Institute of Foreign Trade, 13
Institute of Librarians, 156
Institute of Peat, 165
Institute of Red Professors, 49
Institute of Steel, 67
Inta labour camp, 529, 536, 566
intelligentsia
attacks on, 5, 241, 487–94, 494, 506, 648
barred from universities, 63
children of, 471
and Fadeyev, 589
and freedom of speech, 597–9
‘lishentsy’, 39n
NEP and, 7
and political reform, 443
proletarian, 153
public service ethos, 55
and Soviet regime, 53–64, 190, 488
support for Bolsheviks, 593
values, 15, 16, 296, 485, 591
women, 11
Internationale, 17, 92, 414
internationalism, 67, 487, 494, 509
International Society of Workers’ Aid (MOPR), 64
Ioganson, Boris, 653, 654
Iosilevich, Aleksandr, 349, 350
Isaev, Mikhail, 276
Israel, 493, 494, 509, 515
Iurasovsky, Alexei, 648–9
Iusipenko, Mikhail, 358, 364, 631–2, 632
Ivanishev, Aleksandr, 58, 60, 63, 203, 394–5, 405
arrest, 139–41, 142, 202, 278
and Laskin family, 516
military principles, 58–9, 200, 406
Ivanisheva, Aleksandra (née Obolenskaia), 56–8, 60, 201, 202, 203, 394–5, 513, 514
criticizes Simonov, 403–6, 514
and Laskin family, 394–5, 516
and Serova, 404
Ivanov, Vsevolod, 622
Ivanova, Elizaveta, 338
Ivanova, Marina, 162–3
Ivanova, Tamara, 193
Izmail-Zade, Ibragim, 585–6
Iznar, Natalia, 571–2
Izvestiia, 201, 486
JAFC, see Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
Japan
border conflict, 371
imperial ambitions, 371
occupies Manchuria, 235, 371
rumoured invasion of Siberia, 240
Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (JAFC), 493–4, 496n, 515
Jews
as ‘alien outsiders’, 509
Babi Yar massacre (1941), 570, 571
blamed for Stalinist excesses, 420
Bolsheviks as, 420
campaigns against, 493–503, 518, 521, 570, 625, 646, 647, 648
denied exit visas, 646
flee German army (1941), 380
Germans murder, 382
identity, 68, 614
nationality, 509–10
religious observance, 65, 68, 69
seen as spies, 521
and Soviet regime, 64, 67–9, 70, 75
university education, 65n
urbanization, 67–8
writers, pseudonyms, 519–20
See also‘anti-cosmopolitan’ campaign; anti-Semitism; Yiddish culture
justice
belief in, 278, 279
Party as source, 34, 272
Kaganovich, Lazar, 151, 231, 232, 239–40, 538, 594, 604
Kalinin, Mikhail, 154, 156, 300, 442
Kamenev (Lev Borisovich Rosenfeld), 72, 197, 230, 237, 248
Kaminskaia, Nina, 189–90, 276–7
Kandalaksha labour camp, 313
Kaplan, Lipa, 265
Kaplan, Rakhil, 49, 510, 529
Karaganda labour camps, 314–15, 316–17, 365, 552, 566, 631
See also Akmolinsk Labour Camp…
Karelia, 113, 223
Kariakin, Vasily, 175
Karpetnin, Aleksandr, 262
Karpitskaia, Anna, 11–13, 48, 264
Karpitskaia, Marksena, 333–5, 334, 445–6, 649, 650
Kashin, Boris, 650
Kataev, Valentin, 193
Katyn massacre, 373
Kazakhstan
anti-Semitism, 420
labour camps, 87, 357, 553–4, 631
mortality (1930–33), 98
‘special settlements’, 93
Virgin Lands Campaign, 543–4, 547
Kazan jail, 271, 273, 301–3
Kem labour camp, 209
Kerch offensive (1942), 395, 410
Kerensky, Aleksandr, 196n
KGB, 605–7
See also Cheka; MVD; NKVD; OGPU
Khabarovsk, 289, 290
labour camp, 386, 629
Railway Institute, 333
Khachaturian, A. I., 492
Khalkin Gol, battle (1939), 370–71, 373, 374, 410
Khaneyevsky family, 175, 176, 177, 184, 648
Kharkov, Ukraine, 218, 258, 399
Kharkov University, 69, 301
Khataevich, Mendel, 84–5
Kherson, Noble Assembly, 166, 167
Khrushchev, Nikita, 239, 497
