersburg, May, October 2003.

  70. Interviews with Aleksei Iurasovsky, Moscow, July 2004, October 2005.

  71. MP, f. 4, op. 24, d. 2, ll. 36–7, 44–7; MSP, f. 3, op. 16, d. 2, l. 91.

  72. MP, f. 4, op. 26, d. 2, ll. 6–8; op. 3, d. 2, l. 37.

  73. MP, f. 12, op. 4, d. 2, ll. 75–6.

  74. MP, f. 12, op. 16, d. 2, l. 23; op. 17, d. 2, l. 52.

  75. MP, f. 12, op. 17, d. 2, ll. 52–3.

  76. B. Slutskii, Sud’ba. Stikhi raznykh let (Moscow, 1990), p. 40.

  77. See e.g. MP, f. 4, op. 5, d. 2, l. 20; op. 24, d. 2, ll. 70–73. Some oral historians have argued that under Vladimir Putin’s authoritarian government, after 2000, the Russians became ‘socialized into reticence’, as they had been in the Soviet period, and that, compared to the early 1990s, they were ‘reluctant to give candid interviews’ (D. Bertaux, P. Thompson and A. Rotkirch (eds.), On Living Through Soviet Russia (London, 2004), pp. 8–9).

  78. MSP, f. 3, op. 14, d. 3, ll. 52–4.

  79. MSP, f.
3, op. 14, d. 2, ll. 41–5, 59–64, 76, 85–9, 93, 119; d. 3, ll. 34, 39–40, 45–6. Antonia died in December 2006.

  Sources

  Archives

  Public archives

  AFSBTO

  Archive of the Federal Security Service of Tambov Oblast, Tambov

  AFSBVO

  Archive of the Federal Security Service of Vologda Oblast, Vologda

  AMILO

  Archive of the Moscow Historical-Literary Society (‘Vozvrashchenie’)

  ARAN

  Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow

  GAOO

  State Archive of Orel Oblast, Orel

  GAPO

  State Archive of Perm Oblast, Perm

  GARF

  State Archive of the Russian Federation, Moscow

  GARK

  State Archive of the Komi Republic, Syktyvkar

  GASO

  State Archive of Sverdlovsk Oblast, Yekaterinburg

  GAVO

  State Archive of Vologda Oblast, Vologda

  GMPIR

  State Museum of Political History of Russia, St Petersburg

  GOPAPO

  State Socio-Political Archive of Perm Oblast, Perm

  HP

  Harvard Project (‘Project on the Soviet Social System’), Harvard University, USA

  IISH

  International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam

  IRL RAN

  Institute of Russian Literature, Russian Academy of Sciences (‘Pushkin House’), St Petersburg

  MM*

  Archive of the Memorial Society, Moscow

  MP*

  Archive of the Memorial Society, Perm

  MSP*

  Archive of the Memorial Society, St Petersburg

  OR RNB

  Manuscripts Department, Russian National Library, St Petersburg

  RGAE

  Russian State Archive of the Economy, Moscow

  RGAKFD

  Russian State Archive of Documentary Films and Photographs, Krasnogorsk

  RGALI

  Russian State Archive of Literature and Art, Moscow

  RGASPI

  Russian State Archive of Social and Political History, Moscow

  SPbF

  ARAN

  St Petersburg Filial of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences

