Soviet invasion (1968), 541n, 623
dachas, 161, 163, 165, 169, 184
Dallag Gulag complex, 553
Dalstroi (Far Northern Construction Trust), 117, 215, 602, 632, 633
dancing, 159
Daniel, Iulii, 605
Daniets, Aleksandr, 430–31
Danilova, Natalia, 253
Darvina, Anna, 429
death certificates, fabricated, 582
Decembrists, 543
Degtiarev, Aleksandr, 578
Delibash, Elizaveta, 349–53, 351, 645–8
Delibash, Nina, 349, 350
Democratic Party (Norilsk), 531–2
Denikin, Anton, 218
denunciation, 35–40, 259, 261–2
by children, 122–6, 128, 129–30
denouncers confronted, 583–9
forgiveness for, 586–7
for living space, 173
lovers, unwanted, 265
motivated by malice, 263–5
rhetoric of, 137
Russian culture of, 36
Diakonov, Volodia, 271
diary-writing, 255–8, 280, 309
Dimitrov, Georgi, 229
disappearances, 87, 272, 276, 278, 280, 305, 646
‘dissidents’, persecution, 605
dissimulation, as survival skill, 472–8, 563–4, 598
Ditsklan, Aleksei, 210
divorce, 160, 161, 173, 305
Dmitrov labour camp, 213
Dmitruk, Vasilina, 427–9
Dobriakova, Alina, 184
Doctors’ Plot (1948), 521, 522, 527, 528, 529, 627
Doctor Zhivago (Pasternak), 431, 593&n
Dolgun, Aleksandr, 634
Dolmatovsky, Yevgeny, 29, 199, 269–70, 409
Simonov’s denunciation, 269–70, 369
Dovzhenko, Aleksandr, 442
Drabkin, Iakov, see Gusev, Sergei
Drabkina, Elizaveta, 1–2, 3, 4, 349, 430–31
Drozdov family, 26, 214–15, 217, 252, 365, 469–70, 526, 565–6, 579, 632–3
Dubcek, Alexander, 623
Dubov family, 137–8
Dudarev family, 305–7, 583
Dudinka, 427
Dudintsev, Vladimir, 592, 615
dug-outs, living in, 100, 101, 110, 173, 189, 397, 457, 576
Dunsky, Iurii, 529, 566
Dzerzhinsky, Feliks, 283, 284
Dzhugashvili, Iakov, 411
Dzhugashvili, Vasily, 395, 402
Eastern China Railway, 240
East Germany, Soviet rule, 537
economy
agricultural sector, terminal decline, 87
boom (1950s), 561
civilian and Gulag, merging, 468
forced labour in, 467
market, return to (1921), 5, 6–7
mixed, 6–7, 65, 71, 466n
planned, 5–6, 81, 171, 423, 466–7, 471
post-war, 457–8, 466–7
prisoners’ contribution, 638, 640
reform, discussion of, 444
ruin (1921), 5
tempo, speeding up, 187
wartime, 423, 425–31,466
See also New Economic Policy (NEP)
‘economy of favours’ (blat), 172, 182
education, Bolshevik policy, 20–25
Ehrenburg, Ilia, 335, 410, 421, 459, 492, 494, 495, 590–91
attacked, 494, 495n
and hate campaign (1941), 414
Simonov and, 591, 625–6
Eidinov, Aleksandr, 515
Eikhmans, Fyodor, 210
Eisenstein, Sergei, 270
Eismont, N. B., 154
Elagin family, 478–9
Eliashov family, 16–18, 188, 462–4
elite (Soviet),
children of, 276–7
dachas granted to, 161, 163, 165
family and political allegiance, 248
Party members as, 32–3, 68
post-war, 470–73
resentment of, 263–4, 274, 508
Emergency Measures (1928), 82
emigrés, return, 482
‘enemies of the people’, 91
belief in, 137, 145, 262, 272, 273, 274–6
children of, 145, 257, 274–5, 435, 452, 473, 474, 510
denunciation, 277, 473, 474
evidence fabricated, 231
families helped, 292–8
families ostracized, 285–92
families separated, 316, 335
hidden, 278
purge (1937–8), 352
See also arrests
Engels, Friedrich, 155n
engineers
acceptance of planned economy, 471
arrest, 113
demand for, 118, 153, 471
purged (1928–32), 153
Epshtein family, 511–12
Erofeev family, 626–7
Estonia, 372–3, 469, 470, 531
Estonians, post-war arrests, 467, 468, 469