‘anti-Soviet plot’, 536
and Beria, 536, 537
denunciation of Stalin (1956), 575, 593–6, 597–9, 614, 615, 646
growing power, 536, 537, 538, 594
and Simonov, 591
and Stalin Factory Affair, 515 ‘Thaw’, 433, 486, 504, 561, 562, 593, 599, 604–5, 611, 616, 619
Kiev
Babi Yar massacre (1941), 570, 571
German capture (1941), 387
Gorky Tank Factory, 527
recaptured (1943), 422
Kipling, Rudyard, 268
Kirov, Sergei, 169, 192, 201, 234–5, 236, 264, 265
Kirov Ballet, 648
Kirov mine, Khakasin, 104
Kirsanov, Semyon, 400
Kliueva, Nina, 492
Kogan, Rebekka, 69
Kogan, Rita, 417–19
Kolchak, Admiral Aleksandr, 4, 227–8
Kolchina, Klavdiia, 293
Kolibin, Pronia, 129
kolkhoz (collective farms), 76, 88
brigades, 96–7
campaign for, 79
failure of, 96, 97–8
forced organization, 84, 85, 128
grain stealing, 129
growth, 83
‘kulaks’ and, 86, 103, 118
opposition to, 76–7, 84, 85, 93, 94, 124, 128, 154
peasants leave, 93, 98
post-war demographic loss, 457
production, 83, 96–7
refusal, 106, 128
second wave, 93–4
strikes on, 442
TOZy, 83
Virgin Lands Campaign, 544, 547, 561
voting for, 81, 85, 128
workers’ livestock, 158
Kolobkov, Viacheslav, 242
Koltsov, Mikhail, 267, 485
Kolyma gold-fields, 56, 117, 208
Kolyma labour camps, 55, 206, 223, 265, 268, 281, 402n, 435, 567, 570, 576, 602–3, 636, 638, 650
Kolyma Tales (Shalamov), 117–18, 607
Komi labour camps, 106, 107, 607–8, 651
Komsomol (Communist Youth League), 28–30, 39, 45, 126, 303, 304, 343–4, 480, 560, 561
admission to, 29, 47, 191, 197, 347
civic defence, 444
and collectivization, 77–81, 84
commitment to proletariat, 10
conformist culture, 344, 461‘cult of struggle’, 73
domination by ‘careerist’ elements, 461
and ‘enemies of the people’, 274–5, 344
ethos (1920s), 30–31
exclusion from, 35, 40, 142, 143, 146, 397
function, 20, 29, 79, 80
hypocrisy of, 615 lishentsy barred, 67
membership, 28
militarism, 417
organizers (Komsorg), 296
portrayed as ‘big family’, 162
privileges, 28
propaganda, 344
purge meetings, 473
renunciation, pressure, 300, 343
‘reviews’, 27
self-criticism, spirit of, 269
and social acceptance, 347, 352–3, 354
student recantations, 268
&
nbsp; and Virgin Lands Campaign, 547
volunteer labour, 469
war against ‘kulaks’, 87, 92‘work plans’, 27
Komsomolskaia Pravda, 162, 519
Kondratiev, Nikolai, 223–6, 225
Kondratiev, Viacheslav, 417, 431–2, 433, 448, 618
Kondratieva, Elena (‘Alyona’), 224–6, 225
Kondratieva, Yevgeniia, 224
Konev, Marshal, 418, 465
Konstantinov family, 320–23 (322), 365–6, 567–8, 568
Kopelev, Lev, 92, 191, 575, 606
Korchagin, Ivan, 630–31, 631
Korchagin, Pavel, 43n
Koreans in labour army, 424
seen as spies, 240
social exclusion, 137
Korenkov, Konstantin, 35
Korneichuk, Aleksandr, 497, 592
Kornilov, Vladimir, 41
Korsakov, Vladimir, 648
Kosaryov, Aleksandr, 376
Kosheleva, Galina, 338
Kosior, Stanislav, 248
Kosterina, Nina, 304–5Kostikova, Antonina, 47
Kosygin, Aleksei, 155
Kotlas labour camps, 100, 107, 108, 248, 424
Kovach, Nikolai, 338–41, 343, 547 Krasnaia zvezda newspaper, 383, 397, 399, 401, 506
Krasnodar, 457, 528, 645
Krasnoe Selo, 252, 565
Krasnoiarsk, 427
Krasnokamsk brick factory, 576
Krasnokamsk pulp-and-paper mill, 424, 437
Krasnovishersk, 214–15pulp-and-paper mill, 117, 118
Kremenchug, 62, 141
Kresty jail, 294
Krivitsky, Aleksandr, 519, 625
Krivko, Anna, 301
Kronstadt mutiny (1921), 5, 6, 13