  SSEES

  School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London

  TsAFSB

  Central Archive of the Federal Security Service, Moscow

  TsAODM

  Central Archive of Social Movements of Moscow

  TsDNA

  Centre of Documents, ‘the People’s Archive’, Moscow

  TsGAIPD

  Central State Archive of Historical Political Documents, Moscow

  TsGASP

  Central State Archive of St Petersburg

  TsIAM

  Central Historical Archive of Moscow

  TsKhDMO

  Centre for the Preservation of Documents of Youth Organizations, Moscow

  TsMAMLS

  Central Moscow Archive-Museum of Personal Collections

  Private archives

  AFA

  Alekseyeva Family Archive, Moscow

  GFA

  Golovnia Family Archive, Moscow

  IFA

  Iusipenko Family Archive, Akmolinsk, Kazakhstan

  LFA

  Levitina Family Archive, St Petersburg

  MFA

  Makhnach Family Archive, Moscow

  MIFA

  Mikheladze Family Archive, Tbilisi, Georgia

  MUFA

  Muratov Family Archive, Moscow

  PFA

  Pavlukhina Family Archive, St Petersburg

  RFA

  Ramensky Family Archive, Strugi Krasnye

  SFA

  Slavin Family Archive, Cologne, Germany

  SLFA

  Simonov-Laskin Family Archive, Moscow

  VFA

  Vittenburg Family Archive, St Petersburg

  VOFA

  Voitinsky Family Archive, St Petersburg

  List of Interviews

  Adasinskaia, Galina Antonovna (St Petersburg)

  Akkuratnova, Maia Pavlovna (Moscow)

  Aksyonova, Iraida Petrovna (Usole)

  Aleksandrova, Irina Mikhailovna (St Petersburg)

  Aleksandrova, Valentina Lvovna (St Petersburg)

  Aliavdina, Veronika Anatolevna (St Petersburg)

  Alkaeva, Raifa Izmagilovna (Krasnokamsk)

  Anastaseva, Margarita Viktorovna (Moscow)

  Andreyev, Oleg Grigorevich (St Petersburg)

  Arapov, Aleksandr Pavlovich (St Petersburg)

  Arkhipova, Nina Nikolaeva (Moscow)

  Atapov, Sergei Mikhailovich (Tambov)

  Avdasheva, Ninel Nikolaevna (St Petersburg)

  Babaeva, Klavdiia Mikhailovna (Moscow)

  Babailova, Natalia Borisovna (Severodvinsk)

  Babak, Marina Mikhailovna (Moscow)

  Babikova, Yevgeniia Spiridonovna (Norilsk)

  Babina, Rada Lvovna (Moscow)

  Babitskaia, Vlada Alekseyevna (Moscow)

  Babushkina, Lydia Vasilevna (Perm)

  Badaeva, Valentina Fyodorovna (Perm)

  Badiaeva, Galina Ivanovna (Perm)

  Baigulova, Elena Alekseyevna (Moscow)

  Balandin, Grigorii Pavlovich (Perm)

  Baranenko, Nadezhda Pavlovna (Perm)

  Barinov, Sergei Mikhailovich (Akmolinsk)

  Barkovskaia, Marianna Iosifovna (Izobilnoe, Stavropol district)

  Batin, Pyotr Yefimovich (Usole)

  Batishcheva, Maria Karlovna (Norilsk)

  Batrakova, Nina Dmitrevna (Perm)

  Bazilevskaia, Valentina Borisovna (Voronezh)

  Bazilevskaia, Vladilena Borisovna (Moscow)

  Bekker, Valentin Vladimirovich (St Petersburg)

  Belikova, Zinaida Vasilevna (St Petersburg)

  Beloborodov, Nikolai Nikolaevich (Perm)

  Belousov, Arkadii Sergeyevich (Penza)

  Belova, Anna Pavlovna (Krasnokamsk)

  Beneta, Svetlana Anatolevna (Norilsk)

  Blagoveshchensky, Andrei Borisovich (Moscow)

  Bletsko, Tatiana Nikolaevna (St Petersburg)

  Blium, Arlen Viktorovich (St Petersburg)

  Blium, Igor Vsevolodovich (St Petersburg)

  Bogdanov, Sergei Nikolaevich (St Petersburg)

  Bogdanova, Natalia Borisovna (Moscow)

  Bolchis, Tatiana Vasilevna (St Petersburg)

  Bonner, Elena Georgievna (Boston, USA)

  Borodina, Valentina Semyonovna (Norilsk)

  Borozna, Mikhail Danilovich (Orel)