Etinger, Iakov, 521
etiquette, 158–9eviction, 57, 107, 115, 141, 174, 219, 250, 256, 266, 286, 288, 290, 291, 292, 305, 308, 324, 367, 509, 660
executions (1930s), 238–9, 241, 248, 285, 311
exiles, 192, 201, 248, 292
children, 106, 108, 116, 143, 145, 297, 320, 350, 351, 353, 354, 356, 358–9, 363–4, 462
escape, 105–10
and family, value, 218
‘kulaks’, 85, 87–91, 93, 94, 95, 99–106, 186
parcels sent to, 142, 203, 278, 311, 331, 332, 359, 360, 361
‘specialists’, 214–15, 216
factories
transported east (1941), 388, 423
wartime destruction, 457
Factory Apprentice Schools (FZU), 63, 64, 118, 138, 139, 153
Fadeyev, Aleksandr, 3n, 461n, 482, 494–5&n, 495, 496, 498, 589–90
Fadeyev, Seryozha, 129
Faivisovich family, 326, 568–70 (569), 599–600, 644–5
family
as basic unit of state, 162
bourgeois, 8
collective responsibility for crime, 248–9, 300–307, 308
disintegration, 99
egotism of, 82
eradication, 8–9, 10–11, 160
patriarchal, 50, 53
‘petty-bourgeois’, 20
as primary unit of production and consumption, 9
reconstitution (1945–6), 449
renouncing, 130–32
restoration, 161–4
sexual politics, 164
stability under pressure, 540–48
trust, Great Terror and, 298–313
value placed on, 218
family life
influences on, 48–50
prisoners and, 216–17, 220–26
famine (1921), 5–6, 43, 49 (1932–3), 81, 98, 103–4, 273
post-war, 457
Far Eastern Army, 289
Far Eastern Timber Trust, 289
farming, see agriculture
Far North labour camps, 112, 113, 123, 357, 362, 467, 515, 517
Fascism, struggle against, 37, 192, 200, 230, 236, 373, 374
fashion, 159
fear, 255, 603, 652
children’s, 352
inherited, 645–51
and ostracism, 285–92
of rearrest, 605–6
survivors’, 643
February Revolution (1917), 3
Feuchtwanger, Leon, 482
Fillipova, Aleksandra, 559‘
filtration camps’, 469, 531
Finland, Soviet invasion (1939), 372–3
Finns
in labour army, 424
social exclusion, 137
Firin, Semyon, 192–3
First World War (1914–18), 57, 175, 227, 236, 491
Fischer, Markoosha, 263–4
Five Year Plans, 5–6, 72
‘achievements’, 151, 187, 192, 194
arguments for, 72, 74
capital, raising, 172
hopes of, 200
ind
ustrialization programme, 564
‘storm’ production, 187
targets set, 187, 641 (1928–32), 63, 67, 81, 416; asceticism, 158; construction projects, 111, 152; FZUs, 153; growth rates, 111–12; hardships, complaints about, 154; launch, 137; promise of, 111; propaganda, 91, 92, 111, 114, 131; specialists, demand for, 153; target figures, 83, 111–12, 153; vydvizhentsy, 155 (1933–7), 157; efficiency aim, 159n; slogan, 160 (1946–51), 467; construction projects, 467, 468; propaganda, 467; targets set, 467 (1971–5), 640
Fomin, Vladimir, 44
forced labour, 111–12, 151, 467–70
See also slave labour
foreigners
contact with, 493, 558
fear of, 492–3
France
appeasement policy, 371
719
declares war on Germany (1939), 372
negotiations with Soviet Union (1939), 372
Popular Front government (1936), 230
Franco, General Francisco, 230
freedom of expression
post-war, 458, 459
‘thaw’ and, 597–9
wartime, 437–40, 443–6
Frenkel, Naftaly, 112, 114, 564, 565
Frid, Valerii, 26, 242, 259–60, 529, 566
Froebel, Friedrich, 24
Frunze Military Academy, 616
Furmanov, Dmitry, 59
Fursei, Anastasia, 390, 391
Fursei, Georgii, 390, 391, 391, 544, 545, 546
Fursei, Marianna, 389–92, 391, 544–7
Fursei, Nikolai, 389–90FZU, see