Kropotina, Valentina, 89–90, 90, 479–81, 481
Kruglov family, 253
Krupskaia, Nadezhda, 4, 22, 27, 227, 232
Kruzhkov, Vladimir, 520
Kuibyshev government evacuated to (1941), 392
hydro-electric station, 468
informers, 258‘kulak operation’ (1937–8), 234, 240, 283, 338
‘kulaks’
arrests, 112, 113
banned from front-line service, 355
barred from Pioneers/ Komsomol, 26, 142
campaign against, 34, 79–81, 82, 84–93, 479, 480–81
children of, 90, 99, 131–2, 142–7, 353, 436, 479, 480–81, 656
exclusion, 142
exiled, 82, 85, 87–91, 93, 94, 95, 99–106, 112, 113
industry of, 86, 96
‘malicious’, 82, 87, 88
‘reforging’, 118, 193, 194, 211, 212, 213, 215, 353
returning, arrest and execution (1937–8), 240
runaway, 105, 106–8
as ‘rural bourgeoisie’, 51, 73, 86
social exclusion, 136, 137
use of term, 78n, 86
wartime conscription, 424–5
Kurgan region, 88, 103
Kurin, Leonid, 416
Kursk, 637
battle (1943), 421
post-war gender imbalance, 457
Kuzmin, Kolia, 79, 80, 81, 94–5, 96, 586
Kuznetsov, Aleksei, 466
labour army, 5, 355, 423–5, 467, 526
labour camps, 112–18
children’s homes in, 363, 364, 599–600
conditions, 100, 106, 110, 114–15, 118, 357, 362, 516–17, 530, 532–3
correspondence, 142, 203, 218, 220–22, 224–6, 278, 311, 322, 359, 360–61, 368
as economic venture, 117–18, 208, 423, 425–31, 576
effect on prisoners, 553–60, 563, 571–2
friendships, 565–72
guards, 468, 629–32
knowledge of, 438
legal justification for, 206
‘malicious kulaks’ sent to, 82, 87, 88
marriages, 566–71
material rewards, 196, 468, 470
mortality, 218, 426
murders (1937–8), 234
patriotic pride, 447
penal, 113–15
population growth, 113, 208, 234
prisoners released, 535–7, 538, 540, 542, 552–73
and ‘reforging’, 101, 117, 193–4, 196, 206–7, 207, 215
sexual relations in, 362, 364–6
and Stalin’s death, 529–31, 532–4
strikes and protests (1953–4), 529–34
torture in, 303
‘trusties’, 361
victims’ silence, 560, 564, 565, 599–604, 605–7
voluntary workers, 213, 214–15, 469, 567, 576
See also Gulag system
‘labour-educational colonies’, 99
labour force, 5, 81, 83, 98, 355, 423–5, 467, 526
See also labour camps Large Soviet Encyclopedia, 117
Laskin, Boris, 611
Laskin, Iakov, 382
Laskin, Mark, 67, 280, 447, 524
Laskin, Moisei, 65
Laskin, Samuil, 64, 65–6, 447, 514, 535, 539, 539–40
in exile, 71, 74–5
fish business, 64, 66, 75, 512
Jewish background, 64, 65, 68–9, 516
Laskin family, 64–9, 67, 382, 408, 447, 487, 512, 514, 535, 539, 539–40, 611–12, 614
and Simonov, 518, 612
Laskina, Berta, 65, 68, 69, 74, 447, 512, 513, 514, 514, 515, 516, 535, 539, 614
Laskina, Fania, 65, 66, 67, 68, 74, 148, 148, 152, 394, 447, 512, 515, 518, 539 Laskina, Sonia, 65, 66–7, 74, 394, 408, 447, 514, 517, 540
release from Vorkuta, 535, 572, 573
and Simonov, 514–15
at Stalin Factory, 512, 539
in Vorkuta, 515–17, 566
Laskina, Yevgeniia (Zhenia), 65, 67, 74, 394, 405, 408, 447, 497, 514, 515, 516–17, 517, 540
marriage to Simonov, 198, 369–70, 370, 377, 394, 401, 402
at Moskva, 612&n, 622, 623
and Simonov, 369–70, 405, 512–13, 515, 517–18, 612
Latvia, Soviet invasion (1939), 372–3
Latvian Rifle Brigade, 469
Latvians post-war arrests, 467, 468, 469
seen as spies, 240
Lazarev, Lazar, 433, 434, 439, 441, 616, 624
Lebedev, Yevgeny, 62, 141
Lebedeva, Elena, 320–23, 322, 568
Left Opposition (1920s), 154, 219, 230
‘legality, socialist’, 537