  Borshchagovsky, Aleksandr Mikhailovich (Moscow)

  Bronshtein, Svetlana Aleksandrovna (Moscow)

  Bronshtein, Yekaterina Mikhailovna (St Petersburg)

  Budkevich, Maria Stanislavovna (St Petersburg)

  Bulat, Inessa Pavlovna (St Petersburg)

  Burylovna, Zoia Pavlovna (Perm)

  Bushueva, Angelina Vladimirovna (Perm)

  Chechik, Elizaveta Natanovna (Moscow)

  Cherepanova, Praskovia Iakimovna (Perm)

  Cherkasova, Karina Leonidovna (Moscow)

  Cherkasskaia, Bella Martynovna (St Petersburg)

  Cherkesov, Oleg Vsevolodovich (St Petersburg)

  Cherkesova, Svetlana Vsevolodovna (St Petersburg)

  Cherniaev, Boris Dmitrievich (Tambov)

  Cherniaeva, Dalita Artyomovna (Krasnokamsk)

  Chesnokov, Vladimir Ivanovich (St Petersburg)

  Chulkova, Antonina Alekseyevna (Perm)

  Chuprun, Gerta Yevgenevna (Moscow)

  Dadzis, Lydia Ianovna (St Petersburg)

  Danilenko, Irina Aleksandrovna (Norilsk)

  Danilov, Viktor Petrovich (Moscow)

  Danilova, Natalia Stepanovna (Moscow)

  Danilovich, Liia Iakovlevna (Perm)

  Darvina, Anna Andreyevna (Norilsk)

  Davydova, Inna Pavlovna (Voronezh)
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  Delibash, Elizaveta Aleksandrovna (St Petersburg)

  Dmitrenko, Irina Aleksandrovna (Norilsk)

  Dmitruk, Stepan Kuzmich (Norilsk)

  Dmitruk, Vasilina Korneyevna (Norilsk)

  Dobrovolskaia, Ella Dmitrievna (Moscow)

  Dombrovskaia, Elena Petrovna (Moscow)

  Drozdov, Boris Pavlovich (Moscow)

  Dudareva, Galina Vasilevna (St Petersburg)

  Eisenberg, Vera Ignatevna (Kolpino)

  Eliashova, Liudmila Leonidovna (St Petersburg)

  Eliashova, Marksena Leonidovna (St Petersburg)

  Ender, Zoia Borisovna (Rome, Italy)

  Epshtein, Mark Borisovich (St Petersburg)

  Erofeev, Andrei Vladimirovich (Moscow)

  Erofeev, Viktor Vladimirovich (Moscow)

  Feofilaktova, Nina Ivanovna (St Petersburg)

  Filimonova, Larisa Fyodorovna (St Petersburg)

  Filippova, Kira Ivanovna (St Petersburg)

  Fomin, Vladimir Leonidovich (St Petersburg)

  Fursei, Georgii Nikolaevich (St Petersburg)

  Gabaeva, Natalia Sergeyevna (St Petersburg)

  Galchinskaia, Liudmila Mikhailovna (St Petersburg)

  Galitsky, Pavel Kalinikovich (St Petersburg)

  Garmash, Larisa Danilovna (Moscow)

  Garmash, Vitalii Ivanovich (Moscow)

  Gavrilov, Boris Nikolaevich (St Petersburg)

  Genishta, Vladimir Sergeyevich (Novosibirsk)

  Genishta, Yevgeny Sergeyevich (Moscow)

  Gernet, Galina Yevgenevna (St Petersburg)

  Glazova, Margarita Nikolaevna (St Petersburg)

  Godes, Anri Mikhailovich (St Petersburg)

  Goldevskaia, Yekaterina Ivanovna (St Petersburg)

  Goldobin, Andrei Borisovich (St Petersburg)

  Golovanova, Genrietta Ivanovna (Severodvinsk)

  Golovko, Semyon Georgievich (Norilsk)

  Golovnia, Oksana Anatolevna (Moscow)

 

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