Factory Apprentice Schools
Gabaev family, 388–9
Gaidar, Arkadii, 417
Gaister, Inna, 326, 360, 474, 605–6, 607
childhood, 49, 50, 69, 163, 286, 324–5
domestic responsibilities, 324–5
Jewish background, 69, 510
parents’ arrest, 286, 324, 474, 475
schooldays, 297–8
at university, 474
Gaister family, 49, 69, 163, 324, 326, 510, 529
Galitsky, Pavel, 155n
games, childrens’, 24–5, 32–3
Garmash family, 650
Gavrilov, Boris, 45
Gefter, Mikhail, 432
‘generation of 1941’, 416, 419
generation split (1920s), 40–41
German army battle for Stalingrad, 412, 413
containment, 229
drive south-east, 410
hatred of, 414
Karlshorst, surrender, 446
retreat, 421–2, 441
and Russian winter, 393
siege of Leningrad (1941–4), 334–5, 381, 386–7, 388–9, 419, 444, 648
Soviet counter-offensive (1941–2), 393
German family, 389–91, 491, 545
Germany
Britain and France declare war (1939), 372
invasion of Czechoslovakia, 371, 372
invasion of Poland (1939), 372
invasion of Russia (1941), 379–87
Japanese pact (1936), 236
military aggression, 235
Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939), 372, 373, 374, 381
potential war with, 235–6, 270
Rhineland occupation, 235
See also German army
Gershtein, Emma, 252–3
Gershtein, Margarita, 253–4
Ginzburg, Moisei, 10
Ginzburg, Yevgeniia, 243, 271, 634, 635, 636, 638
Girl of My Dreams, The (Okudzhava), 552–3
Gladkov, Fyodor, 15, 484
glasnost (1980s), 580, 581, 595, 623, 631, 632, 646, 652
Glavlit, 623
Gliner, Zina, 390
Goldenshtein family, 390–92, 544, 546
gold production, 113, 117, 210
Golovina, Antonina, 50, 52–3, 79, 81, 94, 586, 655 exiled, 94–5, 99–103
family reunited, 121, 122
identity, concealment, 65, 147, 652–3
returns to Obukhovo (1995), 654–6
schooldays, 145–7, 147
at university, 436–7
Golovin family, 43, 50–53, 76–81, 86&n, 94, 99–103, 113, 121, 145, 417n, 586, 655–6
exiled, 94–5, 101–3, 121
forgive denouncer, 586
reunited, 121–2
Golovko, Semyon, 429, 533–4
Golovnia, Anatoly, 166–8, 168, 169, 195, 254, 366–9, 557
FILMS: The Deserter, 166, 195; Mother, 166; Storm Over Asia, 166
Golovnia, Liuba (née Ivanova, later Babitskaia), 43, 167–70, 168, 366, 367–9, 557–9
Golovnia, Oksana, 43, 44, 167, 168, 169, 170, 254, 366–7, 557, 558–9
Golovnia, Pyotr, 166, 167
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 595, 623
Gorbatov, Anatoly, 272
Gorbatov, Boris, 402&n, 502–3
Gordon, Iosif, 485–6, 574–5
Gordon, Marianna, 460
Gordon, Nina, 485–6, 574–5
Gorky, Maksim, 4, 22, 124, 125, 499
and labour camps, 194
and White Sea Canal, 192–3, 194
Goslitizdat (State Publishing House), 195
Gosplan, 49, 163, 466
Gotman, Elfrida, 650–51, 651
Gotman, Rudolf, 424
graffiti, anti-Soviet, 154
grain
crisis (1927–8), 82
harvests, 97–8
hoarding, 78n
requisitioning, 49, 72, 78n, 81, 82, 92
shortage (1920s), 72
state procurement, 72, 97, 98
grandparents
child care, 13, 41
as correspondents, 326
religious faith, 44–6
rescue abandoned children, 317, 318–23, 325–7, 336, 350, 351
as transmitters of traditional values, 41–4
Grankina, Nadezha, 273
‘Great Break’ (1928–32), 84, 136, 153, 160
‘Great Patriotic War’, 652
in collective memory, 637
commemoration, 617, 618–20
See also Second World War
Great Terror (1937–8), 37, 74, 154, 218, 234–66, 268, 272
collective responsibility of family, 248–9, 300–307, 308