Lend-Lease Agreement, 410, 443
Lenin, V. I., 2
on Bolsheviks, 32
followers of, 579
and mixed economy, 71
and NEP, 6–7, 8, 72
and rebellions (1921), 5, 6
and surveillance, 36
‘Lenin and the Guard’ (Zoshchenko), 489
Leningrad anti-Moscow feeling, 460, 465
anti-Semitism, 511–12
anti-Soviet mood (1941), 385
Astoria Hotel, 14, 192
citizens’ defence, 420
communal apartments, 174, 176, 177, 181, 183, 185
Communist Academy, 204, 205, 207
defence, 444
Ethnographic Museum, 528
Hermitage, 389
House of Pioneers, 329, 330
House of the Soviet, 294
housing conditions (1929), 120–21
housing shortage, 511
Institute of Electrical Engineering, 478
Institute of Pediatrics, 436–7, 652
Institute of Technology, 257
intelligentsia, persecution, 487–92
Kirov Factory, 351
life in, 79–80
mass arrests (1934), 235
Mining Academy, 35
Museum of the Defence of, 466
nobility and bourgeoisie, purging, 192
Party leadership, 465–6
People’s Volunteers, 331
Polytechnic Institute, 344–5, 461, 473, 477
post-war, 461 Public Library, 334, 445–6, 585
Pulkovo Observatory, 365
Red Triangle Factory, 201
> siege of (1941–4), 330, 334–5, 381, 386–7, 388–9, 419, 444, 648
Smolny Institute, 1, 3, 43, 44n, 56, 349, 365, 430
Stalin and, 488
symbolic importance, 386
Workers’ Faculty, 344, 345
‘Leningrad Affair’, 466, 473, 512, 537–8
Leningrad journal, 488
Leningrad-Murmansk railway, 115–16 ‘Leningrad Opposition’, 237
Leningrad University, 334, 462, 466, 584, 645
Leninskaia smena
newspaper, 632
Leonhard, Wolfgang, 142–3, 189, 191, 259
Lesgaft, Pyotr, 22
Levanevsky, Sigizmund, 384
Levidova, Ada, 432, 440
Levin, Daniil, 570
Levin family, 570, 571, 598, 650
Levitan, Iurii, 460
Lialia ‘special settlement’, Urals, 133
Liberman family, 645–8
Lie, The (Afinogenov), 256–7
Life and Fate (Grossman), 410, 619
Likhachyov, Ivan, 444
Lileyev, Nikolai, 607–8
Lilina, Zlata, 9
lishentsy, 39n, 66, 67, 74
literacy, rural, 126
literature ‘anti-patriotic groups’, 494, 495, 496, 498, 499, 625
tasks of, 192
and ‘thaw’, 590–91
Literaturnaia gazeta, 483, 518, 519, 520, 591
Lithuania, Soviet invasion (1939), 372–3
Lithuanians, post-war arrests, 467, 468, 469
‘little terror’, post-war, 501
Liubchenko, Oleg, 293
living space austerity, 15, 161
struggle over, 173
urban, 172
Lobacheva, Olga, 430, 566–7
Lobova, Tatiana, 557
Loginov, Yevgeny, 289, 313
Loputina-Epshtein, Olga, 511–12
loyalty display, 37
material reward and, 14, 153, 159, 165, 265
Lugovskoi, Vladimir, 200, 268–9, 270, 408–9, 487, 539
Lukach, General, see Zalka, Mate
Lukonin, Mikhail, 374
Lunacharsky, Anatoly, 8, 20
luxury goods, production, 157–8Lysenko, Trofim, 488
Magadan city, 567, 638
Magadan labour camps, 215, 282, 320, 339, 365, 449, 450, 485, 581, 633
Magnitogorsk, 111, 151, 172, 427
Maiakovsky, V., 15, 489, 625
Mai-Guba logging camp, 209
Makedonov, Adrian, 133
Makhnach, Leonid, 165, 166, 379, 380, 384, 474–5, 563–4, 565
Makhnach, Vladimir, 164–6, 166, 379, 380, 381–3, 563–5, 564
Makhnacha, Maria, 379–81, 563, 565
Maksimov family, 115–16, 116, 601, 602
Malenkov, Grigorii, 488n, 498, 499, 508
as Chairman of Council, 536, 537
expelled from Party, 604
and Gulag, 468
inspects Leningrad Party, 466
and Leningrad Affair, 537–8
Maltsev, Orest (Rovinsky), 519&n
Malygin, Ivan, 265–6
Mamlin, Yevgeny, 184
Manchukuo, 240, 371
The Whisperers Page 92