communication in, 251–5, 255–8, 313
and family trust, 298–313
ignorance of, 276–7
justification of, 239–40, 272, 275–6
loyalty and, 191
as mass murder, 234
military purges, 237–9, 383, 422, 615
opposition to, 282–5
origins, 234–6
and orphan numbers, 335
people’s view of, 272–81
propaganda, 261, 273
recantations in, 268–9
silent collusion in, 203–4, 266–7
victims, and Stalin’s death, 525–30
See also arrests; executions; informers; ‘kulak operation’; labour camps; purges; ‘show trials’
Grigorevna, Rakhil, 298
Gromov, Vladimir, 136–7Gromyko, Andrei, 155
Grossman, Vasily, 409–10, 490n, 494, 619
Guberman, Samuil, 231n
Gudzenko, Semyon, 608
Gulag Archipelago
(Solzhenitsyn), 634, 635
Gulag system, 192
abolition, 529–30, 534, 536
amnesty (1956), 424
Arctic, 55, 213
Beria’s plans for, 527, 530
change in prisoners’ values and priorities, 218
children in, 99
cities, 426
and civilian economy, merging, 468
economic motive, 112
as form of industrialization, 116–17, 214, 467–70
labour force, 81, 467, 468
legal justification for, 206
legitimation of, 193
letters from, 218, 220–22
mass release (1945–6), 449
material incentives in, 468, 470
memoirs, 63
3–7
mortality, wartime, 426
officials, 631, 632–3
population growth, 208, 234, 467
relaxation (1950), 516–17
‘special installations’, 629
specialists in, 214
in wartime economy, 423, 425–31
See also labour camps; prisoners; ‘special settlements’
Gumilyvov, Nikolai, 268
Gurevich, Mikhail, 558
Gusev, Sergei (Iakov Drabkin), 1–2, 3–4, 36, 430
Hasek, Jaroslav, 622
hierarchy, see social hierarchy
higher education
entry to, 63, 435–6, 473, 510
lishentsy barred, 66, 74
post-war expansion, 471
unreliables, weeding out, 478–9
See also universities Hindus, Maurice, 96
History of European Philosophy (Aleksandrov), 492
History of the CPSU, The, 343
Hitler, Adolf, 191, 235, 371–4, 386–7,
holidays, 12, 46, 159, 161, 163
homelessness, 99, 457
‘honour courts’, 492
‘hooliganism’, 575
housekeepers, 13
housing
austerity, 14–19, 161
‘condensation’ policy, 9, 174–5
lishentsy barred, 74
nationalization, 74
ownership rights, NEP, 71
policy change (1930s), 152–3
postwar crisis, 457, 458
private family, 153, 160–61, 162–3, 168–9
private ownership, abolition, 74
shortage (1930s), 120–22, 172, 174
See also communal apartments; eviction
How the Steel Was Tempered (Ostrovsky), 43n
Hungary, Uprising (1956), 575, 614, 616
Iagoda, Genrikh, 112, 113, 237, 238
Iakir, General, 237–8, 272
Iakovlev, Aleksandr, 595
Iakovlova, Nina, 38–9
Iakutsk rebellion (1927), 208
Ianin, Vladimir, 275
Ianson, N. M., 113
Iaroslav jail, 430
Iaskina, Olga, 641
Ideology and Utopia
(Mannheim), 187
Ielson-Grodziansky family, Dina, 361, 362, 554–5
Ilin family, 244–5, 449–54, 561–3
individualism
eradication, 1, 2, 3–4, 8–9, 30
peasants, 50
industrialization, 67, 72, 81, 111, 564
industrial terror (1928–32), 153
industry internal market proposal, 444
labour force, 5, 81, 83, 98, 355, 423–5, 467, 526
post-war priorities, 458
wartime reorganization, 422–3
inflation, 1920s, 72
informers, 251, 258–71, 478–81
children, 107, 122–6, 129
confronted by victims, 583–9
forced, 259
material rewards, 265–6
motives, 39, 259, 261–3, 264–6, 478–80, 587
recruitment, 144, 259–61, 262, 267
registered, 258
‘reliables’, 258–9
voluntary, 259
The Whisperers Page 91
